# Pyropia

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Genus of algae

Pyropia Pyropia nereocystis Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Clade: Archaeplastida Division: Rhodophyta Class: Bangiophyceae Order: Bangiales Family: Bangiaceae Genus: Pyropia J.Agardh 1899[1] Type species Pyropia californica J.Agardh[2] Species[2] See text

***Pyropia*** is a genus of [red algae](/source/Red_algae) in the family [Bangiaceae](/source/Bangiaceae). It is found around the world in intertidal zones and shallow water. The genus has folding frond-like blades which are either red, brown or green. Some *Pyropia* species are used to create [nori](/source/Nori), and are thus important subjects for aquaculture.

## Taxonomy

*Pyropia* was originally erected by [Jacob Georg Agardh](/source/Jacob_Georg_Agardh), a botanist and professor at [Lund University](/source/Lund_University). Before this, and sometimes after, many species of *Pyropia* were placed in *[Porphyra](/source/Porphyra)*, a different genus of red alga. New species of *Pyropia* are still being discovered, for example in 2013 research done on New Zealand plants was able to move *[Pyropia plicata](/source/Pyropia_plicata)* from *Porphyra*.[3]

## Description

*Pyropia* species are red algae with a discoid [holdfast](/source/Holdfast_(biology)) and short stipe. They have folded blades, which are membranous and [monostromatic](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monostromatic), coming in red, brown, and dark green colorations. These folded blades may also look like fronds until unfolded. These blades reach up to one meter in length in some species, but are generally around 20 centimeters in diameter.

## Distribution

*Pyropia* grows in intertidal zones and down to 10 meters in some bodies of water based on clarity and substrate.[4] It grows in large swaths, attaching itself to stones and shells, covering most of the bottom. *Pyropia* can be found globally in warm-temperate and extratropical [cool] waters.

### Ecology

*Pyropia* species, which reside in the upper intertidal zone, endure many stresses, including intense direct light, temperature fluctuation, osmotic stress, salinity fluctuation, and desiccation. They are especially able to handle heat stress; some *Pyropia* species will halt metabolic systems that are not essential to homeostasis, such as photosynthesis.[5] Other species will use increased lipid production to fight desiccation.[4] The ability of *Pyropia* species to adapt to deal with these stresses makes them heavily studied organisms.

One of the threats to *Pyropia* is fungal infections by *[Alternaria](/source/Alternaria)* sp. ZL-1, which has been observed in farming environments on *Pyropia yezoensis* [6]*.* The fungus kills *Pyropia* cells and leaves brown rust-like spots on the outside of the blades.

## Use

Dried pyropia

Within the genus *Pyropia* multiple species are used for [nori](/source/Nori) (edible seaweed), *Pyropia yezoensis* and *P. haitanensis* being most popular.[7] It is a two-billion-dollar industry with most major growers located in China, Korea, and Japan.

Nori contains substantial amounts of [Vitamin B12](/source/Vitamin_B12) according to a 2014 paper.[8] However, the [Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics](/source/Academy_of_Nutrition_and_Dietetics) considers this source unreliable for [vegans](/source/Vegan).[9]

## Species

*Pyropia* currently contains 80 confirmed species.[10]

- *[Pyropia abbottiae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_abbottiae&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([V.Krishnamurthy](/source/V.Krishnamurthy)) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia acanthophora](/source/Pyropia_acanthophora)* ([E.C.Oliveira](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eurico_Cabral_de_Oliveira) & [Coll](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Javier_Coll)) [M.C.Oliveira](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mariana_C._Oliveira), [D.Milstein](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Milstein) & [E.C.Oliveira](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eurico_Cabral_de_Oliveira), 2011

- *[Pyropia aeodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_aeodes&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([N.J.Griffin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neil_J._Griffin&action=edit&redlink=1), [J.J.Bolton](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_J._Bolton) & [R.J.Anderson](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Anderson)) [J.E.Sutherland](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Judith_E._Sutherland), 2011

- *[Pyropia bajacaliforniensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_bajacaliforniensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* [L.E.Aguilar-Rosas](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Luis._E._Aguilar-Rosas) & Hughey, 2015

- *[Pyropia brumalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_brumalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mumford) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia cinnamomea](/source/Pyropia_cinnamomea)* ([W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson)) [W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson), 2011

- *[Pyropia collinsii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_collinsii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Neefus, [T.Bray](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Troy_L._Bray) & [A.C.Mathieson](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Mathieson), 2017

- *[Pyropia columbiensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_columbiensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2015

- *[Pyropia columbina](/source/Pyropia_columbina)* ([Montagne](/source/Camille_Montagne)) [W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson), 2011

- *[Pyropia conwayae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_conwayae&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom) & K.M.Cole) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia crassa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_crassa&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Ueda](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saburo_Ueda)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia dentata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_dentata&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Kjellman](/source/Frans_Reinhold_Kjellman)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia denticulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_denticulata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Levring) J.A.Philips & [J.E.Sutherland](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Judith_E._Sutherland), 2011

- *[Pyropia drachii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_drachii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Feldmann) J.Brodie, 2016

- *[Pyropia elongata](/source/Pyropia_elongata)* (Kylin) Neefus & J.Brodie, 2011

- *[Pyropia endiviifolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_endiviifolia&action=edit&redlink=1)* (A.Gepp & E.Gepp) H.G.Choi & M.S.Hwang, 2011

- *[Pyropia fallax](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_fallax&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom) & K.M.Cole) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia francisii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_francisii&action=edit&redlink=1)* [W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson) & R.D'Archino, 2014

- *[Pyropia fucicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_fucicola&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([V.Krishnamurthy](/source/V.Krishnamurthy)) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia gardneri](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_gardneri&action=edit&redlink=1)* (G.M.Smith & Hollenberg) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia haitanensis](/source/Pyropia_haitanensis)* (T.J.Chang & B.F.Zheng) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia hiberna](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_hiberna&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom) & K.M.Cole) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia hiemalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_hiemalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Kylin) Varela-Álvarez, [Guiry](/source/Michael_D._Guiry) & Serrão, 2023

- *[Pyropia hollenbergii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_hollenbergii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (E.Y.Dawson) [J.E.Sutherland](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Judith_E._Sutherland), [L.E.Aguilar-Rosas](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Luis_E._Aguilar-Rosas) & [R.Aguilar-Rosas](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Aguilar-Rosas), 2011

- *[Pyropia ishigecola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_ishigecola&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([A.Miura](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Akio_Miura)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia islae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_islae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dumilag, 2018

- *[Pyropia kanakaensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_kanakaensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Mumford) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia katadae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_katadae&action=edit&redlink=1)* (A.Miur) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi, [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia kinositae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_kinositae&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Yamada](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Yamada) & [Tak. Tanaka](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Takesi_Tanaka)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi), [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011

- *[Pyropia kitoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_kitoi&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ma, Abe, [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi), Tamaki, Tom. Sato, Murase, Fujiyoshi & Mas.Kobayasi) D.J.Kim, T.O.Cho & B.Y.Won, 2023

- *[Pyropia koreana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_koreana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (M.S.Hwang & I.K.Lee) M.S.Hwang, H.G.Choi Y.S.Oh & I.K.Lee, 2011

- *[Pyropia kuniedae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_kuniedae&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Kurogi) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011

- *[Pyropia kurogii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_kurogii&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom)) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia lacerata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_lacerata&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([A.Miura](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Akio_Miura)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia lanceolata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_lanceolata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Setchell & Hus) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia leucosticta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_leucosticta&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Thuret) Neefus & J.Brodie, 2011

- *[Pyropia lunae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_lunae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dumilag, 2018

- *[Pyropia meridionalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_meridionalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* [M.M.Reddy](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Maggie_M._Reddy), [R.J.Anderson](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Anderson) & [J.J.Bolton](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_J._Bolton), 2020

- *[Pyropia montereyensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_montereyensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom) & Hughey, 2015

- *[Pyropia moriensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_moriensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ohmi) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia nereocystis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_nereocystis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (C.L.Anderson) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia nitida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_nitida&action=edit&redlink=1)* L.K.Harden, K.M.Morales & Hughey, 2015

- *[Pyropia njordii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_njordii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Mols-Mortensen, J.Brodie & Neefus, 2012

- *[Pyropia novae-angliae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_novae-angliae&action=edit&redlink=1)* [T.Bray](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Troy_L._Bray), Neefus & [A.C.Mathieson](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Mathieson), 2017

- *[Pyropia onoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_onoi&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Ueda](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saburo_Ueda)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia orbicularis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_orbicularis&action=edit&redlink=1)* M.E.Ramírez, L.Contreras Porcia & M.-L.Guillemin, 2014

- *[Pyropia parva](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_parva&action=edit&redlink=1)* A.Vergés & N.Sánchez, 2014

- *[Pyropia peggicovensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_peggicovensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* H.Kucera & G.W.Saunders, 2012

- *[Pyropia pendula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_pendula&action=edit&redlink=1)* (E.Y.Daywson) [J.E.Sutherland](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Judith_E._Sutherland), [L.E.Aguilar-Rosas](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Luis_E._Aguilar-Rosas) & [R.Aguilar-Rosas](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Aguilar-Rosas), 2011

- *[Pyropia perforata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_perforata&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([J.Agardh](/source/J.Agardh)) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia plicata](/source/Pyropia_plicata)* [W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson), 2013

- *[Pyropia protolanceolata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_protolanceolata&action=edit&redlink=1)* [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom) & J.R.Hughey, 2015

- *[Pyropia pseudolanceolata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_pseudolanceolata&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([V.Krishnamurthy](/source/V.Krishnamurthy)) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia pseudolinearis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_pseudolinearis&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Ueda](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saburo_Ueda)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi), [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011

- *[Pyropia pseudolobata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_pseudolobata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (L.-E.Yang, J.Brodie & Q.-Q.Lu) Santiañez & M.J.Wynne, 2022

- *[Pyropia pulchella](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_pulchella&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ackland, J.A.West, J.L.Scott & Zuccarello) T.J.Farr & [J.E.Sutherland](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Judith_E._Sutherland), 2011

- *[Pyropia pulchra](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_pulchra&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hollenberg) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom) & Hughey, 2016

- *[Pyropia rakiura](/source/Pyropia_rakiura)* ([W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson)) [W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson), 2011

- *[Pyropia raulaguilarii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_raulaguilarii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Mateo-Cid, Mendoza-González & Sentíes, 2012

- *[Pyropia retorta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_retorta&action=edit&redlink=1)* S.-M.Kim, H.-G.Choi & H.-S.Kim, 2018

- *[Pyropia saldanhae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_saldanhae&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Stegenga](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Herre_Stegenga), [J.J.Bolton](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_J._Bolton) & [R.J.Anderson](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Anderson)) [J.E.Sutherland](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Judith_E._Sutherland), 2011

- *[Pyropia santacruzensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_santacruzensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* [Guiry](/source/Michael_D._Guiry), 2023

- *[Pyropia seriata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_seriata&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Kjellman](/source/Frans_Reinhold_Kjellman)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia spathulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_spathulata&action=edit&redlink=1)* [T.Bray](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Troy_L._Bray), Neefus & [A.C.Mathieson](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Mathieson), 2017

- *[Pyropia spiralis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_spiralis&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([E.C.Oliveira](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eurico_Cabral_de_Oliveira) & [Coll](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Javier_Coll)) [M.C.Oliveira](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mariana_C._Oliveira), [D.Milstein](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Daniela_Milstein) & [E.C.Oliveira](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Eurico_Cabral_de_Oliveira), 2011

- *[Pyropia stamfordensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_stamfordensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* [C.Neefus](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chris_Neefus), [T.Bray](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Troy_L._Bray) & [A.C.Mathieson](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Mathieson), 2017

- *[Pyropia submarina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_submarina&action=edit&redlink=1)* Y.H.Koh & M.S.Kim, 2018

- *[Pyropia suborbiculata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_suborbiculata&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Kjellman](/source/Frans_Reinhold_Kjellman)) [J.E.Sutherland](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Judith_E._Sutherland), H.G.Choi, M.S.Hwang & [W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson), 2011

- *[Pyropia taeniata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_taeniata&action=edit&redlink=1)* [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2015

- *[Pyropia tanegashimensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_tanegashimensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Shinmura) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & E. Fujiyoshi, 2011

- *[Pyropia tenera](/source/Pyropia_tenera)* ([Kjellman](/source/Frans_Reinhold_Kjellman)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi), [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011

- *[Pyropia tenuipedalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_tenuipedalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([A.Miura](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Akio_Miura)) [N.Kikuchi](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norio_Kikuchi) & [M.Miyata](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Masahiko_Miyata), 2011

- *[Pyropia thulaea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_thulaea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Munda & P.M.Pedersen) Neefus, 2011

- *[Pyropia thuretii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_thuretii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Setchell & E.Y.Dawson) [J.E.Sutherland](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Judith_E._Sutherland), [L.E.Aguilar Rosas](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Luis_E._Aguilar-Rosas) & [R.Aguilar Rosas](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Aguilar-Rosas), 2011

- *[Pyropia torta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_torta&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([V.Krishnamurthy](/source/V.Krishnamurthy)) [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2011

- *[Pyropia unabbottiae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_unabbottiae&action=edit&redlink=1)* [S.C.Lindstrom](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandra_C._Lindstrom), 2015

- *[Pyropia variabilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_variabilis&action=edit&redlink=1)* J.Zapata, A.Meynard, M.E.Ramírez & L.Contreras-Porcia, 2018

- *[Pyropia vietnamensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyropia_vietnamensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Tak. Tanaka](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Takesi_Tanaka) & P.H.Ho) [J.E.Sutherland](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Judith_E._Sutherland) & Monotilla, 2011

- *[Pyropia virididentata](/source/Pyropia_virididentata)* ([W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson)) [W.A.Nelson](/source/W.A.Nelson), 2011

- *[Pyropia yezoensis](/source/Pyropia_yezoensis)* ([Ueda](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Saburo_Ueda)) M.S.Hwang & H.G.Choi, 2011 (unconfirmed)[a]

## Gallery

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** The most recent consensus is that this species belongs in *[Neopyropia](/source/Neopyropia)* (L.-E.Yang & J.Brodie, 2020), however [WoRMS](/source/WoRMS) documents both species separately.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Agardh_1-0)** Agardh, J.G. (1899). Analecta algologica, Continuatio V. Lunds Universitets Års-Skrift, Andra Afdelningen, Kongl. Fysiografiska Sällskapets i Lund Handlingar 35(4): 1-160, 3 pls.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Algaebase_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Algaebase_2-1) M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2017. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. [http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=Na8c54bc5b1ee2bda&-](http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=Na8c54bc5b1ee2bda&-) searched on 15 September 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Nelson, Wendy A. (2013-03-22). ["Pyropia plicata sp. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta): naming a common intertidal alga from New Zealand"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3689116). *PhytoKeys* (21): 17–28. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3897/phytokeys.21.4614](https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fphytokeys.21.4614). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1314-2011](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1314-2011). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3689116](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3689116). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23794933](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23794933).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_4-1) Qian, Feijian; Luo, Qijun; Yang, Rui; Zhu, Zhujun; Chen, Haimin; Yan, Xiaojun (February 2015). "The littoral red alga Pyropia haitanensis uses rapid accumulation of floridoside as the desiccation acclimation strategy". *Journal of Applied Phycology*. **27** (1): 621–632. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10811-014-0336-0](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10811-014-0336-0). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0921-8971](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-8971). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [14705162](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14705162).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Xu, Yan; Chen, Changsheng; Ji, Dehua; Hang, Nan; Xie, Chaotian (February 2014). "Proteomic profile analysis of Pyropia haitanensis in response to high-temperature stress". *Journal of Applied Phycology*. **26** (1): 607–618. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10811-013-0066-8](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10811-013-0066-8). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0921-8971](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0921-8971). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [16422271](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16422271).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Mo1 Li2 Kong3 Tang4 Mao5, Zhaolan1 Shufan2 Fanna3 Xianghai4 Yunxiang5. ["Characterization of a novel fungal disease that infects the gametophyte of Pyropia yezoensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273509365). *researchgate.net*.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Xie, Chaotian; Li, Bing; Xu, Yan; Ji, Dehua; Chen, Changsheng (2013-02-16). ["Characterization of the global transcriptome for Pyropia haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) and development of cSSR markers"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626662). *BMC Genomics*. **14**: 107. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1186/1471-2164-14-107](https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2164-14-107). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1471-2164](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2164). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3626662](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3626662). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23414227](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23414227).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Watanabe, Fumio; Yabuta, Yukinori; Bito, Tomohiro; Teng, Fei (2014-05-05). ["Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4042564). *Nutrients*. **6** (5): 1861–1873. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/nu6051861](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu6051861). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2072-6643](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2072-6643). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4042564](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4042564). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24803097](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24803097).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MelinaCraig2016_9-0)** Melina V, Craig W, Levin S (2016). ["Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets"](https://www.eatrightpro.org/~/media/eatrightpro%20files/practice/position%20and%20practice%20papers/position%20papers/vegetarian-diet.ashx). *J Acad Nutr Diet*. **116** (12): 1970–1980. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jand.2016.09.025). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27886704](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27886704). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [4984228](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4984228). Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sources— meaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplements—or they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-WORMS1_10-0)** Michael D. Guiry (2024). ["*Pyropia* J.Agardh, 1899"](https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=603075). *WoRMS*. [World Register of Marine Species](/source/World_Register_of_Marine_Species). Retrieved 17 April 2024.

## External links

- Media related to [Pyropia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyropia) at Wikimedia Commons

- Data related to [Pyropia](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pyropia) at Wikispecies

Taxon identifiers Pyropia Wikidata: Q3411341 Wikispecies: Pyropia AlgaeBase: 50308 BOLD: 352800 CoL: 765S GBIF: 4908866 iNaturalist: 370272 IRMNG: 1334179 NBN: NHMSYS0021059457 NCBI: 1094566 NZOR: 5d20725c-c81f-45a5-b26b-9368bffb4554 Open Tree of Life: 784229 WoRMS: 603075

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pyropia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyropia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyropia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.