# Quercus petraea

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Species of flowering plant

Quercus petraea A mature tree Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Fagaceae Genus: Quercus Subgenus: Quercus subg. Quercus Section: Quercus sect. Quercus Species: Q. petraea Binomial name Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.[2] Subspecies See text. Distribution map Synonyms[2] List Quercus robur var. petraea Matt. Quercus brevipedunculata Cariot & St.-Lag. Quercus calcarea Troitsky Quercus columbaria Vuk. Quercus coriacea Bechst. Quercus coronensis Schur Quercus decipiens Behlen Quercus dispar Raf. Quercus durinus Raf. Quercus erythroneura Vuk. Quercus esculus L. Quercus longipetiolata Schur Quercus mas Thore Quercus mespilifolia Wallr. Quercus peraffinis Gand. Quercus petiolata Schur Quercus regalis Burnett ex Endl. Quercus sessiliflora Salisb. Quercus sessilis Ehrh. ex Schur Quercus spathulifolia Vuk. Quercus sphaerocarpa Vuk. Quercus sublobata Kit. Quercus huguetiana (Franco & G.López) Rivas Mart. Quercus colchica Czeczott Quercus dshorochensis K.Koch Quercus hypochrysa Steven Quercus iberica Steven ex M.Bieb. Quercus kochiana O.Schwarz Quercus kozlowskyi Woronow ex Grossh. Quercus lamprophyllos K.Koch Quercus polycarpa Schur Quercus sorocarpa Woronow ex Maleev Quercus szowitzii Wenz. Quercus abietum Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus cedrorum Kotschy Quercus ibicis Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus pinnatiloba K.Koch Quercus subalpina Kotschy ex A.DC. Quercus tergestina Wenz. plus a long list of invalid names and another long list of names below the species level

***Quercus petraea***, commonly known as the **sessile oak**,[3] **Welsh oak**,[4] **Cornish oak**,[5] **Irish oak** or **durmast oak**,[6] is a [species](/source/Species) of [deciduous](/source/Deciduous) [oak](/source/Oak) tree [native](/source/Native_plant) to most of Europe and into [Anatolia](/source/Anatolia) and [Iran](/source/Iran). The sessile oak is the national tree of [Ireland](/source/Ireland),[7] and an unofficial emblem in [Wales](/source/Wales)[8] and [Cornwall](/source/Cornwall).[9][10]

## Description

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The sessile oak is a large [deciduous](/source/Deciduous) [tree](/source/Tree) up to 40 metres (130 feet) tall,[11] in the [white oak](/source/White_oak) section of the genus (*Quercus* sect. *Quercus*) and similar to the [pedunculate oak](/source/Pedunculate_oak) (*Q. robur*), with which it overlaps extensively in range. The [leaves](/source/Leaves) are 7–14 centimetres (2+3⁄4–5+1⁄2 inches) long and 4–8 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) broad, evenly lobed with five to six lobes on each side and a 1 cm-long (1⁄2 in) [petiole](/source/Petiole_(botany)). The male [flowers](/source/Flower) are grouped into [catkins](/source/Catkin), produced in the spring. The [fruit](/source/Fruit) is an [acorn](/source/Acorn) 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) long and 1–2 cm (1⁄2–3⁄4 in) broad, which matures in about six months.

		- Old sacred oak ([zapis](/source/Zapis)) in [Divljana](/source/Divljana), [Serbia](/source/Serbia)

		- Shoot with leaves and acorn

		- An [inosculated](/source/Inosculation) tree

		- A sessile oak in a forest

### Comparison with pedunculate oak

Significant [botanical](/source/Botany) differences from [pedunculate oak](/source/Pedunculate_oak) (*Q. robur*) include the stalked leaves, and the stalkless (sessile) [acorns](/source/Acorn) from which one of its common names is derived. (With the pedunculate oak, it is the acorns which are pedunculate, i.e. on stalks, while the leaves are not.) It occurs in upland areas of altitudes over 300 m (984 ft) with higher rainfall and shallow, acidic, sandy soils. Its [specific epithet](/source/Botanical_name#Binary_name) *petraea* means "of rocky places".[12] *Q. robur*, on the other hand, prefers deeper, richer soils at lower altitude. Fertile [hybrids](/source/Hybrid_(biology)) with *Quercus robur* named *[Quercus × rosacea](/source/Quercus_%C3%97_rosacea)* are found wherever the two parent species occur and share or are intermediate in characters between the parents.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Taxonomy

*Quercus petraea* was first described by [Heinrich Gottfried von Mattuschka](/source/Heinrich_Gottfried_von_Mattuschka) in 1777 as a variety of *Quercus robur*, *Quercus robur* var. *petraea*. It was raised to a full species by [Franz Kaspar Lieblein](/source/Franz_Kaspar_Lieblein) in 1784.[13]

### Subspecies

As of March 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quercus_petraea&action=edit), [Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online) accepted five subspecies:[13]

- *Quercus petraea* subsp. *austrotyrrhenica* Brullo, Guarino & Siracusa

- *Quercus petraea* subsp. *huguetiana* Franco & G.López

- *Quercus petraea* subsp. *petraea*

- *Quercus petraea* subsp. *pinnatiloba* (K.Koch) Menitsky

- [*Quercus petraea* subsp. *polycarpa*](/source/Quercus_petraea_subsp._polycarpa) (Schur) Soó

## Diseases and pests

- [Acute oak decline](/source/Acute_oak_decline)

- [Sudden oak death](/source/Sudden_oak_death)

- The Welsh oak longhorn beetle (*[Pyrrhidium sanguineum](/source/Pyrrhidium_sanguineum)*) is named after its host tree; the larvae feed at the bark interface of dead wood.[14]

## Uses

Sessile oak is one of the most important species in Europe both economically and ecologically. Oak timber is traditionally used for building, ships and furniture. Today the best woods are used for quality [cabinetmaking](/source/Cabinetmaking), [veneers](/source/Wood_veneer) and [barrel](/source/Barrel) staves.[15] Rougher material is used for [fence](/source/Fence) construction, roof beams and specialist building work. The wood also has antimicrobial properties.[16][17] It is also a good [fuel wood](/source/Fuel_wood). During autumns with good acorn crops (the mast years), animals are traditionally grazed under the trees to fatten them.[18]

## Notable individual trees

### Pontfadog Oak

Main article: [Pontfadog Oak](/source/Pontfadog_Oak)

Known as "Wales's national tree", the Pontfadog Oak was a sessile oak considered to be the oldest oak tree in the UK. Located near [Chirk](/source/Chirk) in North Wales, its girth was measured as over 16 metres (53 ft) in 1881 and it was understood to be over 1,200 years old, an age that was due to regular [pollarding](/source/Pollarding) for much of its life. The hollow trunk had a girth of 12.9 m (42 ft 5 in).[19]

The tree died in April 2013 when it blew down in high winds.[20] However, [the Crown Estate](/source/The_Crown_Estate) propagated a sapling from the original tree and planted it in [Windsor Great Park](/source/Windsor_Great_Park).[21] A further five saplings have been cloned from the Pontfadog Oak, three of which will be planted at the [National Botanic Garden of Wales](/source/National_Botanic_Garden_of_Wales), with the other two going to sites near Pontfadog; one at [Chirk Castle](/source/Chirk_Castle) and the other at [Erddig](/source/Erddig), as part of a woodland memorial to those who died during the [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic).[22]

### Fuck Tree

Main article: [Fuck Tree](/source/Fuck_Tree)

The Fuck Tree is a sessile oak tree located in [Hampstead Heath](/source/Hampstead_Heath), north [London](/source/London). The tree is located in an established [gay cruising](/source/Cruising_for_sex) area and is famous for its slender trunk which facilitates [gay sex](/source/Gay_sex). Hampstead Heath has been used for gay cruising since the [Victorian era](/source/Victorian_era), with the Fuck Tree being the most famous tree in the heath.[23] The Fuck Tree has gained recognition in LGBTQ+ art and culture, including the 2017 art film *Fuck Tree* by Liz Rosenfeld[24] and the 2023 art exhibition *Soft Ground* at the [Gasworks Gallery](/source/Gasworks_Gallery) by Trevor Yeung.[25]

## See also

- [Cornwall portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cornwall)

- *[Faux de Verzy](/source/Faux_de_Verzy)*

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0)** Gorener, V.; Khela, S.; Barstow, M. (2017). ["*Quercus petraea*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62539/3116237). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2017** e.T62539A3116237. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62539A3116237.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62539A3116237.en). Retrieved 19 November 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-TPL_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-TPL_2-1) ["*Quercus petraea*"](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-174374). *[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families](/source/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 14 September 2016 – via [The Plant List](/source/The_Plant_List). Note that this website has been superseded by [World Flora Online](/source/World_Flora_Online)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BSBI07_3-0)** [*BSBI List 2007*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls) (xls). [Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland](/source/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland). Archived from [the original](https://bsbi.org/download/3542/) (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Acton, Jules (2024). ["Welsh+oak"&pg=PT11 *Oaklore: Adventures in a World of Extraordinary Trees*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rED9EAAAQBAJ&dq=) (1st ed.). La Vergne: Greystone Books Ltd. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-77164-967-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77164-967-4). Retrieved 3 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Sessile oak"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170530112611/http://www.arkive.org/sessile-oak/quercus-petraea/). *[ARKive.org](/source/ARKive.org)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.arkive.org/sessile-oak/quercus-petraea/) on 30 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GRIN_6-0)** ["*Quercus petraea*"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=30730). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture). Retrieved 14 September 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Mitchell, Alan (1974). "Field Guide to the Trees of Britain and Northern Europe (Collins Field Guide)", HarperCollins Distribution Services, New York. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0002120356](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0002120356).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Tree trail with worldwide flavour"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/3920051.stm), [BBC News](/source/BBC_News), 23 July 2004

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Minahan, James (2009). *The complete guide to national symbols and emblems*. Vol. 1. Greenwood. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-313-34496-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34496-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [West Briton, September 01, 2011, Will native trees thrive in the future?](http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/native-trees-thrive-future/story-13244009-detail/story.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130609133621/http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/native-trees-thrive-future/story-13244009-detail/story.html) June 9, 2013, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Annighöfer, Peter; Beckschäfer, Philip; Vor, Torsten; Ammer, Christian (2015). Zang, RunGuo (ed.). ["Regeneration patterns of European oak species (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Quercus robur L.) in dependence of environment and neighborhood"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4534096). *PLOS ONE*. **10** (8). e0134935. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2015PLoSO..1034935A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1034935A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1371/journal.pone.0134935](https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0134935). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4534096](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4534096). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [26266803](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26266803).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RHSLG_12-0)** Harrison, Lorraine (2012). *RHS Latin for gardeners*. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84533-731-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84533-731-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-POWO_359961-1_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-POWO_359961-1_13-1) ["*Quercus petraea* (Matt.) Liebl."](http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:359961-1) *Plants of the World Online*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Bullock, J.A. 1992. Host Plants of British Beetles: A List of Recorded Associations – Amateur Entomologists' Society (AES) publication volume 11a: A supplement to A Coleopterist's Handbook.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Munir, Muhammad Tanveer; Pailhories, Hélène; Eveillard, Matthieu; [Irle, Mark](/source/Mark_Irle); Aviat, Florence; Federighi, Michel; Belloncle, Christophe (24 August 2020). ["Experimental Parameters Influence the Observed Antimicrobial Response of Oak Wood (Quercus petraea)"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7558063). *Antibiotics*. **9** (9): 535. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/antibiotics9090535](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fantibiotics9090535). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7558063](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7558063). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [32847132](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32847132).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Munir, Muhammad; Aviat, Florence; Lepelletier, Didier; Pape, Patrice Le; Dubreil, Laurence; [Irle, Mark](/source/Mark_Irle); Federighi, Michel; Belloncle, Christophe; Eveillard, Matthieu; Pailhoriès, Hélène (1 October 2020). "Wood materials for limiting the bacterial reservoir on surfaces in hospitals: would it be worthwhile to go further?". *Future Microbiology*. **15** (15): 1431–1437. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2217/fmb-2019-0339](https://doi.org/10.2217%2Ffmb-2019-0339). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33156723](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33156723). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [226276130](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226276130).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Chen, Ju-Chi; Munir, Muhammad Tanveer; Aviat, Florence; Lepelletier, Didier; Le Pape, Patrice; Dubreil, Laurence; [Irle, Mark](/source/Mark_Irle); Federighi, Michel; Belloncle, Christophe; Eveillard, Matthieu; Pailhoriès, Hélène (13 November 2020). ["Survival of Bacterial Strains on Wood (Quercus petraea) Compared to Polycarbonate, Aluminum and Stainless Steel"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7698295). *Antibiotics*. **9** (11): 804. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/antibiotics9110804](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fantibiotics9110804). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7698295](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7698295). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33202723](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33202723).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Ducousso, A. & Bordacs, S. (2004), [*Pedunculate and sessile oaks –*Quercus robur*/*Quercus petraea*: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use*](https://web.archive.org/web/20181002020448/http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1038_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Pedunculate_and_sessile_oaks__Quercus_robur__and__Quercus_petraea_.pdf) (PDF), [European Forest Genetic Resources Programme](/source/European_Forest_Genetic_Resources_Programme), p. 6, archived from [the original](http://www.euforgen.org/fileadmin//templates/euforgen.org/upload/Publications/Technical_guidelines/1038_Technical_guidelines_for_genetic_conservation_and_use_for_Pedunculate_and_sessile_oaks__Quercus_robur__and__Quercus_petraea_.pdf) (PDF) on 2 October 2018

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Vidal, John (28 April 2013). ["The Pontfadog oak was the oldest of the old, revered, loved ... and now mourned"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/28/pontfadog-oak-revered-loved-mourned). *[The Observer](/source/The_Observer)*. Retrieved 1 May 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** ["Pontfadog Oak: 1,200-year-old tree toppled by winds"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-22202815). [BBC News Online](/source/BBC_News_Online). 18 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["One of the world's largest and oldest oak trees returns to Chirk Castle"](https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/services/media/one-of-the-worlds-largest-and-oldest-oak-trees-returns-to-chirk-castle). *National Trust*. Retrieved 29 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Morris, Steven. ["North Wales' ancient felled Pontfadog oak returns in five cloned saplings"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/06/pontfadog-oak-returns-five-cloned-saplings-north-wales-ceiriog-valley). *The Guardian*. Retrieved 29 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Hampstead Heath at war over tree used in gay cruising"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2025/03/09/hampstead-heath-dog-walkers-cruising-homophobic-campaign/). *[The Daily Telegraph](/source/The_Daily_Telegraph)*. 9 March 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** ["FUCK TREE"](https://lux.org.uk/work/fuck-tree/). Lux. Retrieved 17 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Jhala, Kabir (7 December 2023). ["Hampstead Heath's notorious gay cruising spot recreated for London exhibition"](https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2023/12/07/hampstead-heaths-notorious-gay-cruising-spot-recreated-for-london-exhibition). *[The Art Newspaper](/source/The_Art_Newspaper)*. Retrieved 19 April 2025.

## External links

- [Quercus petraea](https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/14280/Quercus-petraea/Details) Royal Horticultural Society

- [*Quercus petraea*](http://www.euforgen.org/species/quercus-petraea/) – distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. [European Forest Genetic Resources Programme](/source/European_Forest_Genetic_Resources_Programme) (EUFORGEN)

- [Flora Europaea: *Quercus petraea*](http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Quercus&SPECIES_XREF=petraea&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK=)

- Bean, W. J. (1976). *Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles* 8th ed., revised. John Murray.

- Rushforth, K. (1999). *Trees of Britain and Europe*. HarperCollins [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-00-220013-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-220013-9).

- (in French) [Chênes: *Quercus petraea*](http://jeanlouis.helardot.free.fr/page_chenes/quercus_petraea.htm)

- [Den virtuella floran – Distribution](https://web.archive.org/web/20020512140310/http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/faga/querc/querpetv.jpg)

- Media related to [*Quercus petraea*](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quercus_petraea) at Wikimedia Commons

- Data related to [*Quercus petraea*](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quercus_petraea) at Wikispecies

Taxon identifiers Quercus petraea Wikidata: Q158608 Wikispecies: Quercus petraea BioLib: 3459 CoL: 4R5SK EoL: 1151364 EPPO: QUEPE EUNIS: 172445 GBIF: 2880130 GRIN: 30730 iNaturalist: 200942 IPNI: 359961-1 IRMNG: 10770423 ITIS: 506539 IUCN: 62539 NBN: NHMSYS0000462217 NCBI: 38865 NZOR: 7105e766-ea33-4f81-a73c-83f2eaaef634 Observation.org: 7285 Open Tree of Life: 516540 PfaF: Quercus petraea PFI: 9506 Plant List: kew-174374 PLANTS: QUPE2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:359961-1 RHS: 14280 Tropicos: 13100437 WFO: wfo-0000292459 Quercus robur var. petraea Wikidata: Q38941673 GBIF: 2880288 GRIN: 411669 IPNI: 60447921-2 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60447921-2 Tropicos: 13100485 WFO: wfo-0000292939

v t e National symbols of Wales Flags of Wales Flag of Wales Flag of Saint David Royal Heraldry Royal Badge of Wales Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales Prince of Wales's feathers Welsh Dragon (Y Ddraig Goch) Welsh heraldry Music Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau Male voice choir Welsh harp Flora and Fauna Daffodil Leek Red kite Sessile Oak Cultural symbols Eisteddfod Lovespoon Welsh Rugby Traditional costume Welsh language Cuisine Bara Brith Cawl Laverbread Welsh cakes Welsh rarebit

Authority control databases International GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Quercus petraea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_petraea) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_petraea?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.