# Queen angelfish

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{{Short description|Species of marine angelfish}}
{{Featured article}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Queen Angelfish.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref =<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn|author=Pyle, R.|author2=Myers, R. F.|author3=Rocha, L. A.|author4=Craig, M. T.|date=2010|title=''Holacanthus ciliaris''|article-number=e.T165883A6156566|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165883A6156566.en|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|taxon = Holacanthus ciliaris
|authority = ([Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), [1758](/source/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae))
|synonyms =
{{Collapsible list
| title = {{-}}
| bullets = yes
|''Chaetodon ciliaris'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
|''Angelichthys ciliaris'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
|''Chaetodon squamulosus'' <small>[Shaw](/source/George_Shaw_(biologist)), 1796</small>
|''Chaetodon parrae'' <small>[Bloch](/source/Marcus_Elieser_Bloch) & [Schneider](/source/Johann_Gottlob_Theaenus_Schneider), 1801</small>
|''Holacanthus coronatus'' <small>[Desmarest](/source/Eug%C3%A8ne_Anselme_S%C3%A9bastien_L%C3%A9on_Desmarest), 1823</small>
|''Holacanthus formosus'' <small>[Castelnau](/source/Francis_de_Castelnau), 1855</small>
|''Holacanthus iodocus'' <small>[Jordan](/source/David_Starr_Jordan) & [Rutter](/source/Cloudsley_Louis_Rutter), 1897</small>
|''Angelichthys iodocus'' <small>(Jordan & Rutter, 1897)</small>
|''Holacanthus lunatus'' <small>[Blosser](/source/Christian_B._Blosser), 1909</small>
}}
| synonyms_ref =<ref name = Fishbase>{{cite web|author=Froese, Rainer|title=Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)|date=December 2019|website=[Fishbase](/source/Fishbase)|access-date=21 February 2021|url=https://www.fishbase.de/summary/Holacanthus-ciliaris.html}}</ref>
|image_caption = Adult
| range_map = QueenAngelfish distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Range of the queen angelfish
}}

The '''queen angelfish''' ('''''Holacanthus ciliaris'''''), also known as the '''blue angelfish''', '''golden angelfish''', or '''yellow angelfish''', is a [species](/source/species) of [marine angelfish](/source/Pomacanthidae) found in the western [Atlantic Ocean](/source/Atlantic_Ocean). It is a [benthic](/source/benthic_zone) (ocean floor) warm-water species that lives in [coral reef](/source/coral_reef)s. It is recognized by its blue and yellow coloration and a distinctive spot or "crown" on its forehead. This crown distinguishes it from the closely related and similar-looking Bermuda blue angelfish (''[Holacanthus bermudensis](/source/Holacanthus_bermudensis)''), with which it overlaps in range and can interbreed.

Adult queen angelfish are selective feeders and primarily eat [sponge](/source/sponge)s. Their social structure consists of [harems](/source/harem_(zoology)) which include one male and up to four females. They live within a [territory](/source/territory_(animal)) where the females forage separately and are tended to by the male. [Breeding](/source/Spawn_(biology)) in the species occurs near a [full moon](/source/full_moon). The transparent [eggs](/source/Ichthyoplankton) float in the water until they hatch. Juveniles of the species have different coloration than adults and act as [cleaner fish](/source/cleaner_fish).

The queen angelfish is popular in the [aquarium trade](/source/Fishkeeping) and has been a particularly common exported species from [Brazil](/source/Brazil). In 2010, the queen angelfish was assessed as [least concern](/source/least_concern) by the [International Union for Conservation of Nature](/source/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature) as the wild population appeared to be stable.

==Taxonomy==
The queen angelfish was first [described](/source/Species_description) as ''Chaetodon ciliaris'' in 1758 by [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) in the [10th edition](/source/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae) of his ''Systema Naturae'', with the [type locality](/source/type_locality_(biology)) given as the "Western Atlantic/[Caribbean](/source/Caribbean_Sea)".<ref name = CofF>{{Cof genus|genus=Holacanthus|access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref> In 1802 it was moved by French naturalist [Bernard Germain de Lacépède](/source/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de) to the [genus](/source/genus) ''[Holacanthus](/source/Holacanthus)'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Holacanthus Lacepède, 1802|url=http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159282|website=World Register of Marine Species|access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> the name of which is derived from [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) ὅλος (''hólos''), meaning "full", and ἄκανθα (''ákantha''), meaning "spine".<ref name = Fishbase/> Its [specific name](/source/specific_name_(zoology)) ''ciliaris'' means "fringed", a reference to its ''squamis ciliatis'' ("ciliate [scales](/source/fish_scale)").<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web|url=http://www.etyfish.org/acanthuriformes1/|title=Order Acanthuriformes (Part 1): Families Lobotidae, Pomacanthidae, Drepaneidae and Chaetodontidae|work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database|access-date=22 February 2021|date=21 July 2020|author1=Scharpf, Christopher|author2=Lazara, Kenneth J.}}</ref> Other [common name](/source/common_name)s for the species include "blue angelfish", "golden angelfish" and "yellow angelfish".<ref name = DF/>

[Marine angelfish](/source/Marine_angelfish) of the genus ''Holacanthus'' likely emerged between 10.2 and 7.6&nbsp;million years ago ([mya](/source/myr)). The Guinean angelfish (''[Holacanthus africanus](/source/Holacanthus_africanus)''), which is found off the coast of [West Africa](/source/West_Africa), is sister to all other species in the genus, indicating that the [lineage](/source/lineage_(evolution)) colonized the Atlantic from the [Indian Ocean](/source/Indian_Ocean).<ref name="Alva-Campbell2010">{{cite journal|last1=Alva-Campbell|first1=Y.|last2=Floeter|first2=S. R.|last3=Robertson|first3=D. R.|last4=Bellwood|first4=D. R.|last5=Bernardi|first5=G.|year=2010|title=Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Holacanthus angelfishes (Pomacanthidae)|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=56|issue=1|pages=456–461|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.014|pmid=20171293}}</ref> The closure of the [Isthmus of Panama](/source/Isthmus_of_Panama) 3.5–3.1 mya led to the splitting off of the [Tropical Eastern Pacific](/source/Tropical_Eastern_Pacific) species.<ref name="Tariel2016">{{cite journal|last1=Tariel|first1=J.|last2=Longo|first2=G. C.|last3=Bernardi|first3=G.|year=2016|title=Tempo and mode of speciation in ''Holacanthus'' angelfishes based on RADseq markers|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=98|pages=84–88|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.010|pmid=26876637|bibcode=2016MolPE..98...84T |s2cid=205840957 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6rc066rf}}</ref> The closest relative and [sister species](/source/sister_group) of the queen angelfish is the [sympatric](/source/sympatric) and similar Bermuda blue angelfish (''[H. bermudensis](/source/Holocanthus_bermudensis)''), from which it split around 1.5 mya.<ref name="Alva-Campbell2010"/><ref name="Tariel2016"/> They are known to interbreed, producing a [hybrid](/source/hybrid_(biology)) known as the Townsend angelfish<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reyes-Bonilla|first1=H.|last2=Alvarez-Filip|first2=F.|last3=Sánchez-Alcántara|first3=I.|year=2010|title=New records of the Townsend angelfish (''Holacanthus bermudensis'' X ''H. ciliaris'' hybrid) and range extension of the Blue angelfish (H. bermudensis) in the Caribbean Sea|journal=Caribbean Journal of Science|volume=46|issue=2–3|pages=339–345|doi=10.18475/cjos.v46i2.a24|s2cid=130966144}}</ref> which has features similar to both parent species.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Feddern|first=H.|year=1968|title=Hybridization between the western Atlantic angelfishes, ''Holacanthus isabelita'' and ''H. ciliaris''|journal=Bulletin of Marine Science|volume=18|issue=2|pages=351–382|url=https://www.mare2000.it/Pescimarino/Immagini/feddern.pdf}}</ref> The Townsend angelfish is fertile, and individuals can breed both with each other and with the two parent species.<ref name="Deloach2019">{{cite book|last1=Deloach|first1=Ned|last2=Deloach|first2=Anne|year=2019|title=Reef Fish Behavior: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas|publisher=New World Publications|pages=175–176, 180–181|edition=2nd|isbn=978-1-878348-68-5}}</ref>

The following [cladogram](/source/cladogram) is based on molecular evidence:<ref name="Alva-Campbell2010"/><ref name="Tariel2016"/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shen|first1=K-N|last2=Chang|first2=C-W|last3=Chen|first3=C-H|last4=Hsiao|first4=C-D|year=2015|title=Complete mitogenomes of King angelfish (''Holacanthus passer'') and Queen angelfish (''Holacanthus ciliaris'') (Teleostei: Pomacanthidae)|journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part A |volume=27|issue=4|pages=2815–2816|doi=10.3109/19401736.2015.1053081|pmid=26119118|s2cid=207745744}}</ref>
{{Multiple image
| image1            = Townsend Angelfish imported from iNaturalist photo 450961911 on 6 December 2024 (cropped).jpg
| image2            = Townsend Angelfish hybrid.jpg
| direction         = vertical
| footer            = Townsend angelfish (''H. ciliaris x bermudensis'') hybrid.<br />Juvenile (top), adult (bottom).
}}
{{clade
|label1=''Holacanthus''
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=[Rock beauty](/source/Rock_beauty) 70px
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1=[Bermuda blue angelfish](/source/Holacanthus_bermudensis) 80px
            |2='''Queen angelfish''' 90px
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=[Clarion angelfish](/source/Clarion_angelfish) 80px
               |2=[Clipperton angelfish](/source/Clipperton_angelfish) 80px
               }}
            |2=[King angelfish](/source/Holacanthus_passer) 80px
            }}
         }}
      }}
   |2=[Guinean angelfish](/source/Holacanthus_africanus) 80px
   }}
}}

==Description==
thumb|upright|right|With "crown" visible|alt=Frontal view of a queen angelfish showing the crown
The queen angelfish has a broad, flattened, oval-shaped body with triangular tail fin, a reduced, dulled [snout](/source/snout) and a small mouth containing bristle-like teeth.<ref name = STRI>{{cite web|url=https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/caribbean/en/thefishes/species/3853|title=Species: Holacanthus ciliaris, Blue angelfish|access-date=22 February 2021|work=Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean online information|publisher=Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute}}</ref><ref name = DF/> The [dorsal fin](/source/dorsal_fin) contains 14 [spines](/source/spine_(zoology)) and 19–21 soft [rays](/source/Fish_fin), and the [anal fin](/source/Fish_fin) has 3 spines and 20–21 soft rays.<ref name = Fishbase/> The dorsal and anal fins both dangle behind the body.<ref name = DF/> This species attains a maximum [total length](/source/Fish_measurement) of {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} and weight of {{convert|1600|g|abbr=on}}.<ref name = Fishbase/><ref name = DF/> Males [may be larger](/source/sexual_dimorphism) than females.<ref name="Snyder"/><ref name="Moyer1983"/>

The species is covered in yellow-tipped blue-green scales, with a bright yellow tail, [pectoral](/source/Fish_fin) and [pelvic fin](/source/pelvic_fin)s. Both the dorsal and anal fins have orange-yellow end points, while the pectoral fins have blue patches at the base.<ref name="Snyder">{{cite book|last1=Snyder|first1=David B.|last2=Burgess|first2=George H.|year=2016|title=Marine Fishes of Florida|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|pages=221–224|isbn=978-1-4214-1872-8}}</ref> On the forehead is an eye-like spot or "crown" that is [cobalt blue](/source/cobalt_blue) with an [electric blue](/source/electric_blue_(color)) outer ring and dotted with electric blue spots.<ref name = Fishbase/><ref name = DF/><ref name="Snyder"/> This crown is the main feature distinguishing the species from the Bermuda blue angelfish. Juveniles are dark blue with bright blue vertical stripes and a yellow pectoral area. They resemble juvenile blue angelfish and are distinguished by more curved vertical stripes.<ref name = DF/> Growing juveniles develop transitional patterns as they reach their adult coloration.<ref name="Snyder"/>
{{Multiple image
| image1            = Queen Angelfish imported from iNaturalist photo 426060546 on 6 December 2024 (cropped).jpg
| image2            = Holacanthus ciliaris 438105892 (cropped).jpg
| image3            = Queen Angelfish imported from iNaturalist photo 293275377 on 6 December 2024.png
| image4            = Queen Angelfish imported from iNaturalist photo 252021990 on 6 December 2024.jpg
| align             = center
| footer            = Growth series (from youngest to oldest)
| total_width       = 800
}}

Seven other [color morphs](/source/polymorphism_(biology)) have been recorded off the coast of the [Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago](/source/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelago), Brazil. The most commonly recorded is a mostly gold or bright orange morph. Other morphs may be bright blue with some yellow, black or white coloration or even all white.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Luiz|first=O. J. Jr|year=2003|title=Colour Morphs in a Queen Angelfish ''Holacanthus ciliaris'' (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae) population of St. Paul's Rocks, NE Brazil|journal=Tropical Fish Hobbyist|volume=51|issue=5|pages=81–90|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228387912}}</ref> Another color morph was recorded off [Dry Tortugas](/source/Dry_Tortugas_National_Park), Florida, in 2009. This fish was mostly cobalt blue with white and yellow-orange colored areas.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Feeley|first1=M.|last2=Luiz |first2=O. J. Jr|last3=Zurcher|first3=N.|year=2009|title=Colour morph of a probable queen angelfish ''Holacanthus ciliaris'' from Dry Tortugas, Florida|journal=Journal of Fish Biology|volume=74|issue=10|pages=2415–2421|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.2009.02259.x|pmid=20735563|bibcode=2009JFBio..74.2415F }}</ref>

There are records of at least two wild queen angelfish at St. Peter and St. Paul with a "pughead" skeletal deformity, a squashed upper jaw and a lower jaw that sticks out. Such deformities mostly occur in captive fish.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Francini-Filho|first1=R. B.|last2=Amado-Filho|first2=G. M.|year=2012|title=First record of pughead skeletal deformity in the queen angelfish ''Holacanthus ciliaris'' (St. Peter and St. Paul Archipelago, Mid Atlantic Ridge, Brazil)|journal=Coral Reefs|volume=32|issue=211|page=211|doi=10.1007/s00338-012-0975-z|s2cid=43730987|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{-}}

==Ecology==
[[File:Queen angelfish at their habitat.jpg|thumb|[John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park](/source/John_Pennekamp_Coral_Reef_State_Park), Key Largo, Florida]]
Queen angelfish are found in [tropical](/source/tropics) and [subtropical](/source/subtropics) areas of the Western Atlantic Ocean around the coasts and islands of the Americas. They occur from [Florida](/source/Florida) along the [Gulf of Mexico](/source/Gulf_of_Mexico) and the [Caribbean Sea](/source/Caribbean_Sea) down to Brazil. Their range extends as far east as [Bermuda](/source/Bermuda) and the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago.<ref name=iucn /><ref name = DF/> Queen angelfish are [benthic](/source/benthic_zone) or bottom-dwelling and occur from shallow waters close to shore down to {{convert|70|m|abbr=on}}. They live in [coral reef](/source/coral_reef)s, preferring [soft coral](/source/Octocorallia)s, and swim either alone or in pairs.<ref name = DF/>

Queen angelfish eat [sponge](/source/sponge)s, [tunicate](/source/tunicate)s, [jellyfish](/source/jellyfish), corals, [plankton](/source/plankton), and [algae](/source/algae). Juveniles act as [cleaner fish](/source/cleaner_fish) and establish and remove [ectoparasites](/source/ectoparasites) from bigger fish.<ref name="DF">{{cite web|url=https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/species-profiles/holacanthus-ciliaris/|title=Holacanthus ciliaris|access-date=22 February 2021|work=Discover Fish|date=10 May 2017|publisher=Florida Museum}}</ref> Off [St. Thomas Island](/source/Saint_Thomas%2C_U.S._Virgin_Islands) and [Salvador, Bahia](/source/Salvador%2C_Bahia), 90% of the diet of adults is sponges. Off the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, more than 30 prey species may be consumed, 68% being sponges, 25% being algae, and 5% being [bryozoa](/source/bryozoa)ns. Queen angelfish appear to be selective feeders as the proportion of prey in their diet does not correlate with their abundance. On the species level, the angelfish of the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago target the less common sponges ''[Geodia](/source/Geodia) neptuni'', ''Erylus latens'', ''[Clathria](/source/Clathria) calla'', and ''Asteropus niger''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Reis |first1=F.|last2=Moraes|first2=F.|last3=Batista|first3=D.|last4=Villaça|first4=R.|last5=Aguiar|first5=A.|last6=Muricy|first6=G.|year=2013|title=Diet of the queen angelfish ''Holacanthus ciliaris'' (Pomacanthidae) in São Pedro e São Paulo Archipelago, Brazil|journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom|volume=93|issue=2|pages=453–460|doi=10.1017/S0025315412001099|bibcode=2013JMBUK..93..453R |s2cid=87827468}}</ref>

==Life cycle==
[[File:Belize 2016 - yP2010013 batch.jpg|thumb|[Belize](/source/Belize)|alt=A pair off [Belize](/source/Belize), one turning away from the camera]]
Male queen angelfish have large territories with a [harem](/source/harem_(zoology)) of two to four females.<ref name="Moyer1983"/> Little is known about the sexual development of the species, though they are presumed to be [protogynous hermaphrodite](/source/protogynous_hermaphrodite)s. The largest harem female may transform into a male if the territorial male disappears.<ref name="Deloach2019"/> Around midday, the females forage individually in different locations. The male tends to each of them, rushing at, circling, and feeding next to them.<ref name="Moyer1983"/> [Spawning](/source/Spawning) in this species occurs year-round.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nottingham|first1=Mara C.|last2=Feitosa Silva|first2=José Roberto|last3=de Araújo|first3=Maria Elisabeth|year=2003|title=Morphology and Histology of the Testicles of Queen Angelfish ''Holacanthus ciliaris'' (Linnaeus, 1758) (Teleostei: Perciformes: Pomacanthidae)|journal=Arquivos de Ciências do Mar|volume=36|issue=1–2|pages=89–94|doi=10.32360/acmar.v36i1-2.6602|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}</ref> It is observed sometime around a [full moon](/source/full_moon).<ref name="Moyer1983"/>

[Courtship](/source/Courtship_display) involves the male showing his side to the female and flicking his pectoral fins at her or "soaring" above them. At the beginning of spawning, the female swims towards the surface with the male swimming under her with his snout pressing against her [vent](/source/Cloaca).<ref name="Moyer1983">{{cite journal|last1=Moyer|first1=J. T.|last2=Thresher|first2=R. E.|last3=Colin|first3=P. L.|year=1983|title=Courtship, spawning and inferred social organization of American angelfishes (Genera ''Pornacanthus'', ''Holacanthus'' and ''Centropyge''; Pomacanthidae)|journal=Environmental Biology of Fishes|volume=9|issue=1|pages=25–39|doi=10.1007/BF00001056|bibcode=1983EnvBF...9...25M |s2cid=25999869}}</ref> They then deposit their [eggs](/source/Ichthyoplankton) and [semen](/source/milt) into the water. The female discharges between 25 and 75 thousand eggs a day.<ref name = DF/> After spawning, the pair split and head to back to the ocean floor.<ref name="Deloach2019"/>

The transparent eggs are [pelagic](/source/pelagic_zone) and remain suspended in the water for 15–20 hours. The hatched larvae have a large yolk sac with no functional eyes, gut or fins, but two days later, the yolk is absorbed, and the larvae have more of a resemblance to fish. These larvae are plankton-eaters and grow quickly. Between the ages of three and four weeks old, when they have reached a length of {{convert|15|to|20|mm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}, they descend to the floor as juveniles. Juvenile angelfish live alone and in territories encompassing finger sponges and coral, where they establish [cleaning station](/source/cleaning_station)s for other fish.<ref name = DF/>

==Human interactions==
[[File:Queen Angelfish 14-05-2009 15-24-48.JPG|thumb|Aquarium in [Barcelona](/source/Barcelona), Spain]]
Queen angelfish are not normally eaten or [commercially fished](/source/commercial_fishing). They are captured mostly for the [aquarium trade](/source/fishkeeping), where they are highly valued.<ref name="MAC">{{cite book|last1=Larkin|first1=S. L.|last2=de Bodisco|first2=C.|last3=Degner|first3=R. L.|contribution=Wholesale and Retail Break-Even Prices for MAC-Certified Queen Angelfish (''Holacanthus ciliaris'')|year=2008|title=Marine Ornamental Species: Collection, Culture & Conservation|editor1=Cato, J. C.|editor2=Brown, C. L.|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|page=126|isbn=978-0-8138-2987-6}}</ref> As juveniles, angelfish can adapt to eating typical [aquarium food](/source/aquarium_fish_feed) and hence have a higher survival rate than individuals taken as adults, which require a more specialized diet.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spotte, S.|year=1993|title=Marine Aquarium Keeping|publisher=Wiley|page=87|isbn=978-0-471-59489-5}}</ref>

In Brazil, the queen angelfish is the most common marine ornamental fish sold aboard.<ref name=iucn/> From 1995 to 2000, 43,730 queen angelfish were traded at [Fortaleza](/source/Fortaleza) in the northeast of the country, and in 1995, 75% of marine fish sold were both queen and [French angelfish](/source/French_angelfish).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Monteiro-Neto|first1=C.|last2=Cunha|first2=F. E. A.|last3=Nottingham|first3=M. C.|last4=Araújo|first4=M. E.|last5=Rosa|first5=I. L.|last6=Barros|first6=G. M. L.|year=2003|title=Analysis of the marine ornamental fish trade at Ceará State, northeast Brazil|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1287–1295|doi=10.1023/A:1023096023733|citeseerx=10.1.1.610.6568|s2cid=19814034}}</ref> In 2010, the queen angelfish was assessed as [least concern](/source/least_concern) by the [International Union for Conservation of Nature](/source/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature), as the species is only significantly [fished](/source/fishing) off Brazil and the wild population appeared to be secure.<ref name=iucn/>

Queen angelfish have been caught in the eastern [Adriatic Sea](/source/Adriatic_Sea), off [Croatia](/source/Croatia), in 2011, and the [Mediterranean Sea](/source/Mediterranean_Sea), off [Malta](/source/Malta), in 2020. These are likely [introductions](/source/introduced_species) from the aquarium industry and not natural colonizations.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Deidun|first1=A.|last2=Galdies|first2=J.|last3=Zava|first3=B.|year=2020|title=A bonanza of angelfish (Perciformes: Pomacanthidae) in the Mediterranean: the second documented record of ''Holacanthus ciliaris'' (Linnaeus, 1758)|journal=BioInvasions Records|volume=9|issue=4|pages=827–833|doi=10.3391/bir.2020.9.4.16|s2cid=229615030|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2015, an aquarium-introduced angelfish was found in the [Red Sea](/source/Red_Sea) at [Eilat's Coral Beach](/source/Eilat's_Coral_Beach), Israel. Its kidney was infected with the disease-causing bacterium ''[Photobacterium damselae piscicida](/source/Photobacterium_damselae_subsp._piscicida)'', which was not previously recorded in Red Sea fish, raising concerns that it could infect native fish.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stern|first1=N.|last2=Rachmilovitz|first2=E. N.|last3=Sharon|first3=G.|last4=Diamant|first4=A.|year=2016|title=The dire implications of releasing marine ornamental fishes into the wild: first reported case from the Red Sea|journal=Marine Biodiversity|volume=48|issue=3|pages=1615–1620|doi=10.1007/s12526-016-0600-4|s2cid=14359958}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
* {{sealifephotos|276012}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q453994}}

Queen angelfish
Category:Fish described in 1758
Category:Fish of the Western Atlantic
Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Queen angelfish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_angelfish) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_angelfish?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.