# Protocol analysis

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{{About|phsychology|the computer networking concept|stateful packet inspection}}
'''Protocol analysis''' is a [psychological](/source/psychology) research method that [elicits](/source/elicitation_technique) verbal reports from research participants. Protocol analysis is used to study thinking in [cognitive psychology](/source/cognitive_psychology) (Crutcher, 1994), [cognitive science](/source/cognitive_science) (Simon & Kaplan, 1989), and behavior analysis (Austin & Delaney, 1998). It has found further application in the design of surveys and interviews (Sudman, Bradburn & Schwarz, 1996), [usability testing](/source/usability_testing) (Henderson, Smith, Podd, & Varela-Alvarez, 1995), [educational psychology](/source/educational_psychology) (Pressley & Afflerbach 1995; Renkl, 1997) and [design research](/source/design_research) (Gero & McNeill 1998). With the introduction of video- and audio-based surveys, the scale and scope of verbal report collection is increased dramatically compared to in-person verbal report recording (Byrd, Joseph, Gongora, & Sirota 2023).

==See also==
* [Content analysis](/source/Content_analysis)
* [Partial concurrent thinking aloud](/source/Partial_concurrent_thinking_aloud)
* [Think aloud protocol](/source/Think_aloud_protocol)

==References==
* Austin, J., & Delaney, P. F. (1998). Protocol analysis as a tool for behavior analysis. ''Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 15'', 41–56.
* Crutcher, R. J. (1994). Telling what we know: The use of verbal report methodologies in psychological research. ''Psychological Science, 5'', 241–244.
* Ericsson, K. A., & Crutcher, R. J. (1991). Introspection and verbal reports on cognitive processes - two approaches to the study of thought processes: A response to Howe. ''New Ideas in Psychology, 9,'' 57–71.
* Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1993). ''Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data''. MIT Press, Cambridge,  MA.
* Gero, J. S. & McNeill, T (1998) An approach to the analysis of design protocols, Design Studies 19(1): 21-61.
* Pressley, M., & Afflerbach, P. (1995). ''Verbal protocols of reading: The nature of constructively responsive reading''. Hillsdale, NJ, USA: Erlbaum.
* Renkl, A. (1997). Learning from worked-out examples: A study on individual differences. ''Cognitive Science, 21'', 1–29.
* Sudman, S., Bradburn, N. M., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.)(1996). ''Thinking about answers: The application of cognitive processes to survey methodology.'' San Francisco, CA, USA: Jossey-Bass.
* Byrd, Nick; Joseph, Brianna; Gongora, Gabriela; Sirota, Miroslav (2023). "Tell Us What You Really Think: A Think Aloud Protocol Analysis of the Verbal Cognitive Reflection Test". ''Journal of Intelligence''. 11 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11040076.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160828160340/https://psy.fsu.edu/faculty/ericsson/ericsson.proto.thnk.html protocol analysis]
* [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~cprose/TagHelper.html]: A tool for facilitating verbal protocol analysis in English, German, Spanish, or Chinese.

Category:Psychological methodology
Category:Cognitive science

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Protocol analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_analysis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_analysis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.