# R-12 Dvina

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Medium-range ballistic missile

R-12 Soviet R-12 (NATO designation SS-4) in Kapustin Yar museum, Znamensk, Russia. Type Medium-range ballistic missile Service history In service 4 March 1959–1993 Production history Manufacturer Yuzhmash Unit cost unknown Specifications Mass Fully loaded: 41.7 t Empty: 3.15 t Length 22,100 mm Diameter 1,650 mm Wingspan 2,940 mm (116 in) Warhead Thermonuclear Blast yield 1.0–2.3 Mt[1][2][3] Engine RD-214[4] 635.2 kilonewtons (142,800 lbf)[4] Payload capacity 1.6 t Propellant liquid (AK-27I / TM-185)[4] Fuel capacity 37 t Operational range 2,000–2,500 km (1,200–1,600 mi)[3] Maximum speed 3,530 m/s (Mach 10) Guidance system autonomous inertial Accuracy 2.4–5.16 km (1.49–3.21 mi) CEP[5][6] Launch platform open-launch and silo-based

The cupola of the underground R-12U launching silo in [Plokštinė missile base](/source/Plok%C5%A1tin%C4%97_missile_base), Lithuania

The **R-12 Dvina** was a [theatre ballistic missile](/source/Theatre_ballistic_missile) developed and deployed by the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union) during the [Cold War](/source/Cold_War). Its [GRAU](/source/GRAU) designation was **8K63** (8K63U or 8K63У in Cyrillic for silo-launched version), and it was given the [NATO reporting name](/source/NATO_reporting_name) of **SS-4 Sandal**. The R-12 rocket provided the Soviet Union with the capability to attack targets at medium ranges with a [megaton](/source/TNT_equivalent)-class [thermonuclear warhead](/source/Thermonuclear_warhead) and constituted the bulk of the Soviet offensive missile threat to Western Europe. Deployments of the R-12 missile in Cuba caused the [Cuban Missile Crisis](/source/Cuban_Missile_Crisis) in 1962. A total of 2335 missiles were produced; all were destroyed in 1993 under the [START II](/source/START_II) treaty.[7]

As well as the single-stage ballistic technology, the R-12 Dvina had a [two-stage capability](#Space_launcher_variants) that allowed payloads to be placed into [low Earth orbit](/source/Low_Earth_orbit).

According to *[Janes](/source/Janes_Information_Services)*, the Iranian [Shahab-4](/source/Shahab-4) project was possibly an offshoot of the R-12 Dvina, or an enlarged [Shahab-3](/source/Shahab-3) missile incorporating some technologies from the R-12 to improve performance.[8]

## History

### Beginning

[OKB-586](/source/Yuzhnoye_Design_Bureau) in Dnipropetrovsk (The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) formed from a spin-off of portions of [Sergei Korolev](/source/Sergei_Korolev)'s OKB-1 production infrastructure from near Moscow under the direction of [Mikhail Yangel](/source/Mikhail_Yangel) in the early 1950s. Soon after, he started the development of an improved strategic missile that would outperform the [R-5](/source/R-5_missile), that Korolev was in the process of bringing into production. Yangel's design was based on combining the basic airframe from the R-5 with an engine developed from the [R-11 Zemlya](/source/R-11_Zemlya). The R-11 was a short-range missile that used [nitric acid](/source/Nitric_acid) as an oxidizer and kerosene as a fuel and could be stored for extended periods of time.

[Valentin Glushko](/source/Valentin_Glushko) had long advocated using storable propellants, and proposed developing a new engine for the project. Earlier designs like the R-5 and [R-7](/source/R-7_(missile)) used [liquid oxygen](/source/Liquid_oxygen) as the oxidizer, and therefore had to be fueled immediately before launch, as the oxygen would "boil off" over time. He developed the [RD-214](/source/RD-214) for the R-12, which consisted of four combustion chambers sharing a common [turbopump](/source/Turbopump) assembly. The pumps were powered by decomposing [hydrogen peroxide](/source/Hydrogen_peroxide), like earlier designs, to generate an exhaust. The new engine was too large to fit in the existing R-5 airframe, so a conical tail section was added to hold the engine.

[Nikolay Pilyugin](/source/Nikolay_Pilyugin), head of the leading control system bureau, convinced Yangel to introduce a fully autonomous control system in the R-12 instead of the traditional radio control that had been used on earlier missiles. The R-5, for instance, used an [inertial guidance](/source/Inertial_guidance) system that had to be "fine tuned" by [commands from ground radio stations](/source/Command_guidance) that it passed over during its flight. Pilyugin felt that newer inertial systems would have the accuracy needed to hit targets at 2,000 km without the mid-course updates.

According to the official [NPO](/source/Scientific_Production_Association) [Yuzhnoye](/source/Yuzhnoye_Design_Office) history, Yangel's design was approved on 13 February 1953 by the [Council of Ministers of the USSR](/source/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)). However, another source reports that the approval was granted on 13 August 1955.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The first test was conducted at [Kapustin Yar](/source/Kapustin_Yar) in Astrakhan region, Russia, on 22 June 1957. In September 1958, [Nikita Khrushchev](/source/Nikita_Khrushchev) personally visited Kapustin Yar to witness the launch of R-12, as well as its competitor, the R-5M. The latter had already been accepted into deployment at the time. The R-12 launch was a success and the next month, mass production of the vehicle started at Yuzhmash ([Pivdenmash](/source/Pivdenmash)) in Dnepropetrovsk. Test launches continued until December and demonstrated a maximum error of 2.3 km.

For the work on R-12, on 1 July 1959, OKB-586 received the [Order of Lenin](/source/Order_of_Lenin), while the [Hero of Socialist Labor](/source/Hero_of_Socialist_Labor) (the highest industrial award) was awarded to Yangel, Smirnov and Budnik.

### Deployment

Remaining wall of the rocket base barracks near [Vepriai](/source/Vepriai), Lithuania. Construction date visible

The R-12 missile was introduced into the inventory on 4 March 1959 according to Russian sources, though Western intelligence believed that an initial operational capability was reached in late 1958.

The first public display of this system was in November 1960, and they were deployed to [Cuba](/source/Cuba) in October 1962 during the [Cuban Missile Crisis](/source/Cuban_Missile_Crisis). The first five regiments with surface-based R-12 missiles were put on alert in May 1960, while the first regiment of silo-based missiles was placed on alert in January 1963. Their reaction time was assessed by the West at one to three hours in the normal soft-site readiness condition, and five to fifteen minutes in the normal hard-site readiness condition. The allowable hold time in a highly alert condition (reaction time equals three to five minutes) was long—many hours for soft sites, and days for hard sites.

The R-12 and R-12U missiles reached their maximum operational launcher inventory of 608 in 1964–66. Some soft-site phase-out began in 1968, with some hard-site phase-out beginning in 1972. In 1978 their phase out and replacement with mobile ground-launched [RSD-10 Pioneer](/source/RSD-10_Pioneer) missiles began.

### Further development

Inside the underground R-12U launching silo in Plokštinė missile base, Lithuania

Efforts to create a railway based version of the R-12 missile were suspended, but work then started on a silo-launched version. An underground launch complex, code-named Mayak-2 (Beacon-2), was constructed in Kapustin Yar. In September 1959 the R-12 took off from the silo complex for the first time. In May 1960 the development of a new R-12 missile designated as R-12U was begun. The R-12U was designed to be used with both surface launchers and silos. The silo-launch complex of the R-12U missile comprised four launchers and was designated as "Dvina" ([Russian](/source/Russian_language): 8П763 «Двина»; English: [Dvina](/source/Dvina_(disambiguation)))". The testing phase of the missile and the launch complex lasted from December 1961 until December 1963.

The R-12 was also used during the development of the V-1000 [anti-ballistic missile](/source/Anti-ballistic_missile), serving as a target. During a series of tests two R-12s detonated their warheads in the upper atmosphere in order to test radar systems. A follow-on test planned to launch an R-12 from Kapustin Yar while two [R-9s](/source/R-9_Desna) from [Tyuratam](/source/Tyuratam) would fly into the area, but only the R-12 launched successfully.

### Elimination

Mock-up of the R-12 at the ground transporter in the Missile Crisis museum near Cabaña Fortress, Havana, Cuba

The [Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty](/source/Intermediate-Range_Nuclear_Forces_Treaty) was signed in December 1987 and entered into force in June 1988. The fundamental purpose of the INF Treaty was to eliminate and ban US and Soviet ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles, as well as associated support equipment, with ranges between 500 and 5500 kilometers. Elimination of R-12 and [R-14 Chusovaya](/source/R-14_Chusovaya) missiles and components took place at the Lesnaya Missile Elimination Facility. The last of the 149 Soviet R-12 missiles was eliminated at Lesnaya in May 1990.

## Space launcher variants

### Rockets with new booster

In 1961, an upper stage using [LOX](/source/Liquid_oxygen) and [UDMH](/source/Unsymmetrical_dimethylhydrazine) propellants was added to the R-12 to create the [Kosmos](/source/Kosmos_(rocket_family)) 63S1 booster. Since there were no surface pads for the R-12, all launches took place from the Mayak silo at [Kapustin Yar](/source/Kapustin_Yar). However, as silos were not designed for repeated use, this arrangement proved impractical and necessitated their refurbishment after every few launches. The first two launch attempts of the 63S1 took place in October and December 1961 and both failed. On March 16, 1962, [Kosmos 1](/source/Kosmos_1), a navigation test satellite, was successfully orbited, marking the first Soviet space launch to be performed with a booster other than the [R-7](/source/R-7_Semyorka). Finally, a dedicated launch complex was constructed at Kapustin Yar and first used in December 1964.

An enhanced R-12 booster was flown in 1965–67 from the Dvina silo at Kapustin Yar on suborbital tests, eventually giving way to the 11K63, a modernized, improved launch vehicle. In 1967, a second launch complex was opened at [Plesetsk](/source/Plesetsk) and from there on, 11K63 flights alternated between Kapustin Yar and Plesetsk, mostly for orbiting lightweight scientific and military payloads. A total of 123 were flown, of which eight failed to attain orbit. In 1977, the R-12 and 11K63 were retired from use.[9]

## Description

### Overview

The R-12 is a single-stage rocket with a separable single reentry vehicle. In the integrated fuel tanks the oxidizer was put forward of the fuel tank, separated by an intermediate plate. During flight this allowed the oxidizer from the lower unit to be spent first, improving in-flight stabilization. The propulsion system consists of four liquid propellant rocket motors with a common turbo pump unit. The flight control was carried out with the help of four carbon jet vanes, located in the nozzles of the rocket motors. The autonomous guidance and control system used center of mass normal and lateral stabilization devices, a velocity control system and a computer-assisted automatic range control system. The R-12 was deployed at both soft launch pads and hard silos.

The standard yield was 2.3 megatons. Conventional explosives or chemical weapons could have been used as well.

### R-12 steps of readiness

Readiness nr. 4 (constant). The missile was in the hangar. The gyroscopes (control devices) and warhead were not installed, the missile was not fueled. The missile could stay so for seven years (factory-guaranteed service time). It would take 3 hours and 25 minutes to launch.

Readiness nr. 3 (elevated). The missile was in the hangar. The gyroscopes and warhead were installed. The missile could stay so for three years. It would take 2 hours and 20 minutes to launch.

Readiness nr. 2 (first step elevated). The missile was transported to the launch site, the gyroscopes were started, and initial data inserted. Propellant tankers stood next to the missile. The missile could stay so for three months. It would take 1 hour to launch.

Readiness nr. 1 (total). The missile was fueled and targeted, but the starting mixture gas was not loaded. The missile could stay so for one month. It would take 30 minutes to launch.

## Operators

**[Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union)**

- [Strategic Rocket Forces](/source/Strategic_Rocket_Forces) − Scrapped[10] - [58th Rocket Division](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=58th_Rocket_Division&action=edit&redlink=1)[11] - other rocket divisions

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Podvig2001_1-0)** Podvig, Pavel (2001). *Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces*. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RussianSpaceWeb_R12_2-0)** ["R-12 rocket tech dossier"](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r12.html). *RussianSpaceWeb.com*. Retrieved April 28, 2026.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fasr12_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fasr12_3-1) ["R-12 /SS-4 SANDAL"](https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/theater/r-12.htm). *[Federation of American Scientists](/source/Federation_of_American_Scientists)*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ea-rd214_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ea-rd214_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ea-rd214_4-2) ["RD-214"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161228063149/http://astronautix.com/r/rd-214.html). *Encyclopedia Astronautica*. Archived from [the original](http://www.astronautix.com/r/rd-214.html) on December 28, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-astronautixr12_5-0)** ["R-12 !website=Encyclopedia Astronautica"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160820132556/http://www.astronautix.com/r/r-12.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-astronautixr12u_6-0)** ["R-12U !website=Encyclopedia Astronautica"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161228052422/http://astronautix.com/r/r-12u.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-inbsite_7-0)** Berezovsky, Peter F. ["Russian Ballistic Missiles, баллистические ракеты России"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130331080952/http://inbsite.com/missiles1.html). *Independent Belorussian Site* (in Russian). Archived from [the original](http://inbsite.com/missiles1.html) on 31 March 2013. Retrieved 14 September 2015. Демонтаж комплексов с последними изделиями серии Р-12У, согласно договоренностям по РСМД, закончен к 1993 году. [The dismantling of the complexes containing the latest R-12U series products, in accordance with the INF Treaty agreements, was completed by 1993.]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Lennox, Duncan, ed. (2003). [*Jane's Strategic Weapons Systems*](https://archive.org/details/janes-strategic-weapon-systems-issue-38-2003) (38th ed.). Coulsdon, Surrey: [Jane's Information Group](/source/Janes_Information_Services). p. 97. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7106-0880-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-0880-2) – via [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Kosmos 11K63"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161104053537/http://www.astronautix.com/k/kosmos11k63.html). *Encyclopedia Astronautica*. Archived from [the original](http://www.astronautix.com/k/kosmos11k63.html) on November 4, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Bukharin, Oleg; Hippel, Frank Von (2004). *Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces*. MIT Press. pp. 182−186. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-262-66181-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-66181-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Michael Holm. ["58th Melitopolskaya Order of Suvorov Missile Division"](http://www.ww2.dk/new/rvsn/58md.htm). *www.ww2.dk*. Retrieved 1 January 2013.

### Sources

- Podvig, Pavel (2001). *Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces*. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

- ["R-12 rocket tech dossier"](http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r12.html). *RussianSpaceWeb.com*. Retrieved April 28, 2026.

## External links

Media related to [R-12](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:R-12) at Wikimedia Commons

[Nuclear Threat Initiative − Russian Ballistic Missile Models](https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/russian-ballistic-cruise-missile-models/)

Links to related articles v t e NATO designation for Russian and former Soviet Union missiles Air-to-air (full list) AA-1 Alkali AA-2 Atoll AA-3 Anab AA-4 Awl AA-5 Ash AA-6 Acrid AA-7 Apex AA-8 Aphid AA-9 Amos AA-10 Alamo AA-11 Archer AA-12 Adder AA-13 Axehead Air- to-surface (full list) 10Kh 14Kh 18Kh RV-1 AS-1 Kennel AS-2 Kipper AS-3 Kangaroo AS-4 Kitchen AS-5 Kelt AS-6 Kingfish AS-7 Kerry AS-8 Kokon AT-6 AS-9 Kyle AS-10 Karen AS-11 Kilter AS-12 Kegler AS-13 Kingbolt AS-14 Kedge AS-15 Kent AS-16 Kickback AS-17 Krypton AS-18 Kazoo AS-X-19 Koala AS-20 Kayak AS-X-21 AS-22 Kh-59MK2S/69 AS-4M Kh-32 AS-23 Kh-38/36 AS-24 Kh-36 AS-25 Kh-50 AS-26 Kodiak AS-27 Sunburn A Kh-41 AS-28 Strobile A Kh-61 AS-29 Sizzler Club A AS-X-36 Stone AH (Kh-76) Anti-tank guided (full list) AT-1 Snapper AT-2 Swatter AT-3 Sagger AT-4 Spigot AT-5 Spandrel AT-6 Spiral AT-7 Saxhorn AT-8 Songster AT-9 Spiral-2 AT-10 Stabber AT-11 Sniper AT-12 Swinger AT-13 Saxhorn-2 АТ-14 Spriggan АТ-15 Springer AT-16 Scallion Surface- to-air (full list) Ground- based SA-1 Guild SA-2 Guideline SA-3 Goa SA-4 Ganef SA-5 Gammon SA-6 Gainful SA-7 Grail SA-8 Gecko SA-9 Gaskin SA-10 Grumble SA-11 Gadfly SA-12 Gladiator/Giant SA-13 Gopher SA-14 Gremlin SA-15 Gauntlet SA-16 Gimlet SA-17 Grizzly SA-18 Grouse SA-19 Grison SA-20 Gargoyle SA-21 Growler SA-22 Greyhound SA-23 Gladiator/Giant SA-24 Grinch SA-27 Gullum SA-29 Gizmo Naval- based SA-N-1 Goa SA-N-2 Guideline SA-NX-2C M-3 SA-N-3 Goblet SA-N-4 Gecko SA-N-5 Grail SA-N-6 Grumble SA-N-7 Gadfly SA-N-8 Gremlin SA-N-9 Gauntlet SA-N-10 Grouse SA-N-11 Grison SA-N-12 Grizzly SA-N-14 Grouse SA-N-20 Gargoyle SA-N-21 Greyhound Anti- ballistic ABM-1 Galosh ABM-3/53T6 Gazelle Surface- to-surface (full list) Ground- based SS-1 Scunner/SS-1 Scud (Scud-A/-B/-C/-D) SS-2 Sibling SS-3 Shyster SS-4 Sandal SS-5 Skean SS-6 Sapwood SS-7 Saddler SS-8 Sasin SS-8B Sasin 2 SS-9 Scarp SS-10 Scrag SS-11 Sego SS-12 Scaleboard SS-X-13 Savage SS-13 Savage SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat SS-15 Scrooge SS-16 Sinner SS-17 Spanker SS-18 Satan SS-19 Stiletto SS-20 Saber SS-21 Scarab SS-22 Scaleboard SS-23 Spider SS-24 Scalpel SS-25 Sickle SS-26 Stone SS-27 Sickle B SS-28 Saber 2 SS-29 Sickle C SS-X-30 Satan 2 SS-X-31 Sickle D SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B SS-X-33 Stone AN Naval- based SS-N-1 Scrubber SS-N-2 Styx SS-N-3c Shaddock SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal SS-N-4 Sark SS-N-5 Sark/Serb SS-N-6 Serb SS-N-7 Starbright SS-N-8 Sawfly SS-N-9 Siren SS-N-12 Sandbox SS-NX-13 Serb SS-N-14 Silex SS-N-15 Starfish SS-N-16 Stallion SS-N-17 Snipe SS-N-18 Stingray SS-N-19 Shipwreck SS-N-20 Sturgeon SS-N-21 Sampson SS-N-22 Sunburn SS-N-23 Skif R29RM SS-N-23A Skif SS-N-23B Skif SS-NX-24 Scorpion SS-N-25 Switchblade SS-N-26 Strobile SS-N-27 Sizzler SS-N-30A 3M-14 SS-NX-28 SS-N-29 SS-N-32 SS-NX-33 SS-NX-34 Skif SS-N-35 SS-N-36 SS-NX-37 SS-NX-38 Canyon Ship- to-ship SSC-1B Sepal Redut SSC-2 Salish/Samlet AS/KS-1 SSC-K P-1 Schuka KSShch SSC-3 Styx Rubezh SSC-4 Slingshot SSC-X-5 Scorpion SSC-6 Sennight SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728 SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729 SSC-14 Klub N/M 3M14/54 SSC-13 BrahMos SSC-10/SSC-5 Stooge Bastion P/S SSC-7/12 3M-80MV SSC-X-11 "GZUR" SSC-X-15 Skif SSC-X-9 Stone AN v t e Russian and former Soviet military designation sequences for radar, missile and rocket systems Radar systems Land-based A-100 P-3 P-8 P-10 P-12 P-14 P-15 P-18 P-19 P-20 P-30 P-35 P-37 P-40 P-50 P-70 P-80 P-100 Kabina 66 Kasta 2E RSN-225 Azov SNR-75 1S91 30N6 36D6 64N6 76N6 96L6E 9S15 9S19 9S32 Duga Dnestr Dnepr Daryal Dunay Volga Don-2N Voronezh Container Ship-borne Airborne N001 N002 N005 N006 N007 N008 N010 N011 N012 N014 N019 N025 N035 N036 Missiles ICBM BZhRK GR-1 R-7 R-9 R-16 R-26 R-36 R-36M R-46 RS-24 RS-26 RT-2 RT-2PM RT-2PM2 RT-20 RT-21 RT-23 RS-28 Sarmat UR-100 UR-100MR UR-100N UR-200 IRBM R-14 RSD-10 Oreshnik MRBM R-5 R-12 RT-15 SRBM 2K1 2K6 9K52 9K720 R-1 R-2 R-11 R-11A R-17 OTR-21 OTR-23 TR-1 SLBM R-13 R-15 R-21 R-27 R-29 R-31 R-39 R-30 Surface-to-surface (cruise) Burya RSS-40 3M-51 Alfa 3M-54 Kalibr 9M730 Burevestnik Surface-to-surface (naval) P-1 P-5 P-15 P-70 P-120 P-270 P-500 P-700 P-750 P-800 P-900 P-900A P-1000 RKV-500A RPK-2 RPK-6 RPK-7 URPK-3 URPK-4 URPK-5 Surface-to-air 2K11 Krug 2K12 Kub 2K22 Tunguska Kashtan CIWS 9K31 Strela-1 9K32 Strela-2 9K33 Osa 9K34 Strela-3 9K38 Igla/9K338 Igla-S 9K333 Verba 9K35 Strela-10 9K37 Buk 9K330 Tor Pantsir-S1 42S6 Morfey S-25 Berkut S-75 Dvina S-125 Neva/Pechora S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna S-300 S-350 (50R6) Vityaz S-400 Triumf S-500/55R6M Triumfator-M M-11 Shtorm Sosna-R Air-to-surface KSR-2 KSR-5 KS-1 K-10S Kh-11 Kh-15 Kh-20 Kh-22 Kh-23 Kh-25 Kh-26 Kh-28 Kh-29 Kh-31 Kh-35 Kh-38 Kh-41 Kh-55 Kh-58 Kh-59 Kh-80 Kh-90 Kh-101 9M114V Shturm-V Hermes-A Kh-47M2 Kinzhal Air-to-air K-5 R-3 R-4 R-8 R-23 R-27 R-33 R-37 R-38 R-40 R-60 R-73 R-77 R-172 Anti-tank 3M6 9K111 9K112 9K114 9K115 9K115-2 9K121 9M14 9M15 9M17 9M113 9M117 9M119 9M120 9M123 9M133 9M133M Kornet-M Kornet-D Hermes Unguided rockets Air-launched RP-1 RP-5 RP-6 RP-9 RP-15 RP-21 RS-82 RS-132 Rocket artillery BM-14 BM-21 BM-24 BM-25 BM-27 BM-30 TOS-1 TOS-2 Engines RD-8 RD-9 R-11 R-13 R-15 R-25 R-29 RD-33 RD-45 RD-58 RD-107 RD-117 RD-0120 RD-0124 RD-0146 RD-170 RD-180 RD-191 RD-500 v t e USAF/DoD reporting names for Soviet and Chinese aircraft and missiles Type numbers (1947–1955) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 132 14 15 16 171 172 181 182 191 192 201,4 202 21 221 222 23 241 242 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 381 382 39 40 Research/prototype aircraft Caspian Sea CASP-A CASP-B Kazan KAZ-A Novosibirsk NOVO-A3 NOVO-B3 NOVO-C GFRI RAM-A3 RAM-B3 RAM-C3 RAM-D3 RAM-E3 RAM-F3 RAM-G RAM-H RAM-J RAM-K RAM-L RAM-M RAM-N RAM-P RAM-Q3 RAM-R R2 RAM-S3 RAM-T SibNIA SIB-A Taganrog TAG-A TAG-B3 TAG-C3 TAG-D Harbin HARB-A Nanchang NAN-A3 NAN-B3 Xi'an XIAN-A Research/prototype missiles Barnaul BL-013 BL-023 BL-033 BL-043 BL-053 BL-063 BL-073 BL-083 BL-093 BL-10 Embi-5 EM-013 Kapustin Yar KY-015 KY-02 I5 II5 III5 KY-03 KY-045 KY-055 KY-065 KY-075 KY-083 KY-093 KY-103 KY-115 KY-12 Nyonoksa NE-013 NE-023 NE-033 NE-04 Plesetsk PL-01 PL-023 PL-033 PL-04 PL-05 Sary Shagan SH-01 SH-023 SH-033 SH-044 SH-053 SH-063 SH-073 SH-08 SH-093 SH-103 SH-11 Töretam TT-013 TT-023 TT-033 TT-043 TT-05 TT-063 TT-073 TT-083 TT-09 Vladimirovska VA-013 VA-023 VA-033 VA-043 VA-053 VA-063 VA-075 VA-083 1 Listed in contemporary sources • 2 Bergander list (details) • 3 Unknown/no details • 4 Possible error • 5 Unconfirmed

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