# Qaba

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{{short description|Long gown}}
[[File:Enthroned person wearing a Qaba dress xith Tiraz armbands, Kashan, late 12th early 13th century CE.jpg|thumb|Enthroned person wearing a Qaba dress with ''[tiraz](/source/tiraz)'' armbands, Kashan, late 12th-early 13th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus |date=2017 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Science Press |page=231 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35061254}}</ref>]]
[[File:Maqama 38 Abu Zayd before the Governor of Merv (Governor detail).jpg|thumb|The Governor of [Merv](/source/Merv), wearing the ''Qaba al-turkiyya'' and the ''[sharbūsh](/source/sharb%C5%ABsh)'' hat, in ''[Maqamat al-Hariri](/source/Maqamat_al-Hariri)'' (1200-1210).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Keresztély |first1=Kata |title=Fiction Painting : a Medieval Arabic Tradition |date=14 December 2018 |page=351 |url=https://www.academia.edu/82691611}}</ref><ref name="MET2">{{cite book |title=The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261 |date=1997 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-0-87099-777-8 |pages=428–429 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Caqa12aj55wC&pg=PA428 |language=en}}</ref>]]
A '''''qaba''''' ({{langx|fa|قبا‎|qabā}}, from Middle Persian ''kabāh⁠'') is a long coat with sleeves and buttons, similar to a [cassock](/source/cassock), open at the front.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus |date=2017 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Science Press |page=231 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35061254}}</ref>

The [Mughal emperors](/source/Mughal_emperors) wore ankle-length garments. The outfits during the reign of [Babur](/source/Babur) and [Humayun](/source/Humayun) are more or less the same, i.e. qaba, [jama](/source/jama_(coat)), [pirahan](/source/Perahan_o_tunban), jilucha, jiba and kasaba. Unlike the jama, which was a four-pointed long-coat the Qaba and takauchia were of a broad girth at the bottom. There are mentions of the qaba in the ''[Baburnama](/source/Baburnama)''. At present, qaba is one of the essential parts of the [dress](/source/clerical_clothing) of the [clerics or mosque leaders](/source/mullah).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Balslev|first=Sivan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYKFDwAAQBAJ&dq=qaba+persian&pg=PA208|title=Iranian Masculinities: Gender and Sexuality in Late Qajar and Early Pahlavi Iran|date=2019-03-21|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-47063-6|pages=208|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Johnson|first=Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OpLAAAAcAAJ|title=A Dictionary, Persian, Arabic, and English|date=1852|publisher=Allen|pages=254|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zE_YAAAAMAAJ|title=Islamic Thought and Scientific Creativity: A Quarterly Journal of the COMSTECH.|date=1992|publisher=COMSTECH|pages=66|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lal, Kishori Saran, 1920-|title=The Mughal harem|date=1988|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|isbn=81-85179-03-4|location=New Delhi|oclc=18431844}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Agre|first=Jagat Vir Singh|title=Social Life as Reflected in the Rajput Painting During the Mughal Period|date=1976|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139028|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=37|pages=569–575|jstor=44139028|issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-09-09|title=India. The Mughal Empire. Costume and fashion history.|url=https://world4.eu/indian-mughal-empire-costumes/|access-date=2021-01-29|website=World4|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/namrata-zakaria/who-made-my-clothes/articleshow/72233444.cms|website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com|title=Who made my clothes?|date=2019-11-26|author=Namrata Zakaria|access-date=2021-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-20|title=تاریخچه لباس روحانیت|url=https://www.mehrnews.com/news/2781816/تاریخچه-لباس-روحانیت|access-date=2021-01-29|website=خبرگزاری مهر {{!}} اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}} Mehr News Agency|language=fa}}</ref>  It was worn in Egypt, Turkey, the Levant, and Persia, among other places.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stillman |first=Yedida K. |title=Arab dress: a short history; from the dawn of Islam to modern times |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-11373-2 |editor-last=Stillman |editor-first=Norman A. |edition=Revised 2nd |series=Themes in Islamic studies |location=Leiden |pages=}}</ref>

When [Henry II, Count of Champagne](/source/Henry_II%2C_Count_of_Champagne), [king of Jerusalem](/source/king_of_Jerusalem), tried to build a friendly relationship with [Saladin](/source/Saladin), he requested the gift of a qabā and a [sharbūsh](/source/sharb%C5%ABsh)', which he wore in [Acre](/source/Acre%2C_Israel).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gabrieli |first1=Francesco |title=Arab Historians of the Crusades |publisher=University of California Press |page=242 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbL0S4ev07MC&pg=PA242 |language=en |quote=When the King of England left for home, Henry sent a messenger to Saladin to conciliate him and win his goodwill. He asked him for the gift of a robe of honor, and said: "You know that to put on the ''qabā'' and the ''sharbūsh'' is not approved among us, but I would put them on if they came from you, because of the regard I have for you." Saladin sent him sumtuous robes of honour, among them a qaba and a sharbush, and he wore them in Acre. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Leo Ary |title=Mamluk Costume: A Survey |date=1952 |publisher=A. Kundig |pages=27–28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OrffAAAAMAAJ |quote=Moreover, the wearing of the sharbish and qaba was considered so characeristic for a Saracenic amire that even a Crusader was prepared to don it in order to show some sort of friendship (if not allegiance) to Saladin.}}</ref> 

In Arab contexts, two main variations were noted; the Turkish style (''al-aqbiya al-turkiyya''), and the Tatar (or Mongolian) style (''al-aqbiya al-tatariyya'' or ''qabā' tatarī''). The latter fastened on the wearer's right side, and was preferred by Mamluk amirs in its day over the former style, which was favored by the [Seljuks](/source/Seljuk_dynasty) and [Ayyubids](/source/Ayyubid_dynasty).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Stillman |first=Yedida K. |title=Arab dress: a short history; from the dawn of Islam to modern times |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-11373-2 |editor-last=Stillman |editor-first=Norman A. |edition=Revised 2nd |series=Themes in Islamic studies |location=Leiden |pages=63}}</ref> Also notable is a variation, typically with a v shaped neck, that closed center front.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stillman |first=Yedida K. |title=Arab dress: a short history; from the dawn of Islam to modern times |date=2003 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-11373-2 |editor-last=Stillman |editor-first=Norman A. |edition=Revised 2nd |series=Themes in Islamic studies |location=Leiden |pages=353}}</ref> The garment typically had awaist seamm and some depictions indicate a gathered skirt. It was fastened with buttons or strings tied in bows, and most commonly worn with a belt over top.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [Ammama](/source/Ammama)
* [Chiltah](/source/Chiltah)
* [Terlig](/source/Terlig)
* [Jama](/source/Jama_(coat))

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="traditional">
File:Royal drinking scene in the Dukhang at Alchi Monastery, circa 1200 CE.jpg|Royal drinking scene in the Dukhang at [Alchi Monastery](/source/Alchi_Monastery), circa 1200 CE. The king wears a decorated Qabā'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Finbarr Barry |title=A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus |date=2017 |publisher=Austrian Academy of Science Press |page=243 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35061254}}</ref>
File:Humayun (left) with his father Babur (right), painted circa 1640 (Late Shah Jahan Album).jpg|Babur and his heir [Humayun](/source/Humayun)
File:Fírúz Jang Khán Ruler of Bijapur..jpg|Late 17th century portrait of Fírúz Jang Khán, ruler of Bijapur
File:Costume of India - Moguls.jpg|Late 19th century "Costume of India - Moguls" picture depicting Mogul woman (upper left), Mogul Emperor Farrukhsiyar (center) died 1719, and Emperor Humayun (upper right), died in 1556
File:The vizier Qamar ud-Din circa 1735 Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.jpg|Vizier Qamar ud-Din circa 1735
File:Studio portrait of a Mogul father with his children at Delhi, by Shepherd and Robertson.jpg|Portrait of "Mogul" father with his children in Delhi (Shepherd & Robertson) circa 1863
File:Arabischer Maler um 1335 004.jpg|[Maqamat of Al-Hariri](/source/Maqamat_of_Al-Hariri_(manuscript)).
File:Page from the manuscript of Nihayat al-Sawl; Egypt, Mamluk era, 15th cent.; Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo (4).jpg|Page from the manuscript of Nihayat al-Sawl; Egypt, Mamluk era, 15th cent.; Museum of Islamic Art, Cairo. 
File:Polo players painted onto glass with enemal and gold paint Egypt or Syria about 1300 8428.jpg|Polo players painted onto glass with enamel and gold paint Egypt or Syria about 1300.  
File:Enameled and Gilded Bottle MET ISL158.jpg|Enameled and Gilded Bottle. 
File:Enameled and Gilded Bottle MET is41.150.AV1.jpg|Enameled and Gilded Bottle. 
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clothing in South Asia}}

Category:Coats (clothing)
Category:Indian clothing
Category:Iranian clothing

{{clothing-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Qaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaba) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaba?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.