# RAF Wildenrath

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Former Royal Air Force station in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

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Royal Air Force Station Wildenrath Wildenrath, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany Site information Type Royal Air Force flying station Owner Ministry of Defence (UK) Operator Royal Air Force Controlled by RAF Second Tactical Air Force Royal Air Force Germany Location RAF Wildenrath Shown within North Rhine-Westphalia Show map of North Rhine-Westphalia RAF Wildenrath RAF Wildenrath (Germany) Show map of Germany Coordinates 51°06′52″N 006°13′18″E / 51.11444°N 6.22167°E / 51.11444; 6.22167 Site history Built 1951 (1951)/2 In use 15 January 1952[1] – 1 April 1992; 34 years ago (1992-04-01) Fate closed, redeveloped into railway test centre Garrison information Past commanders Gp Capt JE 'Johnnie' Johnson Airfield information Identifiers IATA: WID, ICAO: EDUW Runways Direction Length and surface 09/27 2,468 metres (8,097 ft) asphalt[2] Motto Immer Bereit (German) Always ready / ever prepared

[RAF Phantom FGR2](/source/F-4_Phantom_II) XV439 'D' on short finals for runway 27, RAF Wildenrath, 7 July 1982.

**Royal Air Force Station Wildenrath**, commonly known as **RAF Wildenrath**, was a [Royal Air Force](/source/Royal_Air_Force) (RAF) [military](/source/Military) [airbase](/source/Airbase) near [Wildenrath](/source/Wildenrath) in [North Rhine-Westphalia](/source/North_Rhine-Westphalia), Germany, that operated from 1952 to 1992. Wildenrath was the first of four 'clutch' stations built for the Royal Air Force in [West Germany](/source/West_Germany) during the early 1950s.[3]

## RAF service

Visiting [SEPECAT Jaguar GR1](/source/SEPECAT_Jaguar) of [No. 2 Squadron RAF](/source/No._2_Squadron_RAF) parked on the flight line during 'Tactical Air Meet '78' at RAF Wildenrath, on 15 May 1978.

RAF Wildenrath opened on 15 January 1952, and was followed by [RAF Geilenkirchen](/source/RAF_Geilenkirchen) on 24 May 1953, [RAF Brüggen](/source/RAF_Br%C3%BCggen) in July 1953, and [RAF Laarbruch](/source/RAF_Laarbruch) that opened on 15 October 1954. RAF Wildenrath, RAF Brüggen, and RAF Laarbruch were physically close to each other, and came under the auspices of [NATO](/source/NATO)'s [Second Allied Tactical Air Force](/source/Second_Allied_Tactical_Air_Force) (2ATAF).

In 1953, the Station Commander was [Group Captain](/source/Group_Captain) [JE 'Johnnie' Johnson](/source/Johnnie_Johnson_(RAF_officer)), a top-scoring British '[ace](/source/Flying_ace)' [fighter pilot](/source/Fighter_pilot) of the [Second World War](/source/World_War_II). There were two [Canadair Sabre F.4](/source/Canadair_Sabre) squadrons (Nos [67](/source/No._67_Squadron_RAF) and [71](/source/No._71_Squadron_RAF) Squadrons RAF), and a Sabre [conversion](/source/Operational_conversion_unit) [flight](/source/Flight_(military_unit)). Also on site were 724 Signals Unit (Fighter control radar), 402 Air Stores Park, a unit of the [RAF Regiment](/source/RAF_Regiment), and a [British Army](/source/British_Army) detachment that maintained landlines (AFS).

On 15 January 1956, [88 Squadron](/source/No._88_Squadron_RAF) reformed with [B(I).8 Canberras](/source/English_Electric_Canberra) at Wildenrath, and was renumbered [14 Squadron](/source/No._14_Squadron_RAF) on 17 December 1962.

From the late 1950s to 1970, Wildenrath was home to [14 Squadron](/source/No._14_Squadron_RAF) and [17 Squadron](/source/No._17_Squadron_RAF); the former flew [B(I).8 Canberras](/source/English_Electric_Canberra), and was part of the 2nd ATAF [tactical nuclear](/source/Tactical_nuclear_weapon) [strike force](/source/Quick_reaction_force). The locations of their quick-readiness [dispersals](/source/Dispersal_(military)) can still be seen to the south of the former main gate. No. 17 Squadron flew the PR.7 Canberra, and the two squadrons' 'in house' T.4 training aircraft were combined into the so-called 'T4 Flight' as a separate sub-unit, forming a useful additional resource for 2ATAF senior officers to use to maintain their flying hours. In the early 1960s, 88 Squadron Canberras were also based at Wildenrath. The base was also used for '[CasEvac](/source/Casualty_evacuation)' (emergency casualty evacuations) usually to the United Kingdom. In November 1956, the RAF operated a three-day airlift to fly over 100 [short tons](/source/Short_ton) (91 [tonnes](/source/Tonne)) of humanitarian relief supplies from Wildenrath to [Vienna](/source/Vienna), for the [Red Cross](/source/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement) to distribute in Hungary during the [Hungarian uprising](/source/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956), before the revolt was ended with Soviet military intervention.[4]

In 1960, the Station Commander was Group Captain 'Bats' Barthold, and 17 Squadron was commanded by Wing Commander Dugald 'Buster' Lumsden, who accepted the squadron's [colours](/source/Military_colours) presented by [Marshal of the Royal Air Force](/source/Marshal_of_the_Royal_Air_Force) [Sir Dermot Boyle](/source/Sir_Dermot_Boyle). At this time, the [commanding officer](/source/Commanding_officer) of 2ATAF (former [Battle of Britain](/source/Battle_of_Britain) fighter pilot, Sir [Christopher Foxley-Norris](/source/Christopher_Foxley-Norris)) had a [Vickers Valetta](/source/Vickers_Valetta) aircraft as his personal transport, its lower fuselage and wings kept highly polished by the ground-crew of the [RAF Germany](/source/RAF_Germany) (RAFG) Communication Flight. The aircraft was eventually declared un-airworthy due to many of its rivet-heads having been polished off. The RAFG Communications Flight later in 1969 adopted the identity of [60 Squadron](/source/No._60_Squadron_RAF), which had disbanded as a [Gloster Javelin](/source/Gloster_Javelin) squadron at [RAF Tengah](/source/RAF_Tengah) in Singapore the previous year.

In the 1970s, Wildenrath served as the initial home of the RAF '[Harrier Force](/source/Harrier_Jump_Jet)', which included numbers [3](/source/No._3_Squadron_RAF), [4](/source/No._4_Squadron_RAF), and [20](/source/No._20_Squadron_RAF) Squadrons, as well as 21(AS) Signal Regiment. In 1974–5, the Wildenrath station commander was [Group Captain Patrick 'Paddy' Hine](/source/Patrick_Hine), who later rose to [Air Chief Marshal](/source/Air_Chief_Marshal) and Joint Commander of all British forces during the 1991 [Gulf War](/source/Gulf_War).[5]

1976-77 saw Wildenrath's role within RAF Germany change, as it became home to the command's [air defence](/source/Air_defence) squadrons, with [19 Squadron](/source/No._19_Squadron_RAF) and [92 Squadron](/source/No._92_Squadron_RAF) moving in from [RAF Gutersloh](/source/RAF_Gutersloh), having converted from the [English Electric Lightning](/source/English_Electric_Lightning) to the [McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II](/source/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II_in_UK_service), and taking advantage of the Phantom's longer range. 3 and 4 Squadrons went the opposite direction, moving to Gutersloh, while 20 Squadron stood down from the Harrier, reforming at [RAF Bruggen](/source/RAF_Bruggen) with the [SEPECAT Jaguar GR1](/source/SEPECAT_Jaguar).

While nominally a communication and light transport squadron, 60 Squadron also had a secondary, covert, role. Initially using the Hunting [Percival Pembrokes](/source/Percival_Pembroke), and later the [Hawker Siddeley Andover](/source/Hawker_Siddeley_Andover) from the mid-to-late 1980s, they were employed to take photographs of [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Union) and [East German](/source/East_Germany) armed forces while flying along the [Berlin air corridors](/source/West_Berlin_Air_Corridor). It also operated [DH Devon](/source/De_Havilland_Dove) and [DH Heron](/source/De_Havilland_Heron) aircraft. In addition to its other overt and covert functions, 60 Squadron also acted as visiting aircraft flight for Wildenrath, hosting almost every type of RAF and NATO aircraft and civilian 'trooper' [BAC-111s](/source/BAC_One-Eleven) and [Boeing 737s](/source/Boeing_737).

Wildenrath was also home to an [Army Air Corps](/source/Army_Air_Corps_(United_Kingdom)) (AAC) flight operating light helicopters and fixed wing aircraft such as the [Westland Scout](/source/Westland_Scout) and [De Havilland Beaver](/source/De_Havilland_Beaver).[6] The flight had its own hangar facilities on the base and various flight designations throughout its tenancy. Known initially as 12 Independent Liaison Flight, it then was renamed to 31 Flight, then 131 Flight Royal Corps of Transport (ex RASC), [No. 669 Squadron AAC](/source/No._669_Squadron_AAC), and then in its last colours with a return to the 12 Flight title. The flight was crewed by members of the corps under which the flight was named with the [REME](/source/REME) providing the technical servicing and maintenance of the aircraft.

On 1 May 1988, two airmen from the RAF Regiment squadron based at RAF Wildenrath were [attacked by IRA armed assailants](/source/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands) whilst sitting in a car in the nearby Dutch town of [Roermond](/source/Roermond). One of the airmen died from gunshot wounds, the other was seriously injured.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In October 1989, an RAF corporal and his infant daughter were shot dead at the petrol station in Wildenrath village, outside the RAF airbase. The [IRA](/source/Irish_Republican_Army) claimed that it was responsible for the murders.[7]

Wildenrath had five separate [dispersal](/source/Dispersal_(military)) areas around its single [runway](/source/Runway). Alpha and Echo were not used in the normal flying operations of the station. No 19 Squadron operated from one of the three dispersals on the far (south) side of the airfield, designated 'Bravo Dispersal'. It also housed the two operational 'Battle Flights' for both fighter squadrons. No 92 Squadron flew from 'Delta Dispersal', with both squadrons using the [hardened aircraft shelters](/source/Hardened_aircraft_shelter) in 'Charlie Dispersal' for spare space to house Phantoms when necessary. Charlie Dispersal was also used by cross-trained 60 Squadron ground crew to turn around visiting aircraft during station exercises. The [taxiway](/source/Taxiway) that ran parallel to the main runway and linked the three dispersals was used as the alternate runway for emergencies if the main runway was compromised. Alpha Dispersal was the site used for the Bloodhound launchers, and Echo Dispersal housed the fuel and lubricants storage section. 60 Squadron operated from the hangar close to the main Squadron Servicing hangar on the 'soft side' (northern) of the airbase.

Wildenrath closed as a flying base on 1 April 1992; 34 years ago (1992-04-01).[8] The last flying squadron still present at that time, No 60 Squadron, moved to the nearby [RAF Brüggen](/source/RAF_Br%C3%BCggen).

## Wildenrath units

[RAF Phantom FGR2](/source/F-4_Phantom_II) XV419 'AA' of [19 Squadron](/source/No._19_Squadron_RAF) in front of its [hardened aircraft shelter](/source/Hardened_aircraft_shelter) at RAF Wildenrath in October 1991.

- [No. 3 Squadron RAF](/source/No._3_Squadron_RAF);[9] [Harrier GR1 / T2 - later converted to GR3 / T4](/source/Harrier_Jump_Jet)

- [No. 4 Squadron RAF](/source/No._4_Squadron_RAF);[10] Harrier GR1 / T2 - later converted to GR3 / T4

- [No. 14 Squadron RAF](/source/No._14_Squadron_RAF); [English Electric Canberra](/source/English_Electric_Canberra) B(I)8 (62–70),[11] T4

- [No. 17 Squadron RAF](/source/No._17_Squadron_RAF); English Electric Canberra PR7,[12] T4

- [No. 19 Squadron RAF](/source/No._19_Squadron_RAF); [F-4 Phantom II](/source/F-4_Phantom_II) FGR2[13]

- [No. 20 Squadron RAF](/source/No._20_Squadron_RAF);[14] Harrier GR1 / T2 - later converted to GR3 / T4

- [No. 60 Squadron RAF](/source/No._60_Squadron_RAF);[15] [Percival Pembroke C1 / C(PR)1](/source/Percival_Pembroke), [Hawker Siddeley Andover C1 / CC2](/source/Hawker_Siddeley_Andover)

- [No. 67 Squadron RAF](/source/No._67_Squadron_RAF); [Canadair Sabre F4](/source/Canadair_Sabre) 1952/5[16]

- [No. 71 Squadron RAF](/source/No._71_Squadron_RAF); Canadair Sabre F4, 1952/5[16]

- [No. 88 Squadron RAF](/source/No._88_Squadron_RAF); English Electric Canberra B(I)8, 1956/62 renumbered to 14 Sqn[17]

- [No. 92 Squadron RAF](/source/No._92_Squadron_RAF); F-4 Phantom II FGR2[18]

- Flight of [No. 25 Squadron RAF](/source/No._25_Squadron_RAF); [Bristol Bloodhound](/source/Bristol_Bloodhound) surface to air missiles sometime between 1971/83[19]

- [2TAF](/source/RAF_Second_Tactical_Air_Force) Communications Squadron; Percival Pembroke C1 passenger duties and photo recon.

- [No. 16 Squadron RAF Regiment](/source/No._16_Squadron_RAF_Regiment) with [Rapier](/source/Rapier_(missile)) missiles[20]

- [No. 4 Wing RAF Regiment](/source/No._4_Wing_RAF_Regiment)[20]

- RAFG Freight Distribution Centre[20]

- [21 Signal Regiment](/source/21st_Signal_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)) (Air Support) (1943-)[2]

## RAF Wildenrath today

Since 1997, the original [airfield](/source/Airfield) and immediate environs comprise the [Wegberg-Wildenrath Test and Validation Centre](/source/Wegberg-Wildenrath_Test_and_Validation_Centre), a facility for testing railway vehicles operated by [Siemens AG](/source/Siemens).[21][22] By 2007, the railway test tracks had taken over considerable areas of the airfield. All but the western threshold and overrun of the runway has been obliterated, and the eastern runway threshold is now a golf course, rather than the site of [Bloodhound](/source/Bristol_Bloodhound) surface to air missiles. The north-east [dispersal](/source/Dispersal_(military)) is completely taken over by [sidings](/source/Siding_(rail)), workshops, and [shunting loops](/source/Shunting_(rail)). Of the southern dispersals, the central and eastern are bisected by the main railway oval test track. The south western dispersal and [hardened aircraft shelters](/source/Hardened_aircraft_shelter) have been dismantled and removed, with a small section of surviving [taxiways](/source/Taxiway) being used for recreational purposes by local residents.

The housing areas of the former RAF Wildenrath were originally used as overspill housing for [RAF Bruggen](/source/RAF_Bruggen), and then used to accommodate other UK military personnel until the end of September 2012, when the land was formally handed back to German local authorities. Since 2015, the former married quarters have been used as temporary accommodation for [refugees](/source/Refugee), under the name 'Siedlung Petersholz' (Petersholz Estate) within the 'Zentrale Unterbringseinrichtung Wegberg' (Wegberg Central Accommodation Facility).[23][24]

## See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [RAF Wildenrath](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:RAF_Wildenrath).

- [List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons](/source/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_aircraft_squadrons)

## References

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198626_1-0)** [Jackson 1986](#CITEREFJackson1986), p. 26.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198630_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198630_2-1) [Jackson 1986](#CITEREFJackson1986), p. 30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Wildenrath"](https://www.ForgottenAirfields.com/airfield-wildenrath-448.html). *www.ForgottenAirfields.com*. Forgotten Airfields. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Service Aviation: Airlift to Hungary"](https://www.FlightGlobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1956/1956%20-%201674.PDF) (PDF). *Flight*. Reed Business Information Limited: 836. 23 November 1956. Retrieved 15 October 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Air Chief Marshal Sir Patrick Hine"](http://www.RAFMuseum.org.uk/documents/Research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal-16-Seminar-Air-Leadershipin-War.pdf) (PDF). *The Journal of the Royal Air Force Historical Society* (16): 99. 1996. Retrieved 3 May 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Army Air Corps in Germany - 31 Flight/ RASC and 131 Flight, Wildenrath"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140712104937/http://qra-magazin.de/en/army-air-corps-in-germany/#wildenrath). *QRA-Magazin.de*. Spotting Group Gütersloh. 4 August 2013. Archived from [the original](http://QRA-Magazin.de/en/army-air-corps-in-germany/#wildenrath) on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Gunmen slay British soldier and 6-month-old daughter"](https://www.APNews.com/c32d6adcb5a4e76bc1f7ed3126fa1fe2). *www.APNews.com*. [The Associated Press](/source/The_Associated_Press). 27 October 1989. Retrieved 23 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Pietsch, Folkmar (22 December 2018). ["Das Ende der RAF-Air-Base kam 1992"](https://RP-online.de/nrw/staedte/wegberg/900-jahre-wildenrath-das-ende-der-raf-air-base-in-wildenrath_aid-35117205) [The end of the RAF airbase came in 1992]. *RP-online.de* (in German). [Rheinische Post](/source/Rheinische_Post). Retrieved 9 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198824_9-0)** [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198825_10-0)** [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198829_11-0)** [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198830_12-0)** [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Gledhill, David (2017). [*Phantom in the Cold War*](https://www.Amazon.co.uk/Phantom-Cold-War-Wildenrath-1977-ebook/dp/B072MGC455#reader_B072MGC455). [Barnsley](/source/Barnsley): [Pen & Sword Aviation](/source/Pen_%26_Sword). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781526704085](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526704085). Retrieved 9 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198831_14-0)** [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198844_15-0)** [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 44.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198846_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198846_16-1) [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 46.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198851_17-0)** [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 51.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198852_18-0)** [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 52.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefford198833_19-0)** [Jefford 1988](#CITEREFJefford1988), p. 33.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198629_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198629_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson198629_20-2) [Jackson 1986](#CITEREFJackson1986), p. 29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-siemens_21-0)** ["Test- and Validationcenter Wegberg-Wildenrath"](http://www.Mobility.Siemens.com/mobility/en/pub/urban_mobility/rail_solutions/service/testcenter_for_railway_systems/test_und_validationcenter.htm). *www.Mobility.Siemens.com*. [Siemens Mobility](/source/Siemens_Mobility). Retrieved 5 March 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Kondruss, Bert. ["Wildenrath: Royal Air Force Base"](https://www.Mil-Airfields.de/germany/wildenrath-air-base.html). *www.Mil-Airfields.de*. Military Airfield Directory. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Wichlatz, Helmut (18 September 2015). ["Wegberg-Petersholz: Die ersten Flüchtlinge haben Quartier bezogen"](https://www.Aachener-Zeitung.de/lokales/heinsberg/wegberg-petersholz-die-ersten-fluechtlinge-haben-quartier-bezogen_aid-25657033). *www.Aachener-Zeitung.de* (in German). Zeitungsverlag Aachen GmbH. Retrieved 20 May 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Backhaus, Anke (4 December 2015). ["Bis zu 1200 Menschen sollen in Petersholz unterkommen"](https://RP-online.de/nrw/staedte/wegberg/bis-zu-1200-menschen-sollen-in-petersholz-unterkommen_aid-20507245). *Rheinische Post* (in German). RP Digital GmbH. Retrieved 20 May 2019.

### Bibliography

- Jackson, P. (1986). *Britain's Armed Forces Today: 4 RAF Germany*. [Shepperton](/source/Shepperton), UK: [Ian Allan](/source/Ian_Allan_(publisher)). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7110-1579-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1579-1).

- Jefford, C.G. (1988). *RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912*. [Shrewsbury](/source/Shrewsbury), England: [Airlife Publishing](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airlife_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-85310-053-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-053-6).

v t e Royal Air Force Formations and units Units Commands Groups Wings Squadrons Flights Conversion units Operational Training units Schools / Training units Ferry units Glider units Misc units Stations Active Former Satellite Landing Grounds Station description Regiment Wings Squadrons Flights Branches and components Air Force Board RAF Regiment RAF Chaplains Branch RAF Intelligence RAF Legal Branch RAF Medical Services Princess Mary's RAF Nursing Service RAF Police RAF ground trades RAF Music Services RAF Search and Rescue Force RAF Mountain Rescue Service RAF Marine Branch RAF Air Cadets Operations Reserve forces Royal Auxiliary Air Force RAF Volunteer Reserve Equipment List of RAF aircraft current future List of RAF missiles List of equipment of the RAF Regiment Personnel Officer ranks Other ranks List of notable personnel List of serving senior officers Personnel numbers Appointments Chief of Air Staff Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Member for Personnel Air Secretary Air Member for Materiel Commandant-General of the RAF Regiment Warrant Officer of the RAF Symbols and uniform Badge Ensign Heraldic badges Roundels Squadron standards and battle honours Uniform Associated civil organisations Air Training Corps Combined Cadet Force (RAF section) RAF Association RAF Centre of Aviation Medicine RAF Benevolent Fund RAF Football Association RAF Museum History Timeline Future

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [RAF Wildenrath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wildenrath) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Wildenrath?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.