# Prussian Formation

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{{Short description|Geologic formation in Prussia}}
{{Infobox rockunit|name=Prussian Formation|period=Priabonian|age={{fossilrange|Priabonian|ref=<ref name=":1" />}}|image=Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg|imagesize=250px|caption=Outcrop of the Prussian Formation in [Yantarny](/source/Yantarny%2C_Kaliningrad_Oblast), [Russia](/source/Russia)|type=[Geological formation](/source/Geological_formation)|prilithology=[Phosphorite](/source/Phosphorite), [amber](/source/amber), [glauconite](/source/glauconite), [clay](/source/clay)|otherlithology=[Quartz](/source/Quartz), [feldspar](/source/feldspar)|unitof=|subunits=*Blue Earth Member
*White Wall Member
*Upper Quicksand Member|underlies=[Palvé Formation](/source/Palv%C3%A9_Formation)|overlies=[Alka Formation](/source/Alka_Formation)|thickness=up to {{convert|16|m|ft}}|area=|map=|map_caption=<!----Location---->|location=[Kaliningrad Oblast](/source/Kaliningrad_Oblast)|coordinates=|region=|country=[Russia](/source/Russia)|extent=<!--Type section--->|namedfor=[Prussia](/source/Prussia)|namedby=|year_ts=|location_ts=|coordinates_ts=|paleocoordinates_ts=|region_ts=[Sambian Peninsula](/source/Sambian_Peninsula)|country_ts=|thickness_ts=}}

The '''Prussian Formation''', previously known as the '''Amber Formation''', is a [geologic formation](/source/Geological_formation) in [Prussia](/source/Prussia_(region)), today mostly [Kaliningrad Oblast](/source/Kaliningrad_Oblast), that dates to the [Eocene](/source/Eocene).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Moser |first1=Marina |last2=Burks |first2=Roger A. |last3=Ulmer |first3=Jonah M. |last4=Heraty |first4=John M. |last5=Kamp |first5=Thomas van de |last6=Krogmann |first6=Lars |date=2021-05-25 |title=Taxonomic description and phylogenetic placement of two new species of Spalangiopelta (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Ceinae) from Eocene Baltic amber |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=e10939 |doi=10.7717/peerj.10939 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=8162234 |pmid=34113480 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It holds 90% of the world's [amber](/source/amber) supply and [Baltic amber](/source/Baltic_amber) is found exclusively in the Prussian Formation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=G.s |first1=Kharin |last2=N.p |first2=Lukashina |date=2002 |title=ACCUMULATION CONDITIONS AND CORRELATION OF THE UPPER EOCENE AMBER-BEARING PRUSSIAN FORMATION, KALININGRAD REGION |url=https://repository.geologyscience.ru/handle/123456789/28976 |journal=Geology Science.ru |issn=0869-5938}}</ref>

The Prussian Formation is equivalent to the [Obukhov Formation](/source/Obukhov_Formation) of [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) and [Belarus](/source/Belarus).<ref name=":2" />

== History ==
Baltic amber was first collected during the [Bronze Age](/source/Bronze_Age) around 1700 BC and it was traded along the [Amber Road](/source/Amber_Road) with evidence of the amber being processed across workshops along the [Vistula](/source/Vistula) and [Oder](/source/Oder) where it was transported for use across Europe with evidence found in [Šventoji](/source/%C5%A0ventoji%2C_Lithuania), [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania), the [Curonian Spit](/source/Curonian_Spit), and [Mycenaean](/source/Mycenaean_Greece) [Greece](/source/Greece).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schüler |first=C. J. |title=Along the amber route: St. Petersburg to Venice |date=2020 |publisher=Sandstone Press |isbn=978-1-912240-91-3 |location=Inverness, Scotland}}</ref>

During the 13th century, the [Teutonic Order](/source/Teutonic_Order) established a [monopoly](/source/monopoly) on the Baltic amber trade and they outlawed the unauthorised collection of the amber by assigning the illegal collection of Baltic amber to the [death penalty](/source/Capital_punishment) as it became state property; the first documented large-scale mining of the Prussian Formation took place during the 14th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=Amber. Monopoly which does not exist. |url=https://rough-polished.com/article/amber-monopoly-which-does-not-exist |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Rough-Polished}}</ref> The amber was at the disposal of the owner of [Lochstedt Castle](/source/Lochstedt_Castle), the “Bernsteinmeister”, and the mining operations intensified after the Teutonic Order was secularized in 1525.<ref>Friedrich, Karin (2011). ''Brandenburg-Prussia, 1466–1806: The Rise of a Composite State''. Studies in European History. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 19-20.  {{ISBN|978-0-230-35696-2}}.</ref>

Starting from the 18th century, the mining operations at the Prussian Formation became regulated, and Stantien & Becker opened the Yantarny mine around 1858 to the benefit of nearby towns such as [Königsberg](/source/K%C3%B6nigsberg).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baltic Amber Extraction |url=https://www.amberartisans.com/baammi.html |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Amber Artisans}}</ref> Also in the 1850s, [Heinrich Ernst Beyrich](/source/Heinrich_Ernst_Beyrich) became the first to map the geology of the area, and [Georg Giebel](/source/Georg_Giebel) studied the arthropod genera found within the Baltic amber. By 1874, Beyrich determined the area was Eocene in age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Małka |first=Anna |last2=Jegliński |first2=Wojciech |last3=Relisko-Rybak |first3=Justyna |date=2016-12-01 |title=Prussian geological maps of Northern Poland in the archives of the Polish Geological Institute and their current application in geology |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/pcr-2016-0017 |journal=Polish Cartographical Review |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=185–196 |doi=10.1515/pcr-2016-0017 |issn=2450-6966|doi-access=free }}</ref> 

In the early 20th century, [Theodore D. A. Cockerell](/source/Theodore_D._A._Cockerell) and [William Morton Wheeler](/source/William_Morton_Wheeler) studied the [bee](/source/bee) and [ant](/source/ant) genera found in the Baltic amber.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Engel |first=Michael S. |date=2001 |title=A MONOGRAPH OF THE BALTIC AMBER BEES AND EVOLUTION OF THE APOIDEA (HYMENOPTERA) |url=https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2001)259<0001:amotba>2.0.co;2 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=259 |pages=1–192 |doi=10.1206/0003-0090(2001)259<0001:amotba>2.0.co;2 |issn=0003-0090}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wheeler |first=William Morton |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.14207 |title=The ants of the Baltic amber / by William Morton Wheeler. |date=1914 |publisher=B.G. Teubner |location=Leipzig}}</ref> [Poinar Jr.](/source/George_Poinar_Jr.) (1992) studied preservation biases in the formation.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Tertiary Amber |date=1992-08-01 |title=Life in Amber |pages=16–50 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9781503623545-005 |access-date=2026-02-04 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-1-5036-2354-5}}</ref>

== Geology ==
[[File:Bryłki Bursztynu Bałtyckiego (sukcynitu).jpg|thumb|150x150px|[Baltic amber](/source/Baltic_amber) from the Prussian Formation]]
''In situ'' Baltic amber is found within the Prussian Formation and it is exposed in the northern part of the [Sambia Peninsula](/source/Sambia_Peninsula) in Kaliningrad and it overlies the [Alka Formation](/source/Alka_Formation) and underlies the [Palvé Formation](/source/Palv%C3%A9_Formation).<ref name=":2" /> 

The Prussian Formation is up to {{convert|16|m|ft}} thick in its type section and has multiple sub-units.<ref name=":1" /> The lowermost unit is the Blue Earth Member which is up to {{convert|15|m|ft}} thick and is the main amber bearing horizon, so named due to its [glauconite](/source/glauconite) content.<ref name="Perrichot2010" /> The White Wall Member overlies this, and it is made from more consolidated [calcareous](/source/calcareous) layers with a reduced glauconite content reaching up to {{Convert|5|m|ft}} in thickness.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aleksandrova |first=G. N. |last2=Zaporozhets |first2=N. I. |date=2008 |title=Palynological characteristics of Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits on the west of the Sambian Peninsula (Kaliningrad region), Part 1 |url=https://doi.org/10.1134/s0869593808030052 |journal=Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=295–316 |doi=10.1134/s0869593808030052 |issn=0869-5938|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The uppermost unit is the Upper Quicksand Member with fine to medium-grained sands up to {{Convert|4|m|ft}} thick with only minor concentrations of amber.<ref name=":2" /> 

=== Age ===
Different authors have given estimates of 47–40 Ma and 43–35 Ma as the age of the Prussian Formation.<ref name=":0" /> Iakovleva et al. (2022) used [dinoflagellate](/source/dinoflagellate) cysts from Primorsky quarry to date the Prussian Formation to the [Priabonian](/source/Priabonian).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Iakovleva |first=Alina I. |last2=Aleksandrova |first2=Galina N. |last3=Mychko |first3=Eduard V. |date=2021-12-08 |title=Late Eocene (Priabonian) dinoflagellate cysts from Primorsky quarry, southeast Baltic coast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2021.1980743 |journal=Palynology |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.1080/01916122.2021.1980743 |issn=0191-6122|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 

== Paleogeography ==
The Baltic amber likely originated from the proto-[Scandinavian](/source/Scandinavia) highlands and was [fluvially deposited](/source/Fluvial_sediment_processes) in a coastal [lagoon](/source/lagoon) environment which is today the Prussian Formation as evidenced by the presence of glauconite.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolfe |first=Alexander P. |last2=Tappert |first2=Ralf |last3=Muehlenbachs |first3=Karlis |last4=Boudreau |first4=Marc |last5=McKellar |first5=Ryan C. |last6=Basinger |first6=James F. |last7=Garrett |first7=Amber |date=2009 |title=A new proposal concerning the botanical origin of Baltic amber |url=https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2009.0806 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=276 |issue=1672 |pages=3403–3412 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.0806 |issn=0962-8452|pmc=2817186 }}</ref>

== Paleobiology ==
Numerous extinct genera and species of plants and animals have been discovered and scientifically described from inclusions in the Prussian Formation.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Weitschat, W. |title=Atlas of Plants and Animals in Baltic Amber |author2=Wichard, W. |publisher=Pfeil |year=2002 |isbn=978-3931516949}}</ref> Inclusions of insects make up over 98% of the animals preserved in the amber, while all other [arthropods](/source/Arthropod), [annelids](/source/Annelid), [molluscs](/source/Mollusc), [nematodes](/source/Nematode), [protozoans](/source/Protozoa) contribute less than 0.5% of the animals. Vertebrates are another 0.5% of the animals included and mostly are represented by mammal fur, feathers, and reptiles.<ref name="Perrichot2010">{{cite book |last1=Weitschat |first1=W. |title=Biodiversity of Fossils in Amber from the Major World Deposits |last2=Wichard |first2=W. |date=2010 |publisher=Siri Scientific Press |isbn=978-0-9558636-4-6 |editor-last=Penney |editor-first=D. |pages=80–115 |chapter=Chapter 6: Baltic amber}}</ref> Dinoflagellates are also known.<ref name=":1" />

=== Flora ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; width:70%;"
!Name
!Authors
!Year
!Family
!Notes
!Images
|-
|
* ''[Notoscyphus balticus](/source/Notoscyphus_balticus)''<ref name="Heinrichs2015">{{cite journal |last1=Heinrichs |first1=J |last2=Schmidt |first2=AR |last3=Schäfer-Verwimp |first3=A |last4=Gröhn |first4=C |last5=Renner |first5=MAM |year=2015 |title=The leafy liverwort ''Notoscyphus balticus'' sp. nov. (Jungermanniales) in Eocene Baltic amber |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=217 |pages=39–44 |bibcode=2015RPaPa.217...39H |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.02.006}}</ref>
|Heinrichs ''et al''
|2015
|[Geocalycaceae](/source/Geocalycaceae)
|A [liverwort](/source/liverwort)
|
|-
|
* ''[Rhizomnium dentatum](/source/Rhizomnium_dentatum)''<ref name="Heinrichs2014">{{cite journal |last1=Heinrichs |first1=J |last2=Hedenäs |first2=L |last3=Schäfer-Verwimp |first3=A |last4=Feldberg |first4=K |last5=Schmidt |first5=AR |year=2014 |title=An in situ preserved moss community in Eocene Baltic amber |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=210 |pages=113–118 |bibcode=2014RPaPa.210..113H |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.005}}</ref>
|Heinrichs ''et al''
|2014
|[Mniaceae](/source/Mniaceae)
|A [bryopsid](/source/Bryopsida) [moss](/source/moss)
|
|-
|}

=== Fauna ===
{{columns-list|*''[Agroecomyrmex](/source/Agroecomyrmex)'' <small>[Wheeler](/source/William_Morton_Wheeler), 1910</small><ref name="Wheeler1915">{{ cite journal | last1 = Wheeler | first1 = W. M. | title = The Ants of the Baltic Amber | journal = Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg | year = 1914 | volume = 55 | issue = 4 | pages = 56–59 }}</ref>
*''[Aphaenogaster mersa](/source/Aphaenogaster_mersa)'' <small>[Wheeler](/source/William_Morton_Wheeler), 1915</small><ref name="Wheeler1915"/>
*''[Aphaenogaster oligocenica](/source/Aphaenogaster_oligocenica)'' <small>Wheeler, 1915</small><ref name="Wheeler1915"/>
*''[Aphaenogaster sommerfeldti](/source/Aphaenogaster_sommerfeldti)'' <small>(Mayr, 1868)</small><ref name="Wheeler1915"/>
*''[Arostropsis](/source/Arostropsis)'' <small>Yunakov & Kirejtshuk, 2011</small><ref name="Yunakov2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Yunakov |first1=N.N. |last2=Kirejtshuk |first2=A.G. |year=2011 |title=New genus and species of broad-nosed weevils from Baltic amber and notes on fossils of the subfamily Entiminae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) |journal= ZooKeys |issue=160 |pages = 73–96 |doi= 10.3897/zookeys.160.2108 |pmid=22303121 |pmc=3253632|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[Aspidopleura](/source/Aspidopleura)'' <small>Gibson, 2009</small><ref name="Gibson2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Gibson | first1 = G. A. P. | year = 2009 | title = Description of three New Genera and four New Species of Neanastatinae (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) from Baltic Amber, with Discussion of their Relationships to Extant Taxa | journal = ZooKeys | issue = 20 | pages = 175–214 | url = http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/view/161 | doi = 10.3897/zookeys.20.161 | access-date = 2011-03-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100922071426/http://pensoftonline.net/zookeys/index.php/journal/article/view/161 | archive-date = 2010-09-22 | url-status = dead | doi-access = free }}</ref>
*''[Asymphylomyrmex](/source/Asymphylomyrmex)'' <small>Wheeler, 1915</small><ref name="Wheeler1915"/>
*''[Balticopta gusakovi](/source/Balticopta_gusakovi)'' <small>Balashov & Perkovsky, 2020</small><ref name="Balashov">Balashov I.A. & Perkovsky E.E. 2020. [https://kmkjournals.com/upload/PDF/IZ/IZ%20Vol%2017/invert17_1_018_024_Balashov_Perkovsky_for_Inet.pdf An Eocene land snail ''Balticopta gusakovi'' gen.n., sp.n. (Stylommatophora: Gastrocoptidae) from Baltic amber] // Invertebrate Zoology. Vol.17. No.1: 18–24.</ref>
*''[Baltimartyria](/source/Baltimartyria)'' <small>Skalski, 1995</small>
*''[Baltocteniza](/source/Baltocteniza)'' <small>[Eskov](/source/Kirill_Eskov) & [Zonstein](/source/Sergei_Zonstein), 2000</small><ref name="Eskov2000">{{cite journal |last1=Eskov |first1=K. Y. |last2=Zonstein |first2=S. L. |year=2000 |title=The First Ctenizoid Mygalomorph Spiders from Eocene Baltic Amber (Araneida: Mygalomorphae: Ctenizidae) |journal=[Paleontological Journal](/source/Paleontological_Journal) |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=S268–S274}} [http://palaeoentomolog.ru/Publ/PALS268.pdf Part 1]; [http://palaeoentomolog.ru/Publ/PALS271.pdf part 2], [PDF](/source/Portable_Document_Format).</ref>
*''[Brevivulva](/source/Brevivulva)'' <small>Gibson, 2009</small><ref name="Gibson2009"/>
*''[Deinodryinus areolatus](/source/Deinodryinus_areolatus)'' <small>(Ponomarenko, 1975)</small><ref name="Guglielmino2011">{{Cite journal |last1= Guglielmino |first1=A. |last2=Olmi |first2=M. |year=2011 |title=Revision of fossil species of ''Deinodryinus'', with description of a new species (Hymenoptera, Dryinidae) |journal= ZooKeys |issue=130 |pages = 495–504 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.130.1326 |pmid=22259295 |pmc=3260777|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[Deinodryinus velteni](/source/Deinodryinus_velteni)'' <small>Guglielmino & Olmi, 2011</small><ref name="Guglielmino2011"/>
*''[Diochus electrus](/source/Diochus_electrus)'' <small>Chatzimanolis & Engel, 2011</small><ref name="Chatzimanolis2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Chatzimanolis |first1=S. |last2=Engel |first2=M. S. |title=A new species of ''Diochus'' from Baltic amber (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Diochini) |journal=ZooKeys |year=2011 |issue=138 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.138.1896 |url=https://www.pensoft.net/J_FILES/1/articles/1896/1896-G-3-layout.pdf |pmid=22144854 |pmc=3208521|doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[Electrinocellia](/source/Electrinocellia)'' <small>(Carpenter) Engel, 1995</small><ref name="Engel1995">{{ cite journal | last1 = Engel | first1 = M. S. | year = 1995 | title = A New Fossil Snake-Fly Species from Baltic Amber (Raphidioptera: Inocelliidae) | journal = Psyche: A Journal of Entomology | volume = 102 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 187–193 | doi = 10.1155/1995/23626 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1808/16479 | hdl-access = free }}</ref>
*''[Electrocteniza](/source/Electrocteniza)'' <small>[Eskov](/source/Kirill_Eskov) & [Zonstein](/source/Sergei_Zonstein), 2000</small><ref name="Eskov2000"/>
*''[Electropodagrion](/source/Electropodagrion)'' <small>Azar & Nel, 2008</small><ref name="Azar2008">{{cite journal |last1=Azar |first1=D. |last2=Nel |first2=A. |year=2008 |title= First Baltic amber megapodagrionid damselfly (Odonata: Zygoptera) |journal=Annales de la Société Entomologique de France |series=New Series |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=451–457 |doi=10.1080/00379271.2008.10697580|doi-access=free }}{{subscription required|via=[Taylor & Francis](/source/Taylor_%26_Francis)}}</ref>
*''[Electrostephanus](/source/Electrostephanus)'' <small>[Brues](/source/Charles_Thomas_Brues), 1933</small><ref name="Engel2008">{{Cite journal |last1=Engel |first1=M.S. |last2=Ortega-Blanco |first2=J. |year=2008 |title=The fossil crown wasp ''Electrostephanus petiolatus'' Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber Stephanidae |journal= ZooKeys |issue=4 |pages = 55–64 |doi=10.3897/zookeys.4.49|doi-access=free |hdl=2445/36428 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
*''[Elektrithone](/source/Elektrithone)'' <small>Makarkin, Wedmann, & Weiterschan, 2014</small><ref name="Makarkin2014b">{{Cite journal|last1=Makarkin |first1=VN |last2=Wedmann |first2=S |last3=Weiterschan |first3=T |year=2014 |title=First record of the family Ithonidae (Neuroptera) from Baltic amber |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3796 |issue=2 |pages=385–393 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3796.2.10 |pmid=24870683 }}</ref>
*''[Eogeometer vadens](/source/Eogeometer_vadens)'' <small>Fischer, Michalski & Hausmann, 2019</small><ref name="Fischer_al.2019">{{cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=Thilo C. |last2=Michalski |first2=Artur |last3=Hausmann |first3=Axel |year=2019 |title=Geometrid caterpillar in Eocene Baltic amber (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) |journal=[Scientific Reports](/source/Scientific_Reports) |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=17201 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53734-w |pmid=31748672 |pmc=6868187|bibcode=2019NatSR...917201F }}</ref>
*''[Epiborkhausenites](/source/Epiborkhausenites)'' <small>Skalski, 1973</small><ref name="Skalski1973">{{Cite journal | last1 = Skalski | first1 = A. W. | title = Studies on the Lepidoptera from Fossil Resins. Part II. ''Epiborkhausenites obscurotrimaculatus'' gen. et sp. nov. (Oecophoridae) and a Tineid-Moth Discovered in the Baltic Amber | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | year = 1973 | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | pages = 153–160 | url = http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app18/app18-153.pdf }}</ref>
*''[Glisachaemus](/source/Glisachaemus)'' <small>[Szwedo](/source/Jacek_Szwedo), 2007</small><ref name="Szwedo2007">{{cite journal |last1=Szwedo |first1=J. |year=2007 |title=''Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni'' gen. et sp. nov. of Cixiidae from the Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) |journal=Alavesia |volume=1 |pages=109–116 |url=http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/4299.pdf |access-date=2015-06-09 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719015738/http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/4299.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''[Gracillariites](/source/Gracillariites)'' <small>Kozlov, 1987</small>
*''[Metanephrocerus collini](/source/Metanephrocerus_collini)'' <small>Carpenter & Hull, 1939</small><ref name="Kehlmair2014">{{cite journal |last1=Kehlmaier |first1=C |last2=Dierick |first2=M |last3=Skevington |first3=JH |year=2014 |title=Micro-CT studies of amber inclusions reveal internal genitalic features of big-headed flies, enabling a systematic placement of ''Metanephrocerus'' Aczel, 1948 (Insecta: Diptera: Pipunculidae) |journal=Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=23–36|doi=10.3897/asp.72.e31784 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[Metanephrocerus groehni](/source/Metanephrocerus_groehni)'' <small>Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014</small><ref name="Kehlmair2014"/>
*''[Metanephrocerus hoffeinsorum](/source/Metanephrocerus_hoffeinsorum)'' <small>Kehlmaier & Skevington, 2014</small><ref name="Kehlmair2014"/>
*''[Electrocrania](/source/Micropterix_immensipalpa)'' <small>[Kuznezov](/source/Nikolai_Yakovlevich_Kuznetsov), 1941</small>
*''[Fibla carpenteri](/source/Fibla_carpenteri)'' <small>Engel, 1995</small><ref name="Engel1995"/>
*''[Metapelma archetypon](/source/Metapelma_archetypon)'' <small>Gibson, 2009</small><ref name="Gibson2009"/>
*''[Micropterix gertraudae](/source/Micropterix_gertraudae)'' <small>Kurz & Kurz, 2010</small>
*''[Mindarus harringtoni](/source/Mindarus_harringtoni)'' <small>(Hele, 2008)</small>
*''[Neanaperiallus](/source/Neanaperiallus)'' <small>Gibson, 2009</small><ref name="Gibson2009"/>
*''[Palaeovespa baltica](/source/Palaeovespa_baltica)'' <small>Cockerell, 1909</small><ref name="Cockerell1906">{{Cite journal|last1 = Cockerell | first1 = T. D. A. | year = 1906 | title = Fossil Hymenoptera from Florissant, Colorado | journal = Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology | volume = 50 | issue = 2 | url = https://archive.org/details/fossilhymenopter00cockiala }}</ref>
*''[Palaeovespa socialis](/source/Palaeovespa_socialis)'' <small>Pionar, 2005</small><ref name="Poinar2005">{{ cite journal | last1 = Poinar | first1 = G. | author-link = George Poinar Jr. | year = 2005 | title = Fossil Trigonalidae and Vespidae (Hymenoptera) in Baltic Amber | journal = Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington | volume = 107 | issue = 1 | pages = 55–63 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32142741 }}</ref>
*''[Prolyonetia](/source/Prolyonetia)'' <small>Kusnetzov, 1941</small>
*''[Propupa](/source/Propupa)'' <small>Stworzewicz & Pokryszko, 2006</small><ref name="Stworzewicz 2006">{{ cite journal |author1=Stworzewicz, E. |author2=Pokryszko, B. M. | year = 2006 | title = Eocene Terrestrial Snails (Gastropoda) from Baltic Amber | journal = [Annales Zoologici](/source/Annales_Zoologici) | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | pages = 215–224 | url = http://www.miiz.waw.pl/periodicals/annales-zoologici/abstracts/AZ-56-1-abs.pdf }}</ref>
*''[Pseudogarypus synchrotron](/source/Pseudogarypus_synchrotron)'' <small>Henderickx, 2012</small><ref name="Hendrickx2012">{{Cite journal |last1=Henderickx |first1=H. |last2=Tafforeau |first2=P. |last3=Soriano |first3=C |year=2012 |title=Phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography reveals the morphology of a partially visible new ''Pseudogarypus'' in Baltic amber (Pseudoscorpiones: Pseudogarypidae) |journal= Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=15 |issue=2;17A,11p |pages = 1–11 |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2012-issue-2-articles/252-pseudogarypus-synchrotron}}</ref>
*''[Stigmellites baltica](/source/Stigmellites_baltica)'' <small>(Kozlov, 1988)</small> (Lepidopteran leaf mines)
*''[Xylolaemus sakhnovi](/source/Xylolaemus_sakhnovi)'' <small>Alekseev & Lord, 2014</small><ref name="Alekseev2014">{{cite journal |last1=Alekseev |first1=VI |last2=Lord |first2=NP |year=2014 |title=A new species of ''Xylolaemus'' (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) from Baltic amber |journal=Baltic Journal of Coleopterology |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=97–102 |issn= 1407-8619}}</ref> 
*''[Succinipatopsis](/source/Succinipatopsis)'' <small>Poinar, 2000</small><ref name="Poinar Jr2000">{{Cite journal | first1 = G. Jr. | last1 = Poinar | title = Fossil Onychophorans from Dominican and Baltic Amber: ''Tertiapatus dominicanus'' n.g., n.sp. (Tertiapatidae n.fam.) and ''Succinipatopsis balticus'' n.g., n.sp. (Succinipatopsidae n.fam.) with a Proposed Classification of the Subphylum Onychophora | journal = Invertebrate Biology | volume = 119 | issue = 1 | pages = 104–9 | year = 2000| doi = 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00178.x| doi-access = free }}</ref>
*''[Yantarogekko balticus](/source/Yantarogekko)'' <small>Bauer et al., 2005</small>
*''[Yantaromyrmex constricta](/source/Yantaromyrmex_constricta)'' <small>(Mayr, 1868)</small><ref name="Dlussky2013">{{cite journal |last1=Dlussky |first1=GM |last2=Dubovikoff |first2=DA |year=2013 |title=''Yantaromyrmex'' gen. n. – a new ant genus (Hymenoptera Formicidae) from Late Eocene ambers of Europe |journal=Caucasian Entomological Bulletin |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=305–314 |url=http://www.antwiki.org/wiki/images/0/08/Dlussky%2C_G.M._%26_Dubovikoff%2C_D.A._2013._Yantaromyrmex_gen._n._%E2%80%93_a_new_ant_genus_%28Hymenoptera_Formicidae%29_from_Late_Eocene_ambers_of_Europe.pdf|doi=10.23885/1814-3326-2013-9-2-305-314 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*''[Yantaromyrmex geinitzi](/source/Yantaromyrmex_geinitzi)'' <small>(Mayr, 1868)</small><ref name="Dlussky2013"/>
*''[Yantaromyrmex samlandica](/source/Yantaromyrmex_samlandica)'' <small>(Wheeler, 1915)</small><ref name="Dlussky2013"/>|colwidth=15em}}

== References ==
<references />

Category:Geology of Russia
Category:Amber

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Prussian Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Formation) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_Formation?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.