# Pyralinae > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pyralinae > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pyralinae.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyralinae > Source revision: 1354897665 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Subfamily of moths Pyralinae Meal moth (Pyralis farinalis) imago (Pyralini) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Clade: Pancrustacea Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Pyralidae Subfamily: Pyralinae Latreille, 1809 Type species Phalaena (Pyralis) farinalis Linnaeus, 1758 Tribes Endotrichini Hypotiini Pyralini and see text The **Pyralinae** are the typical [subfamily](/source/Subfamily) of [snout moths](/source/Pyraloidea) ([family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) Pyralidae) and occur essentially worldwide, in some cases aided by involuntary introduction by humans. They are rather rare in the [Americas](/source/Americas) however, and their diversity in the [Australian](/source/Australia) region is also limited. Altogether, this subfamily includes about 900 described [species](/source/Species), but new ones continue to be discovered. Like many of their relatives in the [superfamily](/source/Superfamily_(zoology)) [Pyraloidea](/source/Pyraloidea), the [caterpillar](/source/Caterpillar) [larvae](/source/Larva) of Pyralinae – and in some cases even the adults – have [evolved](/source/Evolution) the ability to use unusual foods for nutrition; a few of these can become harmful to humans as [pests](/source/Pest_(organism)) of stored goods.[1] ## Description and ecology Adult *[Endotricha flammealis](/source/Endotricha_flammealis)* of the [Endotrichini](/source/Endotrichini) in typical resting pose This subfamily unites mid-sized to smallish moths with a more or less [cryptic](/source/Crypsis) coloration including most often various hues of brownish colors. Adult females of Pyralinae (except *[Cardamyla](/source/Cardamyla)* and *[Embryoglossa](/source/Embryoglossa)*) are characterized by the short [genital](/source/Genital) ductus bursae, their corpus bursae barely extending forward beyond [abdominal](/source/Abdomen#Invertebrates) segment 7. Otherwise they are undistinguished mid-sized moths (large by [Pyralidae](/source/Pyralidae) standards) which at least sometimes can be differentiated from their relatives by possessing forewing [vein](/source/Insect_wing#Venation) 7 and having hindwing veins 7 and 8 unjoined as adults.[2] The [meal moth](/source/Meal_moth) (*Pyralis farinalis*) and the [grease moth](/source/Grease_moth) (*Aglossa pinguinalis*) are [pests](/source/Pest_(organism)) of stored food products, in the case of the grease moth including [fats](/source/Fat) (which are also eaten by the adult moths), and have been inadvertently spread almost worldwide by transport of such goods. Most other [species](/source/Species)' [caterpillars](/source/Caterpillar) are leaf feeders; the extremely [polyphagous](/source/Polyphagous) larvae of *[Pyralis manihotalis](/source/Pyralis_manihotalis)* have been reared from [bat guano](/source/Bat_guano).[1] ## Systematics The [systematics](/source/Systematics) and [taxonomy](/source/Taxonomy_(biology)) of this subfamily is somewhat provisional. No [quantitative](/source/Quantitative_research) [phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetic) analysis had been done as of 2007, but in the mid-late 1990s, Michael Shaffer of the London [Natural History Museum](/source/Natural_History_Museum%2C_London) and [Maria Alma Solis](/source/Maria_Alma_Solis) of the [National Museum of Natural History](/source/National_Museum_of_Natural_History) prepared the groundwork for further studies by their comprehensive qualitative reviews of Pyralinae [morphology](/source/Morphology_(biology)). Some [cladistic](/source/Cladistic) studies of the [Pyraloidea](/source/Pyraloidea) do exist however, and these place the Pyralinae among the advanced snout moths, a lineage which otherwise includes the even more [autapomorphic](/source/Autapomorph) subfamilies [Epipaschiinae](/source/Epipaschiinae) and [Phycitinae](/source/Phycitinae).[1] Even though the Pyralinae contain a high number of [genera](/source/Genera) and [species](/source/Species), there are a mere three [tribes](/source/Tribe_(biology)) generally accepted nowadays. Others that were proposed earlier (in some cases even as independent subfamilies within [Pyralidae](/source/Pyralidae)) are presently treated as [junior synonyms](/source/Junior_synonym) of the [Pyralini](/source/Pyralini). A large number of genera are considered not to be reliably assignable to one of the three tribes. It is not certain that the presently-used subdivisions of the Pyralinae are the last word on the issue.[1] The tribes – with some significant genera and species also noted – and the genera of unclear affiliation in this subfamily are:[3] Endotrichini Ragonot, 1890 (= Endotrichinae) Endotricha Zeller, 1847 Endotricha flammealis Endotricha ignealis Endotricha pyrosalis Persicoptera Meyrick, 1884 Persicoptera compsopa Hypotiini Chapman, 1902 (= Hypotiinae) Hypotia Zeller, 1847 Pyralini Almost 40 genera **Genera *[incertae sedis](/source/Incertae_sedis)*** - *[Acteniopsis](/source/Acteniopsis)* Amsel, 1959 - *[Adulis](/source/Adulis_(moth))* Ragonot, 1891 - *[Aglossodes](/source/Aglossodes)* Ragonot, 1891 - *[Antisindris](/source/Antisindris)* Marion, 1955 - *[Arctioblepsis](/source/Arctioblepsis)* C. & R.Felder, 1862 - *[Benderia](/source/Benderia)* Amsel, 1949 - *[Betsimisaraka](/source/Betsimisaraka_(moth))* Marion, 1955 - *[Burgeonidea](/source/Burgeonidea)* Ghesquière, 1942 - *[Celetostola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celetostola&action=edit&redlink=1)* Meyrick, 1936 - *[Comaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comaria&action=edit&redlink=1)* Ragonot, 1892 - *[Cosmethella](/source/Cosmethella)* Munroe & Shaffer, 1980 - *[Delopterus](/source/Delopterus)* Janse, 1922 - *[Diboma](/source/Diboma)* Walker, 1863 - *[Diloxia](/source/Diloxia)* Hampson, 1896 - *[Discordia](/source/Discordia_(moth))* Swinhoe, 1885 - *[Elaealis](/source/Elaealis)* Hampson, 1906 - *[Embryoglossa](/source/Embryoglossa)* Warren, 1896 - *[Epacternis](/source/Epacternis)* Meyrick, 1933 - *[Ethelontides](/source/Ethelontides)* Meyrick, 1934 - *[Euryzonella](/source/Euryzonella)* Ghesquière, 1942 - *[Eutrichodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eutrichodes&action=edit&redlink=1)* Warren, 1891 - *[Grammiphlebia](/source/Grammiphlebia)* Hampson, 1906 - *[Gvelilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gvelilia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Strand, 1920 - *[Haplosindris](/source/Haplosindris)* Viette, 1953 - *[Heterocrasa](/source/Heterocrasa)* Warren, 1896 - *[Hirayamaia](/source/Hirayamaia)* Marumo, 1917 - *[Hyboloma](/source/Hyboloma)* Ragonot, 1891 - *[Hypanchyla](/source/Hypanchyla)* Warren, 1891 - *[Hypsidia](/source/Hypsidia)* Rothschild, 1896 - *[Imerina](/source/Imerina_(moth))* Ragonot, 1891 - *[Lamacha](/source/Lamacha)* Walker, 1863 - *[Larice](/source/Larice)* Ragonot, 1892 - *[Latagognoma](/source/Latagognoma)* Tams, 1935 - *[Lophocera](/source/Lophocera)* Kenrick, 1917 - *[Lorymav](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorymav&action=edit&redlink=1)* Walker, 1859 (Pyralini?) - *[Lorymana](/source/Lorymana)* Strand, 1915 - *[Lorymodes](/source/Lorymodes)* Hampson, 1917 - *[Macropyralis](/source/Macropyralis)* Amsel, 1953 - *[Marionana](/source/Marionana)* Viette, 1953 - *[Maschalandra](/source/Maschalandra)* Meyrick, 1937 - *[Meca](/source/Meca_(moth))* Karsch, 1900 - *[Megalomia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megalomia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Ragonot, 1891 - *[Melanalis](/source/Melanalis)* Hampson, 1906 - *[Mesosindris](/source/Mesosindris)* Viette, 1967 - *[Methora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methora&action=edit&redlink=1)* Walker, 1866 - *[Micromystix](/source/Micromystix)* de Joannis, 1929 - *[Mimicia](/source/Mimicia)* Caradja, 1925 - *[Minooa](/source/Minooa)* Yamanaka, 1996 - *[Mittonia](/source/Mittonia)* Whalley, 1964 - *[Namibina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namibina&action=edit&redlink=1)* Leraut, 2007 - *[Namibiodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namibiodes&action=edit&redlink=1)* Leraut, 2007 - *[Neobostra](/source/Neobostra)* Hampson, 1906 - *[Nhoabe](/source/Nhoabe)* Viette, 1953 - *[Nussia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nussia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Leraut, 2009 - *[Ocydina](/source/Ocydina)* Meyrick, 1936 - *[Omphalobasella](/source/Omphalobasella)* Strand, 1915 - *[Omphalomia](/source/Omphalomia)* Swinhoe, 1894 - *[Orybina](/source/Orybina)* Snellen, 1895 - *[Parachmidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parachmidia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hampson, 1896 - *[Paraglossa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraglossa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hampson, 1906 - *[Paraphycita](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paraphycita&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hampson, 1901 - *[Perforadix](/source/Perforadix)* Sein, 1930 - *[Perula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perula_(moth)&action=edit&redlink=1)* Mabille, 1900 - *[Peucela](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peucela_(moth)&action=edit&redlink=1)* Ragonot, 1891 - *[Phasga](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phasga_(moth)&action=edit&redlink=1)* Walker, 1863 - *[Pithyllis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pithyllis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Grünberg, 1910 - *[Poliostola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poliostola&action=edit&redlink=1)* Janse, 1922 - *[Polycampsis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycampsis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Warren, 1896 - *[Propachys](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propachys&action=edit&redlink=1)* Walker, 1863 - *[Proropera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proropera&action=edit&redlink=1)* Warren, 1896 - *[Prosaris](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prosaris&action=edit&redlink=1)* Meyrick, 1894 - *[Proteinia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proteinia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hampson, 1896 - *[Pseudozitha](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudozitha&action=edit&redlink=1)* Leraut, 2007 - *[Pyralosis](/source/Pyralosis)* Amsel, 1957 - *[Rhynchetera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhynchetera&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hampson, 1896 - *[Rhynchopygia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhynchopygia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hampson, 1896 - *[Rostripalpus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rostripalpus&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hampson, 1896 - *[Rungsina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rungsina&action=edit&redlink=1)* Leraut, 2004 - *[Sacada](/source/Sacada_(moth))* Walker, 1862 - *[Setomigma](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Setomigma&action=edit&redlink=1)* Ghesquière, 1942 - *[Scotomera](/source/Scotomera)* Butler, 1881 (Pyralini?) - *[Sindris](/source/Sindris)* Boisduval, 1833 - *[Sphalerosticha](/source/Sphalerosticha)* Warren, 1897 - *[Sybrida](/source/Sybrida)* Walker, 1865 - *[Tegulifera](/source/Tegulifera)* Saalmüller, 1880 (Pyralini?) - *[Toccolosida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toccolosida&action=edit&redlink=1)* Walker, 1863 - *[Trihauchenia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trihauchenia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Warren, 1892 - *[Triphassa](/source/Triphassa)* Hübner, 1818 - *[Tyndis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyndis_(moth)&action=edit&redlink=1)* Ragonot, 1891 - *[Vitessidia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitessidia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Rothschild & Jordan, 1905 - *[Xenomilia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xenomilia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Warren, 1896 - *[Zitha](/source/Zitha)* Walker, [1866] (including *Tamraca*; Pyralini?) The genus *[Micronix](/source/Micronix)*, formerly placed here, seems to belong to the [Crambidae](/source/Crambidae), but its exact placement is obscure. For a similar case, see *[Tanaobela](/source/Tanaobela)*. ## Footnotes 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-solis2007_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-solis2007_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-solis2007_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-solis2007_1-3) Solis (2007) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Clarke (1986), Solis (2007) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** See references in Savela (2011) ## References Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Pyralinae](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pyralinae). - Clarke, John Frederick Gates (1986): Pyralidae and Microlepidoptera of the Marquesas Archipelago. *Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology* **416**: 1–485. [PDF fulltext](http://si-pddr.si.edu/jspui/bitstream/10088/5293/1/SCtZ-0416-Hi_res.pdf) (214 MB!) - Savela, Markku (2011): [Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms: Pyralinae](http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/pyraloidea/pyralidae/pyralinae/index.html). Version of 2011-MAR-03. Retrieved 2011-MAY-29. - [Solis, M. Alma](/source/Maria_Alma_Solis) (2007): Phylogenetic studies and modern classification of the Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera). *Revista Colombiana de Entomología* **33**(1): 1-8 [English with Spanish abstract]. [HTML fulltext](http://www.scielo.unal.edu.co/scielo.php?pid=S0120-04882007000100001&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en) Taxon identifiers Pyralinae Wikidata: Q142011 Wikispecies: Pyralinae AFD: Pyralinae BioLib: 49946 BugGuide: 13327 CoL: 93MZL Fauna Europaea: 442485 Fauna Europaea (new): fd31025a-d77a-4778-8bc9-4a3730e73a75 iNaturalist: 122739 Insecta.pro: 255 ITIS: 694114 NBN: NHMSYS0000503996 NCBI: 299347 NZOR: f3e38b9c-407f-4204-9b5a-a1e22a660454 Paleobiology Database: 233697 Authority control databases: National Czech Republic --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pyralinae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyralinae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyralinae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.