# Pyxine cocoes

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Species of lichen

Pyxine cocoes Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Lecanoromycetes Order: Caliciales Family: Caliciaceae Genus: Pyxine Species: P. cocoes Binomial name Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. (1857) Synonyms[1] Lichen cocoës Sw. (1788) Lobaria cocoës (Sw.) Raeusch. (1797) Lecidea cocoës (Sw.) Ach. (1803) Circinaria cocoes (Sw.) Fée (1825) Coccocarpia pellita var. cocoës (Sw.) Zahlbr. (1925)

***Pyxine cocoes***, the **buttoned rosette lichen**,[2] is a widely distributed species of [foliose lichen](/source/Foliose_lichen) in the family [Caliciaceae](/source/Caliciaceae).

## Taxonomy

It was first [described](/source/Species_description) as a new species by Swedish botanist [Olof Swartz](/source/Olof_Swartz) in 1788. He called it *Lichen cocoës*,[3] following the lead of [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) who, in his influential 1753 work *[Species Plantarum](/source/Species_Plantarum)*, placed all lichens in the [eponymous](/source/Eponym) genus *Lichen*. Finnish lichenologist [William Nylander](/source/William_Nylander_(botanist)) transferred it to the genus *[Pyxine](/source/Pyxine)* in 1853.[4] A [common name](/source/Common_name) used in North America is the "buttoned rosette lichen".[2]

## Description

*Pyxine cocoes* has a pale grayish-green [thallus](/source/Thallus) comprising radiating lobes that are typically less than 1 mm wide. These lobes are closely attached to the surface of the substrate, have granular [soredia](/source/Soredia) that protrude through the [cortex](/source/Cortex_(botany)) in irregularly shaped regions called soralia. The [medulla](/source/Medulla_(lichenology)) is white, while the [apothecia](/source/Apothecia) are black with black margins in mature specimens.[2] They are 1–5 mm wide, flat, and disc-shaped.[5] The tissue making up the base of the apothecia is brownish red.[2] [Ascospores](/source/Ascospore) measure 15–22 by 6–8 [μm](/source/Micrometre).[5] The lichen contains [lichexanthone](/source/Lichexanthone), a [xanthone](/source/Xanthone) compound that is found in about 20 *Pyxine* species.[6]

## Habitat and distribution

*Pyxine cocoes* grows on bark and rocks.[5] The lichen has been reported from Asia (Japan and the Philippines), East Africa, North America, Central America, and South America, Hawaii, and Australia. In Australia, it is present only in coastal locations that are seasonally humid, and both wet and warm. In this continent, it is common on tree trunks growing on coral [cays](/source/Cay); these trunks are often used as bird perches, which accumulate bird droppings. The lichenologist [Roderick W. Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roderick_W._Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1) suggests that the lichen could be [nitrophilic](/source/Nitrophilic), which would explain this growth habitat, as well as its tendency to prefer habitats that are at least partially [urbanized](/source/Urbanization).[5] In North America, it distribution extends as far north to [Florida](/source/Florida) in the United States.[2]

The African species *[Pyxine katendei](/source/Pyxine_katendei)* is somewhat similar in appearance to *Pyxine cocoes*, but it has only laminal (not marginal) soralia.[5]

## Biomonitoring studies

Studies conducted in India suggest that *Pyxine cocoes* is a candidate for [biomonitoring](/source/Biomonitoring) of [local air pollution](/source/Air_pollution_in_India).[7] It [bioaccumulates](/source/Bioaccumulation) toxic [heavy metals](/source/Heavy_metals) that it acquires from the air and retains the pollutants in the thallus, which can then be sampled and [assayed](/source/Assay) to determine their concentration.[8][9][10]

## Human uses

*Pyxine cocoes* is used in [Papua New Guinea](/source/Papua_New_Guinea) as a component of a [traditional medicine](/source/Traditional_medicine)-based remedy for [inflammatory](/source/Inflammation) conditions. In a chemical analysis of the lichen, the [triterpene](/source/Triterpene) compound 6,22-hopanediol was identified.[11] This compound, commonly known as [zeorin](/source/Zeorin), is a [hopanoid](/source/Hopanoid) with potent [inhibitory](/source/Enzyme_inhibition) activity against the enzyme [protein tyrosine phosphatase](/source/Protein_tyrosine_phosphatase).[12]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Species_Fungorum_synonymy_1-0)** ["Synonymy: *Pyxine cocoes* (Sw.) Nyl. \[as 'cocoës'\]"](http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=627760). [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum). Retrieved 17 February 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Brodo_et_al._2001_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Brodo_et_al._2001_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Brodo_et_al._2001_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Brodo_et_al._2001_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Brodo_et_al._2001_2-4) Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). *Lichens of North America*. Yale University Press. p. 616. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0300082494](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300082494).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Swartz_1788_3-0)** Swartz, O.P. (1788). [*Nova genera et species Plantarum seu prodromus descriptioneum vegetabilium maximam parte incognitorum qua sub itinere in Indiam Occidentalem annis 1783-1787 digessit Olof Swartz M.D.*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/376865) (in Latin). Stockholm: Acad. M. Swederi. p. 146.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nylander_1857_4-0)** Nylander, W. (1857). ["Enumération générale de lichens, avec l'indication sommaire de leur distribution géographique"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12327973). *Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg* (in French). **5**: 85–146.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Rogers_1986_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Rogers_1986_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Rogers_1986_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Rogers_1986_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Rogers_1986_5-4) Rogers, R.W. (1986). "The genus *Pyxine* (Physciaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) in Australia". *Australian Journal of Botany*. **34** (2): 131–154. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1071/BT9860131](https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT9860131).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2014_6-0)** Aptroot, André; Jungbluth, Patrícia; Cáceres, Marcela E.S. (2014). "A world key to the species of *Pyxine* with lichexanthone, with a new species from Brazil". *The Lichenologist*. **46** (5): 669–672. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/s0024282914000231](https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0024282914000231).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bajpai_et_al._2010_7-0)** Bajpai, Rajesh; [Upreti, Dalip K.](/source/Dalip_Kumar_Upreti); Nayaka, S.; Kumari, B. (2010). "Biodiversity, bioaccumulation and physiological changes in lichens growing in the vicinity of coal-based thermal power plant of Raebareli district, north India". *Journal of Hazardous Materials*. **174** (1–3): 429–436. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.071](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhazmat.2009.09.071). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19818555](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19818555).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bajpai_&_Upreti_2012_8-0)** Bajpai, Rajesh; Upreti, D.K. (2012). "Accumulation and toxic effect of arsenic and other heavy metals in a contaminated area of West Bengal, India, in the lichen *Pyxine cocoes* (Sw.) Nyl". *Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety*. **83**: 63–70. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.001](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecoenv.2012.06.001). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22762786](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22762786).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Daimari_et_al._2019_9-0)** Daimari, Rebecca; Bhuyan, Pranamika; Hussain, Sharfaa; Nayaka, Sanjeeva; Mazumder, M. A. Jafar; Hoque, Raza Rafiqul (2019). "Biomonitoring by epiphytic lichen species—*Pyxine cocoes* (Sw.) Nyl.: understanding characteristics of trace metal in ambient air of different landuses in mid-Brahmaputra Valley". *Environmental Monitoring and Assessment*. **192** (1): 37. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10661-019-8007-x](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10661-019-8007-x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [31828442](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31828442).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Singh_et_al._2019_10-0)** Singh, Pramod Kumar; Bujarbarua, P.; Singh, K.P.; Tandon, P.K. (2019). ["Report on the bioaccumulation of heavy metals by foliose lichen (*Pyxine cocoes*) from air polluted area near Nagaon Paper Mill in Marigaon, Assam, North-East India"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332414938). *Journal on New Biological Reports*. **8** (1): 15–21. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2319-1104](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2319-1104).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Noro_et_al._2008_11-0)** Noro, Jeffrey C.; Barrows, Louis L.; Rai, Prem; Ireland, Chris M.; Matainaho, Teatulohi; Bugni, Tim (2008). "Isolation of 6, 22-hopanediol from *Pyxine cocoes*, lichen used as traditional medicine in Papua New Guinea". *Pacific Journal of Medical Sciences*. **5**: 90–95. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2072-1625](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-1625).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Thadhani_&_Karunaratne_2017_12-0)** Thadhani, Vinitha M.; Karunaratne, Veranja (2017). ["Potential of lichen compounds as antidiabetic agents with antioxidative properties: a review"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405387). *Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity*. **2017**: 1–10. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1155/2017/2079697](https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2017%2F2079697). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [5405387](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405387). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28491237](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28491237).

Taxon identifiers Pyxine cocoes Wikidata: Q10647700 Wikispecies: Pyxine cocoes APNI: 122022 AusLichen: 30019580 CoL: 4QYJD FloraBase: 28017 GBIF: 4281360 iNaturalist: 229697 IndexFungorum: 627760 IRMNG: 11170669 ITIS: 191014 MycoBank: 627760 NatureServe: 2.126073 NCBI: 205636 NZOR: 45f2bd75-0de1-4733-a33c-edcefbb2ec38 Open Tree of Life: 423869 PLANTS: PYCO13 SpeciesFungorum: 627760 TaiCOL: t0043594 Lichen cocoes Wikidata: Q98065947 CoL: 72873 GBIF: 2609304 IndexFungorum: 627635 MycoBank: 627635 SpeciesFungorum: 627635

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pyxine cocoes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyxine_cocoes) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyxine_cocoes?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.