# Prothyrum

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A **prothyrum** ([Romanization](/source/Romanization_of_Greek) of Greek πρόθυρον *próthyron* 'in front of the door'), in [classical](/source/Classical_architecture) and [medieval architecture](/source/Medieval_architecture), is a small porch, vestibule, or covered space immediately in front of the main doorway of a building. In architecture of the [Greco-Roman world](/source/Greco-Roman_world) it was the transitional, often columned, space before the entrance proper. In the Late Antique and [Byzantine](/source/Byzantine_architecture) periods, it could be a forecourt or [portico](/source/Portico) preceding the [narthex](/source/Narthex) of a church or the main gateway of a monastic or palatial ensemble.[1][2]

## Etymology

The Greek noun πρόθυρον (*próthyron*) literally means “the space before the door”. It can be spelled *prothyron* or the Latinized *prothyrum* in late Republican and Imperial texts.[2]

## Definition and function

In a narrow sense, a prothyrum is a shallow, often roofed architectural element marking and protecting the principal entrance. It could be formed by:

- a simple canopy or lintelled projection above the doorway;
- a portico with one or two columns (*in antis*) carried in front of the façade;
- a small enclosed [antechamber](/source/Antechamber) that mediates the exterior and the interior space.[3]

In Roman domestic architecture, authors distinguish between the *vestibulum* facing the street and the *prothyrum* that could articulate the immediate threshold zone before the *atrium*. In Late Antique and Byzantine religious architecture the word is sometimes used for the porch or fore‑narthex preceding the church proper, or for the covered space before a ceremonial gateway of a palace or monastery.[4]

## In medieval and early modern usage

In medieval Latin texts from Southern Italy and the Byzantine Commonwealth the term (or its Greek equivalent) survives to denote porches attached to churches and fortified gatehouses. Early modern antiquarians, following classical dictionaries, reintroduced the latinised form in architectural glossaries, where it largely overlaps with the broader English words *porch* and *vestibule*.[5]

## See also

- [Vestibule](/source/Vestibule_(disambiguation))
- [Portico](/source/Portico)
- [Narthex](/source/Narthex)
- [Propylaea](/source/Propylaea)
- [Aedicula](/source/Aedicula)

## Notes

1. Pellisson, Maurice (ed.) (1897). ["The prothyrum"](https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Roman_Life_in_Pliny_s_Time/GqAzAQAAMAAJ?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=%22Prothyrum%22&pg=PA64&printsec=frontcover). *Roman Life in Pliny's Time.*. USA: Flood and Vincent. p. 64.

1. Vitruvius (1931). [*De architectura*](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/6*.html) (in Latin). Vol. 2. Granger, Frank (ed.). Harvard University Press (Loeb Classical Library). pp. VI.7.

1. Fletcher, Banister (1996). [*Sir Banister Fletcher's A History of Architecture*](https://archive.org/details/sirbanisterfletc0000flet_c4l9). 20th ed. Architectural Press. pp. 86–87, 309.

1. Mango, Cyril (1976). *Byzantine Architecture*. Faber & Faber. pp. 47–48.

1. Gwilt, Joseph (1842). [*An Encyclopaedia of Architecture*](https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofa00gwilrich). Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 948.

## References

- Smith, William (ed.). *A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities*. London: John Murray, 1875.
- Vitruvius. *De architectura*. Ed. and trans. Frank Granger. Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press, 1931.
- Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.). *The Oxford Classical Dictionary*. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 1996.
- Gwilt, Joseph. *An Encyclopaedia of Architecture*. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1842.

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