# Puertollano
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{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Puertollano
| image_flag =
| settlement_type = [Municipality](/source/Municipalities_of_Spain)
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Puertollano.svg
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| image_skyline = Puertollano aerial.jpg
| image_caption = Aerial view (March 2021)
| pushpin_map = Spain#Spain Castilla-La Mancha
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain.
| pushpin_relief = 1
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [Spain](/source/Spain)
| subdivision_type1 = [Autonomous Community](/source/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain)
| subdivision_name1 = [Castilla–La Mancha](/source/Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha)
| subdivision_type2 = [Province](/source/Provinces_of_Spain)
| subdivision_name2 = [Ciudad Real](/source/Ciudad_Real_(province))
| leader_title = [Mayor](/source/Mayor)
| leader_name = [Adolfo Muniz](/source/Adolfo_Muniz)
| area_total_km2 = 226.74
| shield_size = 65px
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = [{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=2866|title=Ciudad Real: Población por municipios y sexo. {{!}} Instituto Nacional de Estadística|website=INE|language=es-ES|access-date=2023-12-03}}] (2022). Contrasting to the largely rural character of the region, Puertollano stands out for the importance of [industry](/source/Industrial_sector), with a past linked to industrial and mining activities.{{Sfn|Cañizares|Ubaldo Gosálvez|Martínez|Rodríguez|2009|p=124}} It lies on the [Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line](/source/Madrid%E2%80%93Seville_high-speed_rail_line) (opened 1992).
== Geography ==
=== Location ===
thumb|left|Satellite view centered on Puertollano.
Puertollano is located in the [Iberian Peninsula](/source/Iberian_Peninsula), in the transitional region between the southern half of the [Inner Plateau](/source/Meseta_Central) and the northern reaches of [Sierra Morena](/source/Sierra_Morena).
It lies at the natural pass linking the plains of [Argamasilla](/source/Argamasilla_de_Calatrava) to the North and the valley of the {{ill|Ojailén|es|Río Ojailén}} river to the south, on which a modest East–West chain of mountains interrupts,[{{Cite book|pages=9;10|chapter=Geografía física|title=Mapa Geológico. Memoria explicativa de la hoja n.º 810. Almodóvar del campo|url=http://info.igme.es/cartografiadigital/datos/Geo50/memorias/d8_PS50/Memoria810_PS50.pdf|publisher=[IGME](/source/IGME)|location=Madrid|year=1928}}] at about 710 [metres above sea level](/source/metres_above_sea_level).[{{Cite web|url=https://www.dipucr.es/documentos-vias-y-obras-infraestructura/altitud-nucleos-de-poblacion/download|title=Altitud núcleos de población|publisher=[Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real](/source/Provincial_Deputation_of_Ciudad_Real)|date=13 June 2016|format=[.pdf](/source/pdf)|access-date=3 August 2020}}]
The Ojailén, a tributary of the {{ill|Jándula|es|Jándula (afluente del Guadalquivir)}} (in turn a right-bank tributary of the [Guadalquivir](/source/Guadalquivir)), originally belonged to the [Guadiana](/source/Guadiana) basin, yet it was later captured by the Guadalquivir basin.{{Sfn|Cañizares Ruiz|1998|p=412–413}}
It is sided by the ''Cerro de Santa Ana'' (900 m) and the ''Cerro de San Sebastián'' (880 m), hills located, respectively, to the North-East and West of the urban nucleus.[{{Cite book|pages=25|chapter=Tectónica|title=Mapa Geológico. Memoria explicativa de la hoja n.º 810. Almodóvar del campo|url=http://info.igme.es/cartografiadigital/datos/Geo50/memorias/d8_PS50/Memoria810_PS50.pdf|publisher=[IGME](/source/IGME)|location=Madrid|year=1928}}]
It is located in the southern limits of the [Campo de Calatrava](/source/Campo_de_Calatrava_Volcanic_Field) volcanic region,[{{Cite web|url=https://previa.uclm.es/_users/higueras/Tema/Campos/Campos.htm|publisher=[Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha](/source/Universidad_de_Castilla-La_Mancha)|title=Volcanismo del Campo de Calatrava|first=Pablo|last=Higueras Higueras}}] featuring the famous ''Fuente Agria'', an instance of the many [ferruginous water springs](/source/Chalybeate) with high CO2 content common in the volcanic area.{{Sfn|Menéndez Pidal|Sanz Pérez|Lomoschitz Mora-Figueroa|Sanz de Ojeda|2014|pp=533–554}}
== History ==
Archaeological investigations have shown that the area was inhabited in [prehistoric](/source/prehistoric) times ([Homo heidelbergensis](/source/Homo_heidelbergensis) and [Homo antecessor](/source/Homo_antecessor)). [Bronze Age](/source/Bronze_Age) weapons have been found and also a [Visigoth](/source/Visigoth) [necropolis](/source/necropolis) from the post-[Roman](/source/Ancient_Rome) period.
Later the region formed part of the depopulated no-mans land between [Christian](/source/Christians) (Northern) Spain and the [Moorish Caliphate](/source/Almohads) to the south.
Upon the Christian victory at the [Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa](/source/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa) (1212), the new Christian authorities encouraged settlers from northern Iberia to install in the conquered territories. Puertollano (then ''Puertoplano'') was founded as a [hamlet](/source/hamlet_(place)) shortly after. In 1348 however, the [Black Death](/source/Black_Death) devastated the village, killing all but 13 families.
[Philip II](/source/Philip_II_of_Spain) granted Puertollano the title of town (''villa'') in 1576 as well as the arms of the House of Austria.{{Sfn|Maldonado y Cocat|1973|p=95}}
It continued to grow slowly as a small town specializing in [textiles](/source/textiles) and [ceramics](/source/Pottery).
As [coal](/source/coal) was discovered in 1873, the village became a [mining town](/source/mining_town) from then on,{{Sfn|Cañizares|Ubaldo Gosálvez|Martínez|Rodríguez|2009|p=125}} leading to a sudden growth in the population. The apex of the economic importance of coal mining took place during [World War I](/source/World_War_I) as the imports of British coal were not available, and the local economy based on the extraction of [bituminous coal](/source/bituminous_coal) thrived in the national market.{{Sfn|Cañizares Ruiz|2001|p=39}} In 1920 the population had reached 20,083.{{Sfn|Cañizares Ruiz|2001|p=40}}
Puertollano was granted the title of the city (''Ciudad'') via [Royal Decree](/source/Royal_Decree) in June 1925,[{{Cite journal|author=Presidencia del Directorio Militar|title=Real decreto concediendo el título de Ciudad a la Villa de Puertollano, provincia de Ciudad Real|journal=[Gaceta de Madrid](/source/Gaceta_de_Madrid)|issue=162|date=11 June 1925|page=1700|url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1925/162/A01700-01700.pdf}}] during the [dictatorship of Primo de Rivera](/source/dictatorship_of_Primo_de_Rivera). Following the end of the [Spanish Civil War](/source/Spanish_Civil_War) and up until the [1973 oil crisis](/source/1973_oil_crisis) the economic activity of Puertollano readjusted towards the extraction of [oil shale](/source/oil_shale).{{Sfn|Cañizares|Ubaldo Gosálvez|Martínez|Rodríguez|2009|p=127}}
== Economy ==
thumb|right|The Puertollano oil refinery.
Puertollano is the largest industrial center in the Castilla-La Mancha region. It was formerly a [coal mining](/source/coal_mining) town but today only one open-cast mine remains.
Nowadays the main industries are petrochemicals ([Repsol](/source/Repsol)), fertilisers ([Fertiberia](/source/Fertiberia)), power generation and, most recently, the manufacture of [solar panel](/source/Photovoltaic_module)s. The city has received national and [EU](/source/European_Union) aid to diversify its economy after the decline of the coal industry.
==Points of interest==
The [Dehesa Boyal de Puertollano](/source/Dehesa_Boyal_de_Puertollano) botanical gardens is located in the city.
==Notable people==
* [David Almansa](/source/David_Almansa), Moto3 Racer
* [Santiago Cañizares](/source/Santiago_Ca%C3%B1izares), former footballer
* [María Dueñas](/source/Mar%C3%ADa_Due%C3%B1as_(writer)), author
* [Agustín Escobar](/source/Agust%C3%ADn_Escobar), business executive
* [Cristina García Rodero](/source/Cristina_Garc%C3%ADa_Rodero), photographer
== References ==
;Citations
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
* {{Cite book|location=Cuenca|title=Desarrollo urbano y problemática ambiental de la ciudad de Puertollano (Ciudad Real)|publisher=[Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha](/source/University_of_Castilla%E2%80%93La_Mancha)|year=1998|first=María del Carmen|last=Cañizares Ruiz|isbn=84-89958-52-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71FceK95IKIC&pg=PA412}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Cañizares Ruiz|first=María del Carmen|title=Medio ambiente urbano. Conceptualización y aplicación a la ciudad de Puertollano (Ciudad Real)|journal=Estudios Geográficos|issue=242|year=2001|publisher=[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas](/source/Consejo_Superior_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas)|location=Madrid|volume=62|pages=29–51|doi=10.3989/egeogr.2001.i242.293|url=http://estudiosgeograficos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeograficos/article/view/293/292|issn=0014-1496|doi-access=free}}
* {{Cite book|chapter=El Corredor Ciudad Real-Puertollano y las infraestructuras de comunicación|first1=Mª del Carmen|last1=Cañizares|first2=Rafael|last2=Ubaldo Gosálvez|first3=Héctor S.|last3=Martínez|first4=Mª Ángeles|last4=Rodríguez|url=http://publicaciones.dipucr.es/itinerariosgeograficos.pdf|pages=97–134|title=Itinerarios geográficos y paisajes por la provincia de Ciudad Real|publisher=[Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real](/source/Provincial_Deputation_of_Ciudad_Real)|isbn=978-84-692-2023-8|year=2009|location=Ciudad Real}}
* {{Cite journal|url=http://biblioteca2.uclm.es/biblioteca/ceclm/ARTREVISTAS/cem/CEM204MaldonadoCocat.pdf|title=Heráldica municipal de la provincia de Ciudad Real|first=Ramón José|last=Maldonado y Cocat|location=Ciudad Real|publisher=Instituto de Estudios Manchegos|journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Manchegos|issn=0526-2623|issue=4|year=1973|pages=84–109}}
* {{Cite book|chapter-url=http://oa.upm.es/36775/1/INVE_MEM_2014_194346.pdf|via=[Universidad Politécnica de Madrid](/source/Universidad_Polit%C3%A9cnica_de_Madrid)|chapter=La Fuente Agria de Puertollano y su entorno hidrogeológico|first1=Ignacio|last1=Menéndez Pidal|first2=Eugenio|last2=Sanz Pérez|first3=Alejandro|last3=Lomoschitz Mora-Figueroa|first4=Andrés|last4=Sanz de Ojeda|year=2014|title=II Congreso Ibérico de las Aguas Subterráneas, CIAS2014|isbn=978-84-9048-239-1|pages=533–554}}
== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|http://www.puertollano.es/}} {{in lang|es}}
{{Municipalities in Ciudad Real|state=autocollapse}}
{{authority control}}
Category:Puertollano
Category:Municipalities in the Province of Ciudad Real
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Puertollano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertollano) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertollano?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.