# Pseudoparmelia > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pseudoparmelia > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Pseudoparmelia.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoparmelia > Source revision: 1273381929 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Genus of lichens Pseudoparmelia Pseudoparmelia uleana Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Lecanoromycetes Order: Lecanorales Family: Parmeliaceae Genus: Pseudoparmelia Lynge (1914) Type species Pseudoparmelia cyphellata Lynge (1914) ***Pseudoparmelia*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [lichen](/source/Lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the family [Parmeliaceae](/source/Parmeliaceae). The genus has a [pantropical](/source/Pantropical) distribution. ## Taxonomy It was [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) by [Bernt Arne Lynge](/source/Bernt_Arne_Lynge) in 1914, who distinguished the genus from *[Parmelia](/source/Parmelia_(fungus))* by the presence of [pseudocyphellae](/source/Pseudocyphellae) on the underside of the lichen [thallus](/source/Thallus).[1] However, this distinguishing characteristic was later shown to be an artifact caused by torn [rhizines](/source/Rhizine).[2] The genus was not widely accepted until it was redefined by [Mason Hale](/source/Mason_Hale) in the 1970s to include [parmelioid](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#parmelioid) lichens with a pored [epicortex](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#epicortex) and narrow, non-ciliate lobes. Further research revealed that this broader definition included a heterogeneous group of species, leading to a more restricted circumscription with most species being transferred to other genera.[2] [Molecular phylogenetics](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) studies have shown that *Pseudoparmelia* forms a distinct [lineage](/source/Lineage_(evolution)) within the [Parmeliaceae](/source/Parmeliaceae), closely related to the genera *[Relicina](/source/Relicina)* and *[Relicinopsis](/source/Relicinopsis)*. These three genera share features including a pored [epicortex](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#epicortex), isolichenan as cell wall polysaccharide, and relatively small [ascospores](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#ascospores). The genus has its centres of distribution in the Neotropics and southern Africa.[2] ## Description The main body ([thallus](/source/Thallus)) of *Pseudoparmelia* has a yellowish tint in both its outer layer (upper [cortex](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#cortex)) and inner tissue ([medulla](/source/Medulla_(lichenology))), caused by the presence of chemicals called [secalonic acids](/source/Secalonic_acid). The upper surface has microscopic pores in its protective outer layer, known as a pored [epicortex](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#epicortex). The [lobes](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lobes) of the thallus are narrow and lack hair-like projections called [cilia](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#cilia).[2] On the thallus underside, *Pseudoparmelia* species have a pale surface with simple root-like structures ([rhizines](/source/Rhizine)) that attach the lichen to its [substrate](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#substrate). The fungal component of these lichens contains [isolichenan](/source/Isolichenan) in its [cell walls](/source/Cell_wall), a type of [polysaccharide](/source/Polysaccharide) that helps give the lichen structure. The cortex contains small amounts of the compound [atranorin](/source/Atranorin), while the medulla contains β-orcinol [depsidones](/source/Depsidone).[2] When reproducing, these lichens produce small, [ellipsoid](/source/Ellipsoid) to nearly spherical [ascospores](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#ascospores). They also produce another type of reproductive cell called [conidia](/source/Conidia), which are elongated and can be either [bifusiform](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#bifusiform) (tapering at both ends) or thread-like in shape.[2] *Pseudoparmelia* species are found primarily in two regions of the world: [tropical](/source/Tropical) and [subtropical](/source/Subtropical) America (the [Neotropics](/source/Neotropics)) and southern Africa. They can be distinguished from similar-looking genera by their unique combination of chemical compounds, particularly the presence of secalonic acids and absence of usnic acid, as well as their lack of specialised structures like bulbate cilia that are found in related genera. A unique chemical feature of the genus is the presence of [terphenyl](/source/Terphenyl) derivatives called [butlerins](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Butlerin&action=edit&redlink=1), compounds that are uncommon in lichen-forming fungi but more frequently found in non-lichenised [mushrooms](/source/Mushroom) and other [basidiomycetes](/source/Basidiomycetes).[2] ## Species - *[Pseudoparmelia arida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_arida&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Lynge) Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia brakoana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_brakoana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia buckiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_buckiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia callichroa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_callichroa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Kurok. (1976) - *[Pseudoparmelia caribaea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_caribaea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hale) Hale (1974) - *[Pseudoparmelia chapadensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_chapadensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Lynge) Hale (1974)[4] - *[Pseudoparmelia chlorea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_chlorea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Stizenb.) Krog & Swinscow (1987) - *[Pseudoparmelia concomitans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_concomitans&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hale (1976)[5] - *[Pseudoparmelia convexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_convexa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia cubensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_cubensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia cyphellata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_cyphellata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lynge (1914)[1] - *[Pseudoparmelia dahlii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_dahlii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hale (1976)[5] - *[Pseudoparmelia floridensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_floridensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia harrisiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_harrisiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia hypomiltha](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_hypomiltha&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fée) Hale (1974)[4] - *[Pseudoparmelia kalbiana](/source/Pseudoparmelia_kalbiana)* Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia regnellii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_regnellii&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Lynge) Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia relicinoides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_relicinoides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] - *[Pseudoparmelia sphaerospora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_sphaerospora&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Hale (1976)[5] - *[Pseudoparmelia uleana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pseudoparmelia_uleana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Müll.Arg.) Elix & T.H.Nash (1998)[3] ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lynge_1914_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lynge_1914_1-1) Lynge, B. (1914). "Die Flechten der ersten Regnellschen Expedition. Die Gattungen *Pseudoparmelia* gen. nov. und *Parmelia* Ach" [The lichens of the first Regnell expedition. The genera *Pseudoparmelia* gen. nov. and *Parmelia* Ach.]. *Arkiv før Botanik* (in German). **13** (13): 15. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Buaruang_et_al._2015_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Buaruang_et_al._2015_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Buaruang_et_al._2015_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Buaruang_et_al._2015_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Buaruang_et_al._2015_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Buaruang_et_al._2015_2-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Buaruang_et_al._2015_2-6) Buaruang, Kawinnat; Scharnagl, Klara; Divakar, Pradeep; Leavitt, Steven D.; Crespo, Ana; Nash, Thomas H.; Manoch, Leka; Lücking, Robert; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2015). "Molecular data support *Pseudoparmelia* as a distinct lineage related to *Relicina* and *Relicinopsis* (Ascomycota, Lecanorales)". *The Lichenologist*. **47** (1): 43–49. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0024282914000577](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0024282914000577). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-Elix_&_Nash_1998_3-10) Elix, J.A.; Nash, T.H. (1998). "A monograph of the lichen genus *Pseudoparmelia* (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae)". *The Bryologist*. **100** (4): 482–498. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hale_1974_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hale_1974_4-1) Hale, Mason E. (1974). "New combinations in the lichen genus *Pseudoparmelia* Lynge". *Phytologia*. **29** (3): 188–191. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hale_1976_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hale_1976_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Hale_1976_5-2) Hale, Mason E. (1976). *A monograph of the lichen genus*Pseudoparmelia*Lynge (Parmeliaceae)*. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. Vol. 31. pp. 1–62. Taxon identifiers Pseudoparmelia Wikidata: Q7255233 Wikispecies: Pseudoparmelia AusLichen: 30020999 CoL: 72X3 EoL: 6370656 GBIF: 2606444 iNaturalist: 175417 IndexFungorum: 4465 IRMNG: 1354836 MycoBank: 4465 NBN: NHMSYS0001495241 NCBI: 1602074 NZOR: 7ec5ea64-13ae-4694-9699-07cc715f9a20 Open Tree of Life: 4064125 PLANTS: PSEUD36 SpeciesFungorum: 4465 --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pseudoparmelia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoparmelia) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoparmelia?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.