# Queen Maud Land

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Norway's territorial claim in Antarctica

Dependent territory of Norway

Queen Maud Land Dronning Maud Land (Norwegian) Dependent territory of Norway Location of Queen Maud Land (red, in Antarctica) Sovereign state Norway Annexed by Norway 14 January 1939 Dependency status 21 June 1957 Antarctic Treaty 23 June 1961 Expanded 12 June 2015 Sector claim 20°W – 45°E Named for Maud of Wales Government Dependency under a constitutional monarchy • Monarch Harald V • Administered by Ministry of Justice and Public Security Area • Total 2,700,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi) Elevation 2,000 m (6,600 ft) Highest elevation 3,148 m (10,328 ft) ISO 3166 code AQ Internet TLD .aq .no

**Queen Maud Land** ([Norwegian](/source/Norwegian_language): *Dronning Maud Land*)[note 1] is a roughly 2.7-million-square-kilometre (1.0-million-square-mile)[5] region of [Antarctica](/source/Antarctica) [claimed](/source/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica) by [Norway](/source/Norway) as a [dependent territory](/source/Dependent_territory).[6] It borders the claimed [British Antarctic Territory](/source/British_Antarctic_Territory) [20° west](/source/20th_meridian_west), specifically the [Caird Coast](/source/Caird_Coast), [Coats Land](/source/Coats_Land) on the West, and the [Australian Antarctic Territory](/source/Australian_Antarctic_Territory) [45° east](/source/45th_meridian_east), specifically [Enderby Land](/source/Enderby_Land) on the East. In addition, a small unclaimed area from 1939 was annexed in June 2015.[7] Positioned in [East Antarctica](/source/East_Antarctica), it makes out about one-fifth of the continent, and is named after the Norwegian [Queen Maud](/source/Maud_of_Wales) (1869–1938).

In 1930, the Norwegian [Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen](/source/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen) was the first person known to have set foot in the territory. On 14 January 1939, the territory was claimed by Norway. On 23 June 1961, Queen Maud Land became part of the [Antarctic Treaty System](/source/Antarctic_Treaty_System), making it a [demilitarised zone](/source/Demilitarised_zone). It is one of [two Antarctic claims](/source/Dependencies_of_Norway) made by Norway, the other being [Peter I Island](/source/Peter_I_Island). They are administered by the Polar Affairs Department of the [Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security](/source/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police) in [Oslo](/source/Oslo).

Most of the territory is covered by the east [Antarctic ice sheet](/source/Antarctic_ice_sheet), and a tall ice wall stretches throughout its coast. In some areas farther within the ice sheet, mountain ranges breach through the ice, allowing for birds to breed and the growth of a limited [flora](/source/Antarctic_flora). The region is divided into, from west to east, the [Princess Martha Coast](/source/Princess_Martha_Coast), [Princess Astrid Coast](/source/Princess_Astrid_Coast), [Princess Ragnhild Coast](/source/Princess_Ragnhild_Coast), [Prince Harald Coast](/source/Prince_Harald_Coast) and [Prince Olav Coast](/source/Prince_Olav_Coast):

No. Coast Western border Eastern border Width in degrees 1 Princess Martha Coast 20° 00′ W 05° 00′ E 25° 00′ 2 Princess Astrid Coast 05° 00′ E 20° 00′ E 15° 00′ 3 Princess Ragnhild Coast 20° 00′ E 34° 00′ E 14° 00′ 4 Prince Harald Coast 34° 00′ E 40° 00′ E 06° 00′ 5 Prince Olav Coast 40° 00′ E 44° 38′ E 04° 38′ Queen Maud Land 20° 00′ W 44° 38′ E 64° 38′

The waters off the coast are called the [King Haakon VII Sea](/source/King_Haakon_VII_Sea).

There is no permanent population, although there are 12 active [research stations](#Research_stations) housing a maximum of around 40 scientists, the numbers fluctuating depending on the season. Six are occupied year-round, while the remainder are seasonal summer stations. The main aerodromes for intercontinental flights, corresponding[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] with [Cape Town](/source/Cape_Town), South Africa, are [Troll Airfield](/source/Troll_Airfield), near the Norwegian [Troll](/source/Troll_(research_station)) research station, and a runway at the Russian [Novolazarevskaya Station](/source/Novolazarevskaya_Station).[8]

## Geography

The [Drygalski Mountains](/source/Drygalski_Mountains), a constituent range of the [Orvin Mountains](/source/Orvin_Mountains)

Queen Maud Land extends from the boundary with [Coats Land](/source/Coats_Land) in the west to the boundary with [Enderby Land](/source/Enderby_Land) in the east, and is divided into the [Princess Martha Coast](/source/Princess_Martha_Coast), [Princess Astrid Coast](/source/Princess_Astrid_Coast), [Princess Ragnhild Coast](/source/Princess_Ragnhild_Coast), [Prince Harald Coast](/source/Prince_Harald_Coast) and [Prince Olav Coast](/source/Prince_Olav_Coast).[9] The territory is estimated to cover around 2,700,000 square kilometres (1,000,000 sq mi),[5] which roughly corresponds to the sizes of [India](/source/India),[10] [Argentina](/source/Argentina)[11] or [Kazakhstan](/source/Kazakhstan).[12][13][14] The limits of the claim, put forth in 1939, did not fix the northern and southern limits other than as "the mainland beach in Antarctica ... with the land that lies beyond this beach and the sea beyond".[15][note 2] The sea that extends off the coast between the longitudinal limits of Queen Maud Land is generally called [King Haakon VII Sea](/source/King_Haakon_VII_Sea).[16][note 3]

There is very limited ice-free land at the coast, in the vicinity of Japan's Showa station. The remainder of the coast consists of a 20-to-30-metre high (70 to 100 ft) wall of ice almost throughout the entire territory.[17][18][19] It is thus only possible to disembark from a ship in a few places.[19] Some 150 to 200 kilometres (90 to 120 mi) from the coast, rocky peaks pierce the ice cap, itself at a mean height of around 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, with the highest point at [Jøkulkyrkja](/source/J%C3%B8kulkyrkja) (3,148 metres or 10,328 feet) in the [Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains](/source/M%C3%BChlig-Hofmann_Mountains).[17][18] The other major mountain ranges are the [Heimefront Range](/source/Heimefront_Range), [Orvin Mountains](/source/Orvin_Mountains), [Wohlthat Mountains](/source/Wohlthat_Mountains) and [Sør Rondane Mountains](/source/S%C3%B8r_Rondane_Mountains).[3]

Geologically, the ground of Queen Maud Land is dominated by [Precambrian](/source/Precambrian) [gneiss](/source/Gneiss), formed c. 1 to 1.2 [Ga](/source/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers), before the creation of the supercontinent [Gondwana](/source/Gondwana). The mountains consist mostly of [crystalline](/source/Crystallinity) and [granitic](/source/Granite) rocks, formed c. 500 to 600 [Ma](/source/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers) in the [Pan-African orogeny](/source/Pan-African_orogeny) during the assembly of Gondwana.[20] In the farthest western parts of the territory, there are younger [sedimentary](/source/Sedimentary_rock) and [volcanic rocks](/source/Volcanic_rock). Research on the thickness of the ice has revealed that without the ice, the coast would be similar to those of Norway and [Greenland](/source/Greenland), with deep [fjords](/source/Fjord) and islands.[17]

## History

### Early activity

Queen Maud Land was the first part of Antarctica to be sighted, on 27 January 1820 by [Fabian von Bellingshausen](/source/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen). However, it was among the last to be explored, as it required aircraft in combination with ships to undertake systematic exploration.[3] Early Norwegian research activities in Antarctica rested entirely on [whaling](/source/Whaling_in_Norway) and sealing expeditions funded by ship owners, particularly by [Christen Christensen](/source/Christen_Christensen_(shipowner)) and his son [Lars](/source/Lars_Christensen_(explorer)). The first two Norwegian expeditions were carried out by sealing ships in 1892–93 and 1893–94. While they were primarily sent for exploring, sealing, and whaling possibilities, they also performed scientific research.[21] Further Norwegian expeditions were mounted into the first decades of the 20th century.[22]

The [Antarctic Plateau](/source/Antarctic_Plateau) was claimed for Norway by [Roald Amundsen](/source/Roald_Amundsen) as the King Haakon VII Plateau when [his expedition](/source/Amundsen's_South_Pole_expedition) was the first to reach the South Pole on 14 December 1911. It was mapped as a circular territory comprising the plateau around the South Pole, including all the land above latitude 85°S. However, roughly the same area had been claimed by the British as the King Edward VII Plateau, which was in conflict with the Norwegian claim. Amundsen's claim has never been officially claimed by the Norwegian government.[23][24][25]

[Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen](/source/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen), aviator and polar explorer who explored much of Queen Maud Land.

The name Queen Maud Land was initially applied in January 1930 to the land between 37°E and 49°30′E discovered by [Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen](/source/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen) and [Finn Lützow-Holm](/source/Finn_L%C3%BCtzow-Holm) during [Lars Christensen](/source/Lars_Christensen)'s *Norvegia* expedition of 1929–30.[3][17] It was named after the Norwegian queen [Maud of Wales](/source/Maud_of_Wales), wife of the then-reigning [King Haakon VII](/source/Haakon_VII_of_Norway).[18] The territory was explored further during the *Norvegia* expedition of 1930–31.[17] During this whaling season, a total of 265 whaling ships, mostly Norwegian, worked off the coast of Queen Maud Land.[2] In the same season, Riiser-Larsen discovered the Prince Olav Coast, Princess Martha Coast and Princess Ragnhild Coast from the air. Captain H. Halvorsen of the whaler *Sevilla* discovered the Princess Astrid Coast independently at the same time. Six years later, during Christensen's expedition of 1936–37, [Viggo Widerøe](/source/Viggo_Wider%C3%B8e) flew over and discovered the Prince Harald Coast.[3] Negotiations with the British government in 1938 resulted in the western border of Queen Maud Land being set at 20°W.[17]

Norway's claim was disputed by Germany,[26] which dispatched the [German Antarctic Expedition](/source/New_Swabia#German_Antarctic_Expedition_(1938–1939)) in 1938, led by [Alfred Ritscher](/source/Alfred_Ritscher), to fly over as much of it as possible.[3][17] The ship [*Schwabenland*](/source/MS_Schwabenland_(1925)) reached the pack ice off Antarctica on 19 January 1939.[27] During the expedition, an area of about 350,000 square kilometres (140,000 sq mi) was photographed from the air by Ritscher,[28] who dropped darts inscribed with [swastikas](/source/Swastika) every 26 kilometres (16 mi). Germany eventually attempted to claim the territory surveyed by Ritscher under the name [New Swabia](/source/New_Swabia),[3] but lost any claim to the land following its defeat in the [Second World War](/source/World_War_II).[26][note 4]

On 14 January 1939, five days prior to the German arrival, Queen Maud Land was annexed by Norway,[18] by royal decree:[17]

That part of the mainland coast in the Antarctic extending from the limits of the Falkland Islands Dependencies in the west (the boundary of Coats Land) to the limits of the Australian Antarctic Territory in the east (45° east long.), with the land lying within this coast and the environing sea, shall be brought under Norwegian sovereignty.

— Norwegian royal resolution, 14 January 1939.[29]

The primary basis for the annexation were the Norwegian explorations and the need to secure the Norwegian whaling industry's access to the region.[18][30] Scientific operations were also a basis, with Norwegian contributions to international polar science extending back to the late 19th century.[18] In addition, Norway was forced to contend with competing claims made by the United Kingdom and other countries in the years prior to the Norwegian claim, including the new threat of German claims in Queen Maud Land.[30] The Norwegian claim was sometimes referred to as the "Bouvet sector", drawing from the previously annexed [Bouvet Island](/source/Bouvet_Island).[26] During 1946 and 1947, vast areas of Queen Maud Land were photographed during the [Richard Evelyn Byrd](/source/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd) expedition. In 1948, Norway and the United Kingdom agreed to limit Queen Maud Land to longitudes from 20°W to 45°E, and that the Bruce Coast and [Coats Land](/source/Coats_Land) were to be incorporated into Norwegian territory.[17]

### Later developments

Lake Untersee in Queen Maud Land. View from NW to Mt. Bastei.

Antarctic research station

Maudheim Antarctic research station Interactive map of Maudheim Coordinates: 71°02′36″S 10°55′30″W / 71.0433°S 10.9250°W / -71.0433; -10.9250 (Maudheim)[31] Established 20 February 1950 (1950-02-20) Closed 15 January 1952 (1952-01-15) Government • Type Administration • Body NBSAE Active times All year-round

Antarctic research station

Norway Station Antarctic research station Interactive map of Norway Station Coordinates: 70°30′00″S 2°32′00″W / 70.5000°S 2.5333°W / -70.5000; -2.5333 (Norway Station)[32] Established 20 January 1957 (1957-01-20) Closed 1960 (1960) Government • Type Administration • Body Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition Active times All year-round

Antarctic research station

King Baudouin Station Base antarctique Roi Baudouin Antarctic research station Interactive map of King Baudouin Station Coordinates: 70°26′00″S 24°19′00″E / 70.4333°S 24.3167°E / -70.4333; 24.3167 (King Baudouin Station)[33] Established February 1958 (1958-02) Closed 1967 (1967) Named after Baudouin of Belgium Government • Type Administration • Body Belgian Antarctic Program Active times All year-round

Antarctic research station

Lazarev Лазарев Antarctic research station Interactive map of Lazarev Coordinates: 69°58′00″S 12°55′00″E / 69.9667°S 12.9167°E / -69.9667; 12.9167 (Lazarev)[34] Established 10 March 1959 (1959-03-10) Closed 26 February 1961 (1961-02-26) Government • Type Administration • Body Soviet Antarctic Expedition Active times All year-round

The [Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition](/source/Norwegian%E2%80%93British%E2%80%93Swedish_Antarctic_Expedition) of 1949–52 was the first international scientific expedition in Antarctica. The expedition established its winter quarters at a base called *Maudheim* at 71°S, 11°W, and mapped much of western Queen Maud Land.[35][36] During the [International Geophysical Year](/source/International_Geophysical_Year) (1957–1958), year-round stations were established in Queen Maud Land by Norway, the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union), Belgium and Japan. The Norwegian expedition continued with topographical mapping, while the others started geophysical and geological research. Norway's *Norway Station* was lent to South Africa following the withdrawal of the Norwegian expedition in 1960. South Africa later built the [SANAE](/source/SANAE) station, near the now-defunct Norway Station. The Soviet Union, and later Russia, has maintained continual operations, although it moved from *Lazarev Station* to [Novolazarevskaya Station](/source/Novolazarevskaya_Station). Japan has been based at its [Showa Station](/source/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)) since 1957, except for a hiatus of a few years. Belgium closed its *King Baudouin Station* in 1961, though it mounted limited operations in cooperation with the Netherlands in 1964–66. The United States established the temporary [Plateau Station](/source/Plateau_Station) in 1966.[17]

In 1948, the newly created [Norwegian Polar Institute](/source/Norwegian_Polar_Institute) was assigned the administration of Norwegian territories in the Arctic and Antarctic, including Queen Maud Land.[22] Norway sent two major expeditions to the territory in the 1940s and 1950s, but its efforts declined after that.[18] On 21 June 1957, Queen Maud Land became subject to Norwegian [sovereignty](/source/Sovereignty) as a [dependency](/source/Dependent_territory) (*biland*),[6] and the [Antarctic Treaty](/source/Antarctic_Treaty) officially came into force on 23 June 1961.[37] Norwegian activity during the 1960s was limited to some minor co-expeditions with the United States, until it gradually picked up again following a larger expedition to western Queen Maud Land and the eastern [Weddell Sea](/source/Weddell_Sea) by the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1976–77.[17][18]

Founded in 1978,[38] the Polar Affairs Department of the [Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police](/source/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police), headquartered in Oslo, has been assigned the administration of the Norwegian polar areas including Queen Maud Land.[39] Since 1979, the Norwegian Polar Institute has been a directorate under the [Ministry of the Environment](/source/Ministry_of_the_Environment_(Norway)).[40]

Norway's main research station, Troll, in Queen Maud Land

In 1992, an expedition by [Ivar Tollefsen](/source/Ivar_Tollefsen) made the first ascents of several mountains, including the tallest, [Jøkulkyrkja](/source/J%C3%B8kulkyrkja).[17] Norway established the summer station [Troll](/source/Troll_(research_station)) in 1989–90.[17][18] In 2003, Minister of the Environment [Børge Brende](/source/B%C3%B8rge_Brende) was the first Norwegian minister to visit Queen Maud Land, and he soon allocated funds to expand the Troll station.[41] Troll was upgraded to a year-round station in 2005[17][18] as part of the centenary of Norway's independence.[41] Among the guests were Minister of Foreign Affairs [Jan Petersen](/source/Jan_Petersen_(politician)) and Minister of the Environment [Knut Arild Hareide](/source/Knut_Arild_Hareide),[41] and Troll was officially opened by [Queen Sonja of Norway](/source/Queen_Sonja_of_Norway), the first queen to ever visit Antarctica.[8][42] In 2008, Prime Minister [Jens Stoltenberg](/source/Jens_Stoltenberg), accompanied by forty officials, scientists and reporters, became the first Norwegian prime minister to visit Queen Maud Land. He personally named three mountains around the Troll station where he was based, although he chose to sleep outdoors in a tent, rather than in a bed inside. He said the purposes of the visit were to claim Norway's possessions in Antarctica, as well as to learn more about the climate research at Troll, which he said was key to better understanding of global climate change.[8][42]

In 2015, [King Harald V](/source/Harald_V_of_Norway) became the world's first reigning monarch to visit Antarctica when he went to Queen Maud Land.[43]

## Legal status

The locations of Norway (yellowish white) and Queen Maud Land (red stripes). This map in Winkel tripel projection distorts sizes; Antarctica is much smaller than it appears here.

Like all other [territorial claims in Antarctica](/source/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica), the Norwegian claim of Queen Maud Land (along with its claim of [Peter I Island](/source/Peter_I_Island)) is subject to the [Antarctic Treaty System](/source/Antarctic_Treaty_System). The treaty makes clear that Antarctica can only be used for peaceful purposes and assures the freedom of scientific activity. It promotes international scientific cooperation and bans any [nuclear](/source/Nuclear_power)-related activities. Although territorial claims are not invalidated by the treaty, all claims under Article III of the treaty are in effect suspended as long as it is in force.[40][44][45] Norway, Australia, France, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have all mutually recognised each other's claims in Antarctica.[46] But there is a question on the actual boundaries of the claim, since the initial Norwegian demarcations both towards the South Pole and into the sea were left unclear. Apparently this was to avoid accepting use of the "[sector principle](/source/Sector_principle)" for Arctic Ocean claims by the Soviet Union.[47] In 2015, Norway partially rectified this question by formally laying its claim to the area between the Queen Maud Land and the South Pole.[7]

Norwegian administration of Queen Maud Land is controlled by the Polar Affairs Department of the [Ministry of Justice and the Police](/source/Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police_(Norway)), located in Oslo.[48] The annexation of the territory is regulated by the Dependency Act of 24 March 1933; Queen Maud Land was added on 21 June 1957. It declares that Norwegian criminal law, private law and [procedural law](/source/Procedural_law) apply to the territory, in addition to other laws that explicitly state they are valid in the territory. Furthermore, it establishes that all the land belongs to the state, and prohibits both nuclear detonations and the storage of nuclear waste.[49]

Since 5 May 1995, Norwegian law has required all Norwegian activity in Antarctica to follow international environmental law for Antarctica. Norwegian citizens who plan activities in Queen Maud Land must therefore report to the Norwegian Polar Institute, which may prohibit any non-compliant activity. Those who visit Queen Maud Land must follow laws regarding protection of nature, treatment of waste, pollution and insurance for [search and rescue](/source/Search_and_rescue) operations.[50]

## Fauna and flora

The [snow petrel](/source/Snow_petrel) is one of the species of birds found in Queen Maud Land.

There are three types of birds around Troll station: the [Antarctic petrel](/source/Antarctic_petrel), the [snow petrel](/source/Snow_petrel) and the [south polar skua](/source/South_polar_skua). The Antarctic petrel lives on the sea ice for most of the year, with the exception of its breeding season (in Antarctica, from November to February), when it moves to the inland mountains and [nunataks](/source/Nunatak).[51] The 3.9-square-kilometre (1.5 sq mi) area of ice-free cliffs in Princess Astrid Coast called [Svarthamaren Mountain](/source/Svarthamaren_Mountain) hosts Antarctica's largest known inland colony of breeding seabirds, almost 1 million (250,000 pairs) Antarctic petrels.[18][51] Many snow petrels and south polar skuas also breed in this area. Snow petrels are generally spread out in smaller colonies throughout the mountainous areas of Queen Maud Land. During the breeding season, the south polar skua feeds exclusively upon the eggs, as well as both young and adult birds, of both petrel species.[51]

The [emperor penguin](/source/Emperor_penguin) has some of its breeding places concentrated in Queen Maud Land.[52] All four of the true Antarctic seals, namely the [Weddell seal](/source/Weddell_seal), [leopard seal](/source/Leopard_seal), [crabeater seal](/source/Crabeater_seal) and [Ross seal](/source/Ross_seal), can be found in the King Haakon VII Sea off Queen Maud Land.[53][54] The Ross seal is notably found in its greatest numbers in the King Haakon VII Sea.[55]

The nunatak areas have a scarcity of flora, limited to [lichen](/source/Lichen), [bryophyte](/source/Bryophyte) and algae. Flowering plants are not found there. The Norwegian Polar Institute has not registered the occurrence of any threatened or rare plants or animals in Queen Maud Land, the known ones thus existing in healthy populations.[53]

## Research stations

Further information: [Research stations in Antarctica](/source/Research_stations_in_Antarctica) and [Research stations in Queen Maud Land](/source/Research_stations_in_Queen_Maud_Land)

[SANAE IV](/source/SANAE_IV) station on top of [Vesleskarvet](/source/Vesleskarvet)

Queen Maud Land is currently home to at least 13 research stations, six of which are operated year-round. [Norway](/source/Norway), [Germany](/source/Germany) and [Japan](/source/Japan) all operate both a perennial and a seasonal station. These are the Norwegian [Troll](/source/Troll_(research_station)) and [Tor](/source/Tor_(research_station)); the German [Neumayer Station III](/source/Neumayer_Station_III) and [Kohnen](/source/Kohnen); and the Japanese [Showa](/source/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)) and [Dome Fuji](/source/Dome_Fuji). [India](/source/India), [Russia](/source/Russia) and [South Africa](/source/South_Africa) also operate one permanent station each. [Maitri](/source/Maitri_(research_station)), [Novolazarevskaya](/source/Novolazarevskaya_Station), and [SANAE IV](/source/SANAE_IV), respectively. The remaining stations are seasonal, and include: the Belgian [Princess Elisabeth Antarctica](/source/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica) base; the Finnish [Aboa](/source/Aboa_(research_station)); the Pakistani [Jinnah](/source/Jinnah_Antarctic_Station); and the Swedish [Wasa](/source/Wasa_(research_station)). These stations' total summer population is approximately 494,[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] but with considerably fewer in winter.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

These stations are connected by the Dronning Maud Land Air Network Project ([DROMLAN](/source/DROMLAN)), which is a cooperative agreement for transportation between eleven nations with research stations in East Antarctica. Long-range aircraft fly between Cape Town, South Africa and either the [Troll Airfield](/source/Troll_Airfield), located at the Troll research station, or the runway at the [Novolazarevskaya Station](/source/Novolazarevskaya_Station). From these two main airfields, smaller aircraft may fly further to other Antarctic destinations.[8]

Norway's Troll station serves as a major hub of the DROMLAN network through the Troll Airfield.[8] Research at Troll include air and atmospheric measurements,[56] monitoring of [greenhouse gases](/source/Greenhouse_gas) and bird colonies, as well as meteorological and climate research.[41] The other Norwegian station, [Tor](/source/Tor_(research_station)), was established for researching birds at the breeding colony in [Svarthamaren Mountain](/source/Svarthamaren_Mountain).[51]

Activities conducted by Russia's [Novolazarevskaya Station](/source/Novolazarevskaya_Station) include environmental monitoring, [geodesy](/source/Geodesy)/mapping, [geomagnetic](/source/Earth's_magnetic_field) and meteorological observations, [glaciology](/source/Glaciology), biology, [ionospheric](/source/Ionosphere) / auroral observations, [limnology](/source/Limnology), geology, geophysics and [seismology](/source/Seismology).[57]

Charnockitic rock needle, northern Holtedahlfjella, Queen Maud Land, aerial photograph in SSE direction.

South Africa's [SANAE IV](/source/SANAE_IV) station, the successor to three former stations, was completed in 1997. Research at SANAE IV include [invasion biology](/source/Invasion_biology_terminology)/ecology, geology, [geomorphology](/source/Geomorphology) and [atmospheric sciences](/source/Atmospheric_sciences). Its facilities include a small hospital and a two-helicopter hangar.[58]

The Swedish [Wasa](/source/Wasa_(research_station)) station and the Finnish [Aboa](/source/Aboa_(research_station)) station together make up the [Nordenskiöld Base](/source/Nordenski%C3%B6ld_Base), and cooperate in research and logistics. Research carried out includes geodesy/mapping, glaciology, human biology, meteorological observations, geology and geophysics.[59]

The German [Neumayer Station III](/source/Neumayer_Station_III), finished in 2009, succeeded two former stations that were buried by snow and ice.[2] It conducts geophysical, meteorological and seismological research, as well as air chemistry measurements and atmospheric ozone monitoring.[60] Germany's other station, [Kohnen](/source/Kohnen), was opened as part of a major ice-drilling project.[61]

The [Maitri](/source/Maitri_(research_station)) station succeeded the [Dakshin Gangotri](/source/Dakshin_Gangotri) station in 1989, India's first Antarctic base.[62] Maitri's research focus on geology, and the study of the supercontinent [Gondwana](/source/Gondwana), when India and Antarctica belonged to the same landmass. It also includes low-temperature engineering research that is relevant to conditions in the [Himalayas](/source/Himalayas).[63]

The [Showa Station](/source/Showa_Station_(Antarctica)) is Japan's main research station in Antarctica. A vast array of research is conducted there, including upper atmosphere physics, meteorology, seismology, [gravimetry](/source/Gravimetry), geodesy/mapping, oceanography, glaciology, geology, marine and terrestrial biology, and medical research.[64] Japan's other station, [Dome Fuji Station](/source/Dome_Fuji_Station) was opened as part of a major ice-coring project.[3] It mainly studies climate change and conducts deep drilling and atmospheric observations.[65]

Belgium's [Princess Elisabeth Antarctica](/source/Princess_Elisabeth_Antarctica) base was established as a project to promote polar sciences, as well as to demonstrate the possibility of building a [zero emission](/source/Zero_emission) station.[66] Research is conducted by an international team of scientists, studying climatology, glaciology and [microbiology](/source/Microbiology).[67]

## Popular culture

Queen Maud Land is featured in the 2021 video game *[Battlefield 2042](/source/Battlefield_2042)* as the setting of the multiplayer map Breakaway.[68]

A Norwegian pop group is known as *[Dronning Mauds Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dronning_Mauds_Land_(gruppe)&action=edit&redlink=1) [[no](https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dronning_Mauds_Land_(gruppe))]*, which translates to *Queen Maud Land*.[69]

In John Carpenter's 1982 film *[The Thing](/source/The_Thing_(1982_film))* the Norwegian Antarctic Research Team finds the alien's ship & the [Thing](/source/The_Thing_(character)) encased in ice in Queen Maud Land.

## See also

- [Queen Maud Mountains](/source/Queen_Maud_Mountains) – Major feature group in the Transantarctic Mountains

- [New Swabia](/source/New_Swabia) – Territory of Antarctica in Queen Maud Land, first explored by Nazi Germany in 1938/39

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Also spelled in Norwegian as *Dronning Mauds land*.[1] The Norwegian name, Dronning Maud Land, is also used by English speakers.[2][3] It is derived from a 1974 agreement between Norway and the United Kingdom not to translate the names of each other's claims. Similar agreements, although informal, also exist with Australia, New Zealand and France.[4]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** At the time of the claim, Norway did not validate the [sector](/source/Circular_sector) method of demarcating polar territory. This was in line with Norwegian claims in the Arctic and hence to avoid compromising Norway's position with regard to the former Soviet Union and present-day Russia. In the 2015 [White Paper No. 32 (2014–2015) "Norwegian Interests and Policy in Antarctica"](https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/meld.-st.-32-20142015/id2415997/) the Foreign Ministry confirmed that while Norway rejected the sector method of delimiting claims it was not intended create a difference in interpretation of the Norwegian claim in the Antarctica; White Paper No. 19 (1939) had stated that the purpose of the annexation was to annex "land which is currently *terra nullius* and that only Norwegians have researched and mapped".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Russian cartographers however interpose three marginal seas along the coast, namely the [Lazarev Sea](/source/Lazarev_Sea), [Riiser-Larsen Sea](/source/Riiser-Larsen_Sea) and the [Cosmonaut Sea](/source/Cosmonaut_Sea).[16]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Although some, notably Norwegian writer Bjarne Aagaard and German geographer Ernst Herrmann, have claimed that Germany never actually occupied the territory, it is well documented that Germany issued a decree about the establishment of a German Antarctic Sector called New Swabia after the expedition's return in August 1939.[26]

## References

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Dronning Mauds land"](https://sprak.nrk.no/2015/dronning-mauds-land/). *NRK-språket*. 12 February 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-r304_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-r304_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-r304_2-2) Rubin, 2008, p. 304.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-m540_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-m540_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-m540_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-m540_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-m540_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-m540_3-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-m540_3-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-m540_3-7) Mills, 2003, p. 540.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Ørvoll, Oddveig Øien. ["Kartlegginga av Antarktis: Internasjonale avtaler"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110817073619/http://www.npolar.no/no/antarktis/kartlegginga-antarktis.html) [Mapping Antarctica: International Agreements] (in Norwegian). [Norwegian Polar Institute](/source/Norwegian_Polar_Institute). Archived from [the original](http://www.npolar.no/no/antarktis/kartlegginga-antarktis.html) on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ssb_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ssb_6-1) ["Minifacts about Norway 2011: 2. Geography, climate and environment"](http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/00/minifakta_en/en/main_02.html). [Statistics Norway](/source/Statistics_Norway). 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-foranttrakt_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-foranttrakt_7-1) ["Forutsetninger for Antarktistraktaten: Dronning Maud Lands statsrettslige stilling – "utviklingen" frem til 1957"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210513095909/https://www.polarhistorie.no/artikler/2009/Dronning%20Maud%20Lands%20statsrettslige%20stilling/). *Norsk Polarhistorie* (in Norwegian). Archived from [the original](http://www.polarhistorie.no/artikler/2009/Dronning%20Maud%20Lands%20statsrettslige%20stilling) on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_8-1) Rapp, Ole Magnus (21 September 2015). ["Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen"](https://www.aftenposten.no/norge/i/dw1q/norge-utvider-dronning-maud-land-helt-frem-til-sydpolen). *Aftenposten* (in Norwegian). Oslo, Norway. Retrieved 22 September 2015. …formålet med anneksjonen var å legge under seg det landet som til nå ligger herreløst og som ingen andre enn nordmenn har kartlagt og gransket. Norske myndigheter har derfor ikke motsatt seg at noen tolker det norske kravet slik at det går helt opp til og inkluderer polpunktet.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Murphy, 2002, p. 192.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Murphy, 2002, p. 204.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** Mills, 2003, p. 259.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** Rubin, 2008, p. 306.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** McGonigal, 2009, p. 110.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** Molle, Kris (3 November 2010). ["Dome Fuji"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111005073143/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/japan-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/dome-fuji). Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** ["Princess Elisabeth Antarctica"](http://www.antarcticstation.org/station/). Princess Elisabeth Antarctica. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** Molle, Kris (2 November 2010). ["Princess Elisabeth"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111005073446/http://www.polarconservation.org/education/antarctic-bases/belgium-and-antarctica/stations-bases-camps-and-refuges/princess-elisabeth-base). Polar Conservation Organisation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** Arts, Electronic (7 June 2021). ["Battlefield 2042 Maps – Electronic Arts"](https://www.ea.com/games/battlefield/battlefield-2042/game-overview/maps). *Electronic Arts Inc*. Retrieved 12 June 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** [Dronning Mauds Land](https://sonichits.com/artist/Dronning_Mauds_Land)

### Sources

- Heldal, Tom (2011). [*Abstracts and Proceedings of the Geological Society of Norway: Vinterkonferansen 2011*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120323101831/http://www.geologi.no/data/f/0/20/40/9_2401_0/Abstracts_WinterConf2011.pdf) (PDF). Stavanger: Geological Society of Norway. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-82-92394-62-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-92394-62-5). Archived from [the original](http://www.geologi.no/data/f/0/20/40/9_2401_0/Abstracts_WinterConf2011.pdf) (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.

- Joyner, Christopher C. (1992). [*Antarctica and the law of the sea*](https://books.google.com/books?id=y6JAr747H60C&pg=PA47). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7923-1823-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-1823-1).

- McGonigal, David (2009). [*Antarctica: Secrets of the Southern Continent*](https://books.google.com/books?id=8bFcJgX0lIUC). Frances Lincoln Ltd. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7112-2980-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-2980-8).

- Mills, William James (2003). [*Exploring Polar frontiers: A–L, Volume 1*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C). ABC-CLIO. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-57607-422-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-422-0).

- Murphy, David Thomas (2002). [*German exploration of the polar world: a history, 1870–1940*](https://books.google.com/books?id=gZMvwDzH5SoC). University of Nebraska. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8032-3205-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3205-1).

- Rubin, Jeff (2008). [*Antarctica*](https://books.google.com/books?id=P9-DG11ncGkC&pg=PA120). Lonely Planet. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-74104-549-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-549-9).

- Stonehouse, Bernard (2002). [*Encyclopedia of Antarctica and the southern oceans*](https://books.google.com/books?id=6uFd1mICC98C). John Wiley and Son. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-471-98665-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-98665-2).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Dronning Maud Land](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dronning_Maud_Land).

- [Norwegian Polar Institute](http://www.npolar.no/en/)

- [Polar Affairs Department](http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/jd/About-the-Ministry-of-Justice-and-the-Po/Organization/Departments/The-Polar-Affairs-Department.html?id=1447)

v t e Territorial claims in Antarctica Claims Adélie Land (Fr.) Argentine Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory Enderby Kemp Mac. Robertson Princess Elizabeth Kaiser Wilhelm II Queen Mary Wilkes George V Oates British Antarctic Territory Queen Elizabeth Land Chilean Antarctic Territory Peter I Island (Nor.) Queen Maud Land (Nor.) Ross Dependency (N.Z.) Former claims New Swabia (Ger.) Yamato Yukihara (Jap.) Terra Australis (Spa.) Unclaimed Marie Byrd Land Unrecognized and proposed claims Brazilian Antarctica Uruguayan Antarctica Grand Duchy of Flandrensis Westarctica American Antarctica Russian Antarctica Iranian Antarctica Ecuadorian Antarctica Peruvian Antarctica

v t e Unincorporated areas and dependencies of Norway Unincorporated areas Jan Mayen Svalbard (special area of internal sovereignty, subject to the Svalbard Treaty) Dependencies Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land

v t e Outlying territories of European countries Territories under European sovereignty but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see inclusion criteria for further information). Denmark Greenland Faroe Islands France Clipperton Island French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Adélie Land Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands Amsterdam Island Saint Paul Island Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Geyser Shoal Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte New Caledonia Réunion Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Netherlands Aruba Caribbean Netherlands Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius Curaçao Sint Maarten Norway Bouvet Island Peter I Island Queen Maud Land Portugal Azores Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de Soberanía Alboran Island Alhucemas Islands Chafarinas Islands Velez Islands United Kingdom Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island Saint Helena Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Queen Maud Land](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.