# Proximate

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{{About||proximate causation|Proximate and ultimate causation|proximate cause in law|Proximate cause|the linguistic sense|Obviative}}'''Proximates''' are used in the analysis of biological materials as a [decomposition](/source/decomposition) of a human-consumable good into its major constituents.  They are a good approximation of the contents of packaged comestible goods and serve as a cost-effective and easy verification of [nutritional panels](/source/Nutrition_facts_label). This means that testing can be used to verify lots, but cannot be used to validate a food processor or food processing facility; instead, a nutritional assay must be conducted on the product to qualify said producers. Nutritional panels in the [United States](/source/United_States) are regulated by the [FDA](/source/Food_and_Drug_Administration) and must undergo rigorous testing to ensure the exact and precise content of nutrients. This should prevent food processors from making unfounded claims to the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=Labeling & Nutrition|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064894.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326055256/http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/LabelingNutrition/ucm064894.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 26, 2013|work=Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide (7. Nutrition Labeling; Questions G1 through P8)}}</ref>

==Usage==
In industry, the standard proximates are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Silliker Labs|url=http://www.merieuxnutrisciences.com/us/eng/silliker/our-solutions/chemistry/food-quality/345|archive-url=https://archive.today/20131220153755/http://www.merieuxnutrisciences.com/us/eng/silliker/our-solutions/chemistry/food-quality/345|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-12-20|work=Food Quality}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Covance|url=http://nutri.covance.com/catalog/4-addassay.php?assay_id=238|work=Proximate|access-date=2013-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220174344/http://nutri.covance.com/catalog/4-addassay.php?assay_id=238|archive-date=2013-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eurofins|url=http://www.eurofinsus.com/services/Proximate_Testing.html|work=Proximate Testing|access-date=2013-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220195418/http://www.eurofinsus.com/services/Proximate_Testing.html|archive-date=2013-12-20|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Moisture content 
*[Volatile](/source/Volatility_(chemistry)) matter
*Ash content
*Fixed [carbon](/source/carbon)
*[Carbohydrates](/source/Carbohydrate) (calculated)
Analytically, four of the five constituents are obtained via chemical reactions and experiments. The fifth constituent, carbohydrates, are calculated based on the determination of the four others. Proximates should nearly always account for 100% of a food product; any deviation from 100% displays the resolution of the chemical test, as small variations in the way each test is performed accumulate or overlap the compositional make-up.

Additional ingredients may fall under the category of one of the five constituents. Carbohydrates, for example, include but are not limited to [dietary fibers](/source/Dietary_fiber), [sugars](/source/Sugar), and [sugar alcohol](/source/sugar_alcohol).
Ash includes dietary minerals such as [sodium](/source/sodium), [potassium](/source/potassium), [iron](/source/iron) and [calcium](/source/calcium).

==References==
{{reflist}}

Category:Nutrition

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