# Push processing > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Push_processing > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Push_processing.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_processing > Source revision: 1350503134 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Film developing technique}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}} {{More citations needed|date=June 2009}} thumb|upright|A photograph pushed by 2 stops, showing strong grain '''Push processing''' in [photography](/source/photography), sometimes called '''uprating''', refers to a [film developing](/source/Photographic_processing) technique that increases the effective [sensitivity](/source/film_speed) of the film being processed.{{cite book |title = Basic Photography |author = Michael Langford |year = 2000 |edition = 7th |publisher = Focal Press |location = Oxford |isbn = 0-240-51592-7 |url-access = registration |url = https://archive.org/details/basicphotography00lang }}{{page needed|date=December 2020}} Push processing involves developing the film for more time, possibly in combination with a higher temperature, than the manufacturer's recommendations. This technique results in effective overdevelopment of the film, compensating for [underexposure](/source/underexposure) in the camera. ==Visual characteristics== Push processing allows relatively insensitive films to be used under lighting conditions that would ordinarily be too low for adequate exposure at the required [shutter speed](/source/shutter_speed) and [aperture](/source/aperture) combination. This technique alters the visual characteristics of the film, such as higher contrast, increased [grain](/source/film_grain) and lower resolution.{{page needed|date=December 2020}} Saturated and distorted colours are often visible on [colour film](/source/color_film) that has been push processed. ''Pull processing'' involves controlled overexposure and underdevelopment, effectively decreasing the sensitivity of the processed film. This technique might be used, for example, with a high-speed film on a bright, sunny day. In processing, it requires some combination of shorter development time and/or at a lower temperature or greater developer dilution. Film that has been pull processed will display the opposite change in visual characteristics. This may be deliberately exploited for artistic effect. ==Exposure index== [[File:Cinestill 800Tungsten Xpro C-41 135 film cartridge (01).jpg|thumb|A roll of [Cinestill](/source/Cinestill) 135 color film showing checkboxes that can be used to remember the EI for push-processing (expressed in [stops](/source/Exposure_value) relative to the box speed of ISO 800/30°).]] When a film's effective sensitivity has been varied, the resulting sensitivity is called the [exposure index](/source/exposure_index); the [film's speed](/source/film_speed) remains at the manufacturer's indication. For example, an [ISO](/source/Film_speed) 200/24° film could be push processed to EI 400/27° or pull processed to EI 100/21°. ==In cinema== [Andy Warhol](/source/Andy_Warhol)'s 1965 8-hour art film ''[Empire](/source/Empire_(1965_film))'', was shot on ASA 400 [Tri-X](/source/Kodak_Tri-X) [16mm film](/source/16mm_film) stock, which was then push processed to ASA 1000 to compensate for the dark conditions of filming the [Empire State Building](/source/Empire_State_Building) during the night.{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6RIAQAAIAAJ | title=The Films of Andy Warhol, Part II: Exhibition Whitney Museum of American Art, March 30-April 24, 1994 | last1=Angell | first1=Callie | date=1994 }} [John Alcott](/source/John_Alcott) won an Oscar "for his gorgeous use of natural lighting" in [Stanley Kubrick](/source/Stanley_Kubrick)'s 1975 period film ''[Barry Lyndon](/source/Barry_Lyndon)'', set in the 18th century, where he succeeded in filming scenes lit only by candlelight through the use of special wide-aperture [Carl Zeiss Planar 50mm f/0.7](/source/Carl_Zeiss_Planar_50mm_f%2F0.7) lenses designed for the low-light shooting on NASA's moon landings, and then push-processing the film stock.{{cite web|url=https://www.deepfocusreview.com/reviews/barrylyndon.asp|work=Deep Focus Review|last=Eggert|first=Brian|title=Barry Lyndon|date=January 9, 2013 |access-date=December 23, 2020|archive-date=March 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328123527/https://deepfocusreview.com/definitives/barry-lyndon/}} [Larry Smith](/source/Larry_Smith_(cinematographer)), the cinematographer for Kubrick's 1999 film ''[Eyes Wide Shut](/source/Eyes_Wide_Shut)'', used push-processing to increase the intensity of the color.{{cite journal|url=http://www.theasc.com/magazine/oct99/sword/pg1.htm|title=A Sword in the Bed|first=Stephen|last=Pizzella|journal=[American Cinematographer](/source/American_Cinematographer)|issue=33|date=October 28, 1999|access-date=November 18, 2012|archive-date=June 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621112726/http://www.theasc.com/magazine/oct99/sword/pg1.htm|url-status=live}} [Paul Thomas Anderson](/source/Paul_Thomas_Anderson) and Michael Bauman used this technique on their [35mm film](/source/35mm_movie_film) stock for the 2017 film ''[Phantom Thread](/source/Phantom_Thread)'', also filling its frames with "theatrical haze" to "dirty up" the look of the film.{{cite web|last=O'Falt|first=Chris|date=December 20, 2017|title=How Paul Thomas Anderson Dirtied-Up 'Phantom Thread' to Avoid the Polish of 'The Crown'|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/12/phantom-thread-paul-thomas-anderson-cinematography-1201909965/|access-date=December 23, 2020|website=[IndieWire](/source/IndieWire)}} ==See also== * [Film speed](/source/Film_speed) * [Latent image](/source/Latent_image) * [Photographic processing](/source/Photographic_processing) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category}} * [https://www.kodak.com/en/motion/page/push-pull-processing Push/Pull Processing] at [Kodak](/source/Kodak) {{Photography}} Category:Photographic techniques --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Push processing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_processing) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_processing?action=history)). 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