# Pyknon > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pyknon > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pyknon.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyknon > Source revision: 1329374597 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{short description|Type of chord in Ancient Greek music}} {{Use shortened footnotes|date=April 2021}} '''Pyknon''' ({{langx|el|πυκνόν}}), sometimes also transliterated as '''pycnon''' ({{langx|el|πυκνός|lit=close, close-packed, crowded, condensed|label=none}}; {{langx|la|spissus}}) in the [music theory](/source/music_theory) of Antiquity is a structural property of any [tetrachord](/source/tetrachord) in which a composite of two smaller intervals is less than the remaining ([incomposite](/source/incomposite_interval)) interval. The makeup of the ''pyknon'' serves to identify the [melodic genus](/source/Genus_(music)) (also called "genus of a tetrachord") and the [octave species](/source/octave_species) made by compounding two such tetrachords, and the rules governing the ways in which such compounds may be made centre on the relationships of the two ''pykna'' involved. ==Definition== {{wikt}} The ''pyknon'' was an important criterion in the classification of melodic genera ({{langx|el|γένη τῶν μελῳδουμένων}}). The Greek word πυκνόν is an adjective meaning "close", "compact", "close-packed", or "crowded".{{r|LiddellScott1996}} In Ancient Greek music theory, this term is used to describe a pair of intervals within a [tetrachord](/source/tetrachord), the sum of which is less than the remainder of the tetrachord.{{sfn|Levin|2007|p=413}} Although in modern usage, a tetrachord may be ''any'' four-note segment of a [scale](/source/musical_scale), or indeed any (unordered) collection of four [pitch class](/source/pitch_class)es, in ancient Greek music theory a tetrachord consists of a four-note segment of the [Greater and Lesser Perfect Systems](/source/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece) bounded by the interval of a perfect fourth, the outer notes of which remain fixed in all genera and therefore are called "standing notes" ({{langx|el|ἑστῶτες φθόγγοι}}). The positions of the inner notes vary from one genus to another, for which reason they are called "movable notes".{{harvnb|Mathiesen|1999|pp=301, 312, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Td5odzctae8C&pg=PA322 322], 344, 350, et passim}}; from {{langx|el|κινούμενοι φθόγγοι}}. In its basic theoretical form, the largest interval of a tetrachord is at the top, and the smallest at the bottom. The existence of a ''pyknon'' therefore depends on the uppermost interval being larger than half of a perfect fourth, which occurs only in the [chromatic](/source/Chromatic_genus) and [enharmonic genera](/source/Enharmonic_genus). Because the [diatonic genus](/source/diatonic_genus) consists of two whole tones and one semitone, no single interval is larger than the other two combined, and so there is no ''pyknon''.{{sfn|Barbera|1984|p=229}} For this reason, the enharmonic and chromatic genera are sometimes called the "pyknic genera", in order to distinguish them from the diatonic.{{sfn|Solomon|1984|p=246}} ==Theoretical applications== The notes of the central tetrachord of the system in ascending order are ''hypate'', ''parhypate'', ''lichanos'' (or ''hypermese''), and ''mese''. A second tetrachord is added above, after a disjunctive tone, and the corresponding names (together with the interval ratios of the standing tones) are:{{sfnm|Chalmers|1990|1p=4|Mathiesen|1999|2loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Td5odzctae8C&pg=PA245 p. 245]}} *''mese'' (4:3) – ''nete'' (2:1) (standing) *''lichanos'' – ''paranete'' (movable) *''parhypate'' – ''trite'' (movable) *''hypate'' (1:1) – ''paramese'' (3:2) (standing) Although movable, the ''lichanos'' must remain above the ''parhypate'', and the ''paranete'' above the ''trite''.{{sfn|Mathiesen|1999|p=312}} A "composite interval" is one made up of two or more smaller intervals; an "incomposite interval" has no smaller components In these terms, if the composite interval between the ''hypate'' and the ''lichanos'' (or ''paramese'' and ''paranete'') is smaller than the incomposite interval from the ''lichanos'' to the ''mese'' (or ''paranete'' to ''nete''), the three notes in that composite interval are together called a ''pyknon''.{{sfn|Mathiesen|1999|p=312}} In the diatonic genus, because the composite interval from ''hypate'' to ''lichanos'' (a minor third) is larger than the remaining incomposite interval from ''lichanos'' to ''mese'' (a whole tone), the lowest three notes of the diatonic tetrachord are designated ''apyknon'': "not close-packed".{{sfn|Barbera|1977|loc=p. 321n11}} ==Enharmonic== [[File:Greek Dorian enharmonic genus.png|thumb|right|300px|Two pyknic enharmonic tetrachords, together comprising the Greek [Dorian](/source/Dorian_mode) [octave species](/source/octave_species) in the enharmonic genus]] In the enharmonic genus, the large incomposite interval was originally a [ditone](/source/ditone) (the [major third](/source/major_third) of [Pythagorean tuning](/source/Pythagorean_tuning)), leaving a ''pyknon'' with a total width of just a [semitone](/source/semitone). The Pythagorean ditone is equivalent to two 9:8 ''epogdoa'', or [major second](/source/major_second)s), together an interval of 81:64, thus leaving a ''pyknon'' of 256:243—a [limma](/source/Pythagorean_limma) (minor Pythagorean semitone), but how the ''pyknon'' was exactly (that is by exact mathematic calculation) divided into its two component intervals is not known.{{sfn|Chalmers|1990|p=9}} The tuning of [Eratosthenes](/source/Eratosthenes), as reported by [Aristoxenus](/source/Aristoxenus), uses a major third of 19:15 with the two unequal intervals of the ''pyknon'' in the ratios of 40:39 and 39:38.{{sfn|Chalmers|1990|p=8}} Although Aristoxenus also implies that the two intervals of the ''pyknon'' in the enharmonic genus may be equal,{{sfn|Mathiesen|1999|p=333}} the anonymous author of the Euclidean ''Sectio Canonis'' (P18) is unequivocal: "The ''parhypatai'' and ''tritai'' do not divide the ''pyknon'' into equal intervals".{{sfn|Barker|1981|p=6}} [Ptolemy](/source/Ptolemy) reports in his ''Harmonics'' (2. 14) that two other theorists, [Archytas](/source/Archytas) and [Didymus](/source/Didymus_the_musician), replaced the ditone with the smaller, [just](/source/Just_tuning) major third with the number ratio of 5:4, making the ''pyknon'' correspondingly larger.{{r|West1992_170}} This ''pyknon'' was divided differently by these two theorists, but in both cases the two intervals were not equal to one another. Archytas, who was the first theorist to give ratios for all of the genera, chose 28:27 and 36:35, and Didymus, some four centuries later, gave 32:31 and 31:30.{{sfn|Chalmers|1990|pp=7–8}} ==Chromatic== [[File:Greek Dorian chromatic genus.png|thumb|right|300px|Two pyknic chromatic tetrachords, together comprising the Greek [Dorian](/source/Dorian_mode) [octave species](/source/octave_species) in the chromatic genus]] In the chromatic genus, the largest interval was called a {{langx|el|τριημιτόνιόν ἀσύνθετον}}, {{langx|la|triemitonium incompositum}}—translated as "incomposite" (or "noncomposite") "trihemitone" (Bower, Hagel, Levin, and Barker prefer a descriptive translation, "an individed interval of three semitones";{{r|Bower1989_43|Hagel2009_1052667|Levin1994_125174|Barker1989_261267}} Strunk uses "trisemitone"{{r|Strunk1998_367}}), the modern term being "[minor third](/source/minor_third)"—leaving a ''pyknon'' of some type of whole tone to be divided into two semitones. There is a larger number of variations in the tuning of the chromatic than in the enharmonic. Up to the beginning of the 4th century BC the chromatic ''pyknon'' spanned a major whole tone with a 9:8 ratio, and this was divided by [Gaudentius](/source/Gaudentius_(music_theorist)) into ascending semitone intervals of 256:243 and 2187:2048.{{sfn|Chalmers|1990|p=8}} Ptolemy defined two different tunings of the chromatic genus: the "soft" chromatic with a smaller ''pyknon'' and the "intense" chromatic with a larger one. The unequal semitones dividing the ''pykna'' were in ratios of 28:27 and 15:14 for the soft chromatic and 22:21 and 12:11 for the intense. The larger remaining interval was 6:5 in the soft chromatic and 7:6 in the intense.{{sfn|Chalmers|1990|p=9}} ==Scale structure== [[File:Mixolydian chromatic.png|thumb|right|300px|Greek [Mixolydian](/source/Mixolydian_mode) octave species on E in the chromatic genus: conjunct tetrachords ''a'' and ''b'', with note of conjunction ''c'', and interval of disjunction ''d''; the two ''pykna'' are separated by the larger interval between steps 3 and 4 {{audio|Greek Mixolydian mode on E, chromatic genus.mid|Play}}]] A further refinement of tetrachordal construction, according to [Aristoxenus](/source/Aristoxenus), is that the lower interval of the ''pyknon'' must be smaller than or equal to the upper one.{{sfn|Barbera|1984|pp=229–30}} Didymus in the chromatic genus and Archytas in the enharmonic broke this rule, however, and in the ''Harmonics'' (2. 13) Ptolemy criticized this feature in Didymus, holding that it is unmelodic and out of agreement with the evidence of our ears.{{r|West1992_170}} According to Aristoxenus' ''[Elementa harmonica](/source/Elementa_harmonica)'' (''Elements of Harmony'', book 2), whenever tetrachords are combined to form a scale filling an octave, "Two consecutive pycna may not occur in ascent or descent. A ditone may precede or follow [a pycnon] in ascent or descent. A tone may follow [a pycnon] only in descent".{{sfn|Mathiesen|1999|p=331}} == References == * {{cite journal |last=Barbera |first=André |date=1977 |title=Arithmetic and Geometric Divisions of the Tetrachord |journal=Journal of Music Theory |volume=21 |issue=2 - Autumn |pages=294–323 |jstor=843492 }} * {{cite journal |last=Barbera|first=André |date=1984 |title=Octave Species |journal=The Journal of Musicology |volume=3 |issue=3 - Summer |pages=229–241 |doi=10.2307/763813 |jstor=763813 }} * {{cite journal |last=Barker |first=Andrew |date=1981 |title=Methods and Aims in the Euclidean Sectio Canonis |journal=Journal of Hellenic Studies |volume=101 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.2307/629840 |jstor=629840 |s2cid=162356270 }} * {{cite book |last=Chalmers |first=John |date=1990 |editor1=Larry Polansky |editor2=Carter Scholz |title=Divisions of the Tetrachord |location=Lebanon NH |publisher=Frog Peak Music |isbn=0-945996-04-7 |url=http://eamusic.dartmouth.edu/~larry/published_articles/divisions_of_the_tetrachord/index.html }} * {{cite journal |last=Levin |first=Flora R.|author-link=Flora Levin |date=2007 |title=Ἀπειρία in Aristoxenian Theory |journal=Hermes |volume=135 |issue=4 |pages=406–428 |doi=10.25162/hermes-2007-0038 |s2cid=151484983 }} * {{cite book |last=Mathiesen |first=Thomas J. |date=1999 |title=Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages |location=[Lincoln](/source/Lincoln%2C_Nebraska) |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=9780803230798 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Td5odzctae8C }} * {{cite journal |last=Solomon |first=Jon |date=1984 |title=Towards a History of Tonoi |journal=The Journal of Musicology |volume=3 |issue=3 - Summer |pages=242–251 |doi=10.2307/763814 |jstor=763814 }} '''Footnotes''' Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott. 1996. ''[A Greek-English Lexicon](/source/A_Greek-English_Lexicon)'', ninth edition, revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York City: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-864226-1}}. West, M[artin]. L[itchfield]. 1992. ''Ancient Greek Music''. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 170. {{ISBN|0198149751}} (pbk.); {{ISBN|0585229929}} (electronic bk.). {{cite book |last=Bower |first=Calvin |date=1989 |title=Fundamentals of Music. Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius |others=Translated, with Introduction and Notes by Calvin M. Bower |location=[New Haven](/source/New_Haven%2C_Connecticut) and London |publisher=Yale University Press |page=43}} {{cite book |last=Hagel |first=Stephan |date=2009 |title=Ancient Greek Music. A New Technical History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=105, 266–7 |isbn=9780521517645}} {{cite book |last=Levin |first=Flora R.|author-link=Flora Levin |date=1994 |title=The Manual of Harmonics of Nicomachus the Pythagorean |others=Translation and commentary by Flora R. Levin |location=[Grand Rapids](/source/Grand_Rapids%2C_Michigan) MI |publisher=Phanes Press |pages=125, 174}} {{cite book |last=Barker |first=Andrew |date=1989 |title=Greek Musical Writings |others=Vol. II: Harmonic and Acoustic Theory |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=261, 267}} Strunk, Oliver. 1998. Source Readings in Music History. Revised Edition by Leo Treitler. New York City, London: W. W. Norton and Company. pp. 36-7. ==Further reading== * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Mathiesen|2001}}|reference=Mathiesen Thomas J. 2001. "Greece, §I: Ancient", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.}} * {{wikicite|ref={{harvid|Winnington-Ingram|1936}}|reference=Winnington-Ingram, Reginald Pepys. 1936. ''Mode in Ancient Greek Music''. Cambridge Classical Studies 2. Cambridge: The University Press. Reprinted, Chicago, Argonaut Inc., 1967; Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1968.}} Category:Ancient Greek music theory Category:Music of Greece Category:Musical scales --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pyknon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyknon) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyknon?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.