# Protectorate > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Protectorate > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Protectorate.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate > Source revision: 1356584474 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Concept in international relations For the 17th-century British protectorate, see [The Protectorate](/source/The_Protectorate). Not to be confused with [Protecting power](/source/Protecting_power). Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government List of forms · List of countries Source of power Democracy (rule by many) Demarchy Direct Economic Liberal Representative Social Socialist Others Oligarchy (rule by few) Anocracy Aristocracy Broligarchy Gerontocracy Kleptocracy Kritarchy Meritocracy Particracy Patriarchy Plutocracy Stratocracy Technocracy Theocracy Autocracy (rule by one) Despotism Dictatorship Military dictatorship Tyranny Anarchy (rule by none) Anarchism Free association Stateless Power ideology Monarchy Republic (socio-political ideologies) Absolute Communist Constitutional Directorial Legalist Parliamentary Presidential Semi-presidential Authoritarian Libertarian (socio-economic ideologies) Anarchism Colonialism Communism Despotism Distributism Fascism Feudalism Islamism Socialism Totalitarianism Tribalism Religious Secular State religion Secular state Separation of church and state State atheism Global Local (geo-cultural ideologies) City-state Intergovernmental organisation National government World government Nationalism Internationalism Globalism Power structure Unitarism Unitary state Empire Principality Client state Associated state Dependent territory Dominion Protectorate Puppet state Puppet monarch Satellite state Self-governing colony Tributary state Buffer state Vassal state Viceroyalty Federalism Confederation Devolution Federation Superstate Supranational union International relations Small power Middle power Regional power Emerging power Great power Superpower Related Administrative division Democracy indices Democratic transition Autocratization Democratisation Hybrid regimes Politics portal v t e A **protectorate**, in the context of international relations, is a [state](/source/State_(polity)) or [dependent territory](/source/Dependent_territory) that foregoes an independent foreign policy in favour of alliance with a **protecting power**, normally in order to ensure its defence against regional aggressors.[1] It is a [dependent territory](/source/Dependent_territory) that enjoys [autonomy](/source/Autonomy) over most of its internal affairs, while still recognizing the [suzerainty](/source/Suzerainty) of a more powerful [sovereign state](/source/Sovereign_state) without being a possession.[2][3][4] In exchange, the protectorate accepts treaty obligations which bind it to the protecting power in foreign policy.[4] Protectorates are established formally by a [treaty](/source/Treaty) between the powers involved.[2][3] Under certain conditions—as with [Egypt under British rule](/source/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British#Veiled_Protectorate_(1882–1913)) (1882–1914)—a state can also be labelled as a **de facto protectorate** or a **veiled protectorate**.[5][6][7] A protectorate is different from a [colony](/source/Colony), insofar as it retains, at least on paper, self-governance and legal identity as a separate state, is not directly possessed, and rarely experiences [colonization](/source/Colonization) by the suzerain state.[8][9] A state that is under the protection of another state while retaining its [international legal personality](/source/International_legal_personality) and some independent foreign policy is sometimes called a "protected state" as distinct from a true protectorate, which has no foreign policy of its own save its alliance with its protector; a "protected state" in this sense typically has a greater degree of independence.[10][a] ## History Protectorates are one of the oldest features of international relations, dating back to [classical antiquity](/source/Classical_antiquity). The [Delian League](/source/Delian_League), [Classical Athens](/source/Classical_Athens)'s empire, operated as a network of [*poleis*](/source/Polis), internally self-governing but surrendering their foreign policy to Athens. Likewise, the Roman Republic had an extensive network of protectorates, known as *[socii](/source/Socii)*, which provided up to 60% of the Republic's manpower. In the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages), [Andorra](/source/Andorra) was a protectorate of [France](/source/France) and [Spain](/source/Spain). The modern understanding of protected states developed during the [Napoleonic Wars](/source/Napoleonic_Wars), when the [French Empire](/source/First_French_Empire) set up numerous protectorates across Europe, including [Confederation of the Rhine](/source/Confederation_of_the_Rhine), the [Kingdoms of Italy](/source/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)), [Spain](/source/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte), [Etruria](/source/Kingdom_of_Etruria), and [Holland](/source/Kingdom_of_Holland), the [Duchy of Warsaw](/source/Duchy_of_Warsaw), and puppet republics in [Switzerland](/source/Helvetic_Republic) and (ephemerally) [Ireland](/source/Irish_Republic_(1798)).[11] ## Typology ### Foreign relations In practice, a protectorate often has direct [foreign relations](/source/Diplomacy) only with the protector state, and transfers the management of all its more important international affairs to the latter.[12][4][2][3] Similarly, the protectorate rarely takes military action on its own but relies on the protector for its defence. This is distinct from [annexation](/source/Annexation), in that the protector has no formal power to control the internal affairs of the protectorate. Protectorates differ from [League of Nations mandates](/source/League_of_Nations_mandate) and their successors, [United Nations trust territories](/source/United_Nations_trust_territories), whose administration is supervised, in varying degrees, by the [international community](/source/International_community). A protectorate formally enters into the protection through a bilateral agreement with the protector, while international mandates are stewarded by the world community-representing body, with or without a *de facto* administering power. ### Protected state See also: [List of sovereign states without armed forces](/source/List_of_sovereign_states_without_armed_forces) A protected state has a form of protection where it continues to retain an "international personality" and enjoys an agreed amount of independence in conducting its foreign policy.[10][13] For political and pragmatic reasons, the protection relationship is not usually advertised, but described with euphemisms such as "an independent state with special treaty relations" with the protecting state.[14] A protected state appears on world maps just as any other independent state.[a] International administration of a state can also be regarded as an internationalized form of protection, where the protector is an international organisation rather than a state.[15] ### Colonial protection Multiple regions—such as the [Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria](/source/Colonial_Nigeria), the [Colony and Protectorate of Lagos](/source/History_of_Lagos), and similar—were subjects of colonial protection.[16][17] Conditions of protection are generally less generous for areas of colonial protection, but were also much more flexible arrangements. However, protectorates in the modern period were often reduced to a *[de facto](/source/De_facto)* condition similar to a state colony, but with the pre-existing native state continuing as an agent of [indirect rule](/source/Indirect_rule). Occasionally, a protectorate, and indeed colonies, during this time had been established by another form of indirect rule: a [chartered company](/source/Chartered_company), which becomes a *de facto* corporate trading entity in its home state (yet geographically overseas), yet allowed to be an independent political actor, with its own foreign policy, and generally its own armed forces, and enabled to participate in local politics and affairs. This had the advantage of the ability to establish a new subordinated state by private company authority, which brought little cost to the state and could then be brought under the home state's authority after such a chartered company's abolition.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] In fact, protectorates were often declared despite no agreement being duly entered into by the state supposedly being protected, but some were agreed to by a protectorate's native institutional authority (which was often absolutist or autocratic in its headship) that was in legitimate power within those states. Protecting powers frequently decided to rearrange several protectorates into new, artificial unified states without consulting the protectorates native headship or being mindful of the theoretical duty of a protector to help maintain a protectorate's status and integrity. The [Berlin agreement](/source/Berlin_Conference_(1884)) of 26 February 1885, allowed colonial powers of the time to establish protectorates in [Sub-Saharan Africa](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa) (the last region to be divided among them) by mere diplomatic notification, even without actual possession of the territory on the ground. This aspect of history is referred to as the [Scramble for Africa](/source/Scramble_for_Africa). A similar case is the formal use of such terms as *colony* and *protectorate* for a union—convenient only for the colonizer or protector—of adjacent territories, over which it held (*de facto*) regional influence by protective or "raw" power.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ### Amical protection An amical protection—as in the UK's previous relationship with the [United States of the Ionian Islands](/source/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands) from 1815 to 1864—the terms are often very favourable for the protectorate.[18][19] Frequently established in the Early-Mid Modern period, the political interest of the protector was typically a moral one (as rather a matter of culturally accepted moral obligation, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, or of [dynastic](/source/Dynasty), historical, or ethnocultural ties). The protector's interest could also be in countering a rival or enemy power—such as preventing the rival from obtaining or maintaining control of areas of strategic importance. This may involve a very weak protectorate surrendering control of its external affairs of state but may not have constituted any practical sacrifice, as the protectorate may not have been able to have a similar use of them without the protector's power. The [great powers](/source/Great_powers) frequently extended amical protection to other Christian (generally European) states, and to states of no significant importance.[*[ambiguous](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] After 1815, non-Christian states (such as the [Chinese Qing dynasty](#Chinese)) also provided amical protection to other, much weaker states. In post-modern times, a form of amical protection can be seen as an important or defining feature of [microstates](/source/Microstates). According to the definition proposed by Dumienski (2014): "microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints".[20] ## List of protectorates ### Brazil **Imperial protectorates** - [Uruguay](/source/1851_Boundary_Treaty_(Brazil%E2%80%93Uruguay)) (1851–1870)[21] - [Paraguay](/source/Macha%C3%ADn-Irigoyen_Treaty) (1869–1876)[22] **Republican protectorates** - [Independent State of Acre](/source/Republic_of_Acre) (1903)[23] ### British Empire Main article: [British protectorate](/source/British_protectorate) #### List of former British protectorates #### Americas This section is an excerpt from [British protectorate § Americas](/source/British_protectorate#Americas).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_protectorate&action=edit)] - [Mosquito Coast](/source/Mosquitia) (1638–1787, 1844–1860) (over Central America's Mosquito people) #### Arab world This section is an excerpt from [British protectorate § Arab world](/source/British_protectorate#Arab_world).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_protectorate&action=edit)] - [Aden Protectorate](/source/Aden_Protectorate) (1872–1963); precursor state of [South Yemen](/source/South_Yemen)[24] - Eastern Protectorate States (mostly in Haudhramaut); later the [Protectorate of South Arabia](/source/Protectorate_of_South_Arabia) (1963–1967) - [Kathiri](/source/Kathiri) - [Mahra](/source/Mahra_Sultanate) - [Qu'aiti](/source/Qu'aiti) - [Upper Yafa](/source/Upper_Yafa) (consisted of five Sheikhdoms) - [Al-Busi](/source/Al-Busi) - [Al-Dhubi](/source/Al-Dhubi) - [Hadrami](/source/Hadrami_sheikhdom) - [Maflahi](/source/Maflahi) - [Mawsata](/source/Mawsata) - [Hawra](/source/Sheikhdom_of_al-Hawra) - [Irqa](/source/Sheikhdom_of_al-%CA%BDIrqa) - Western Protectorate States; later the [Federation of the Emirates of South Arabia](/source/Federation_of_the_Emirates_of_South_Arabia) (1959–1962) and the [Federation of South Arabia](/source/Federation_of_South_Arabia) (1962–1967), including [Aden Colony](/source/Aden_Colony) - Wahidi Sultanates - [Wahidi Balhaf](/source/Wahidi_Balhaf) - [Wahidi Azzan](/source/Wahidi_Azzan) - [Wahidi Bir Ali](/source/Wahidi_Bir_Ali) - [Wahidi Haban](/source/Wahidi_Haban) - [Beihan](/source/Emirate_of_Beihan) - [Dhala](/source/Emirate_of_Dhala) and [Qutaibi](/source/Qutaibi) - [Fadhli](/source/Fadhli_Sultanate) - [Lahej](/source/Sultanate_of_Lahej) - [Lower Yafa](/source/Lower_Yafa) - [Audhali](/source/Audhali) - [Haushabi](/source/Haushabi) - [Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom](/source/Upper_Aulaqi_Sheikhdom) - [Upper Aulaqi Sultanate](/source/Upper_Aulaqi_Sultanate) - [Lower Aulaqi](/source/Lower_Aulaqi_Sultanate) - [Alawi](/source/Alawi_Sheikhdom) - [Aqrabi](/source/Aqrabi) - [Dathina](/source/Dathina) - [Shaib](/source/Shaib) - [Sultanate of Egypt](/source/Sultanate_of_Egypt) (1914–1922) - [Anglo-Egyptian Sudan](/source/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan) (1899–1956) (condominium with Egypt) #### Asia This section is an excerpt from [British protectorate § Asia](/source/British_protectorate#Asia).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_protectorate&action=edit)] - [North Borneo](/source/North_Borneo) (1888–1946) - Various [Princely states](/source/Princely_state) (1845–1947) – The princely states were lower in status than protectorates as the British reserved the right to interfere in internal matters under the principle of [British Paramountcy](/source/Suzerainty). - [Sultanate of Maldives](/source/Sultanate_of_the_Maldive_Islands) (1887–1948)[25] – Became a protected state after 1948. #### Europe This section is an excerpt from [British protectorate § Europe](/source/British_protectorate#Europe).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_protectorate&action=edit)] - [Anglo-Corsican Kingdom](/source/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom) (1794–1796) - [British Cyprus](/source/British_Cyprus) (1878–1914) (put under British military administration 1914–22 then proclaimed a [Crown colony](/source/Crown_colony) 1922–60) - [Malta Protectorate](/source/Malta_Protectorate) (1800–1813); [Crown Colony of Malta](/source/Crown_Colony_of_Malta) proclaimed in 1813) (de jure part of the [Kingdom of Sicily](/source/Kingdom_of_Sicily) but under British protection) - [Ionian islands](/source/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands) (1815–1864) (a [Greek](/source/Greeks) [state](/source/State_(polity)) and amical protectorate of Great Britain between 1815 and 1864) #### Sub-Saharan Africa This section is an excerpt from [British protectorate § Sub-Saharan Africa](/source/British_protectorate#Sub-Saharan_Africa).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_protectorate&action=edit)] - [Barotziland–North-Western Rhodesia](/source/Barotziland%E2%80%93North-Western_Rhodesia) (1899–1911) - [Bechuanaland Protectorate](/source/Bechuanaland_Protectorate) (1885–1966) - [British Somaliland](/source/British_Somaliland) (1884–1920)[24] - [British Central Africa Protectorate](/source/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate) (1893–1907) - [East Africa Protectorate](/source/East_Africa_Protectorate) (1895–1920) - [Gambia Protectorate](/source/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate)* (1894–1965) - [Kenya Protectorate](/source/Kenya_Colony)* (1920–1963) - [Lagos Protectorate](/source/Lagos_Colony)* (1862–1906) - [Mashonaland](/source/Mashonaland) Protectorate (1891–1923) - [Matabeleland](/source/Matabeleland) Protectorate (1891–1923) - [Nigeria Protectorate](/source/Colonial_Nigeria)* (1914–1960) - [Niger Coast Protectorate](/source/Niger_Coast_Protectorate) (1884–1900) - [Northern Nigeria Protectorate](/source/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (1900–1914) - [Northern Rhodesia](/source/Northern_Rhodesia) (1924–1964) - [Northern Territories of the Gold Coast](/source/Northern_Territories_of_the_Gold_Coast) (1901–1957) - [North-Eastern Rhodesia](/source/North-Eastern_Rhodesia) (1900–1911) - [Nyasaland](/source/Nyasaland) (1907–1964) - [Sierra Leone Protectorate](/source/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate)* (1896–1961) - [Southern Nigeria Protectorate](/source/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate) (1900–1914) - [Swaziland](/source/Eswatini#British_indirect_rule_over_Swaziland_(1906–1968)) (1906–1968) - [Uganda Protectorate](/source/Protectorate_of_Uganda) (1894–1962) - [Walvis Bay](/source/Walvis_Bay) (1878–1884) - [Sultanate of Zanzibar](/source/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar) (1890–1963) *protectorates that existed alongside a colony of the same name #### Oceania This section is an excerpt from [British protectorate § Oceania](/source/British_protectorate#Oceania).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_protectorate&action=edit)] - [British New Guinea](/source/British_New_Guinea) (1884–1888) - [British Solomon Islands](/source/British_Solomon_Islands) (1893–1978) - [Cook Islands](/source/Cook_Islands_Federation) (1888–1901) - [Gilbert and Ellice Islands](/source/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands) (1892–1916) - [Niue](/source/Niue) (1900–1901) - [Tokelau](/source/Tokelau) (1889–1916) #### List of former British protected states This section is an excerpt from [British protectorate § List of former British protected states](/source/British_protectorate#List_of_former_British_protected_states).[[edit](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_protectorate&action=edit)] As protected states, the following states were never officially part of the British Empire and retained near-total control over internal affairs; however, the British controlled their foreign policy. Their status was rarely advertised while it was in effect, but it became clear only after it was lifted.[26] - [Emirate of Afghanistan](/source/Emirate_of_Afghanistan) (1879–1919)[b][14] - [Brunei](/source/Brunei) (1888–1984) - [Bhutan](/source/Bhutan) (1910–1947)[14] - [Emirate of Nejd and Hasa](/source/Emirate_of_Nejd_and_Hasa) (1915–1921) - [Sultanate of Nejd](/source/Sultanate_of_Nejd) (1921–1926) - [Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd](/source/Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd) (1926–1927) - [Kingdom of Egypt](/source/Kingdom_of_Egypt) (1922–1936)[27] - [Federation of Malaya](/source/Federation_of_Malaya) (1948–1957) - [Federated Malay States](/source/Federated_Malay_States) (1895–1946) - [Negeri Sembilan](/source/Negeri_Sembilan) (1888–1895) - [Pahang](/source/Pahang) (1888–1895) - [Perak](/source/Perak) (1874–1895) - [Selangor](/source/Selangor) (1874–1895) - [Unfederated Malay States](/source/Unfederated_Malay_States) (1909–1946) - [Johor](/source/Johor) (1909–1946) - [Kedah](/source/Kedah) (1909–1946) - [Kelantan](/source/Kelantan) (1909–1946) - [Perlis](/source/Perlis) (1909–1946) - [Terengganu](/source/Terengganu) (1909–1946) - [Tonga](/source/Kingdom_of_Tonga_(1900%E2%80%931970)) (1900–1970) - [British Residency of the Persian Gulf](/source/Persian_Gulf_Residency) (1822–1971); headquarters based at [Bushehr](/source/Bushehr), [Persia](/source/Iran) - [Persia](/source/Qajar_Iran) (1919–1921) - [Bahrain](/source/Bahrain_and_its_Dependencies)[14] - [Kuwait](/source/Emirate_of_Kuwait) (1899–1961)[14] - [Qatar](/source/Qatar) (1916–1971) - [Trucial States](/source/Trucial_States); precursor state of the [UAE](/source/United_Arab_Emirates) (1820–1971)[14] - [Abu Dhabi](/source/Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi) (1820–1971) - [Ajman](/source/Emirate_of_Ajman) (1820–1971) - [Dubai](/source/Emirate_of_Dubai) (1835–1971) - [Fujairah](/source/Emirate_of_Fujairah) (1952–1971) - [Ras al-Khaimah](/source/Emirate_of_Ras_Al_Khaimah) (1820–1971) - [Sharjah](/source/Emirate_of_Sharjah) (1820–1971) - [Kalba](/source/Kalba) (1936–1951) - [Umm al-Quwain](/source/Emirate_of_Umm_Al_Quwain) (1820–1971) - [Muscat and Oman](/source/Muscat_and_Oman) (1891–1970)[28][26] - [Raj of Sarawak](/source/Raj_of_Sarawak) (1888–1946) - [Sultanate of Maldives](/source/Sultanate_of_the_Maldive_Islands) (1948–1965) - [Swaziland](/source/Eswatini#British_rule_over_Swaziland_(1906–1968)) (1967–1968) ### China Further information: [Protectorate (imperial China)](/source/Protectorate_(imperial_China)) - [Han dynasty](/source/Han_dynasty): - [Protectorate of the Western Regions](/source/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions) - [Tang dynasty](/source/Tang_dynasty): - [Beiting Protectorate](/source/Beiting_Protectorate) - [Protectorate General to Pacify the West](/source/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West) - [Protectorate General to Pacify the North](/source/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_North) - [Protectorate General to Pacify the East](/source/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East) - [Protectorate General to Pacify the South](/source/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_South) - [Song dynasty](/source/Song_dynasty) - [Longyou Protectorate](/source/Longyou_Protectorate) - [Yuan dynasty](/source/Yuan_dynasty): - [Goryeo](/source/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule) (1270–1356)[29] - [Qing dynasty](/source/Qing_dynasty): - [Tibet](/source/Tibet_under_Qing_rule)[30][31][32][c] ### Dutch Empire Various sultanates in the [Dutch East Indies](/source/Dutch_East_Indies) (present day Indonesia):[36][37][38] #### [Sumatra](/source/Sumatra) - Tarumon Kingdom (1830–1946) - [Langkat Sultanate](/source/Sultanate_of_Langkat) (26 October 1869 – December 1945) - [Deli Sultanate](/source/Sultanate_of_Deli) (22 August 1862 – December 1945) - [Asahan Sultanate](/source/Asahan_Sultanate) (27 September 1865 – December 1945) - Bila (1864–1946) - Tasik (Kota Pinang) (1865 – December 1945) - [Siak Sultanate](/source/Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura) (1 February 1858 – 1946) - Sungai Taras (Kampong Raja) (1864–1916) - Panei (1864–1946) - [Sultanate of Serdang](/source/Sultanate_of_Serdang) (1865 – December 1945) - Indragiri Sultanate (1838 – September 1945) - [Jambi Sultanate](/source/Jambi_Sultanate) (1833–1899) - [Kuala](/source/Kuala) (1886–1946) - [Pelalawan](/source/Pelalawan_Regency) (1859 – November 1945) - [Siantar](/source/Siantar) (1904–1946) - Tanah Jawa (1904–1946) #### [Riau Archipelago](/source/Riau_Archipelago) - [Riau-Lingga](/source/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate) (1824–1911) #### [Java](/source/Java) - [Banten](/source/Banten_Sultanate) (1682–1811) - [Cirebon](/source/Cirebon) (1684–1819) - [Yogjakarta Sultanate](/source/Yogyakarta_Sultanate) (13 February 1755 – 1942) - [Mataram Sultanate](/source/Mataram_Sultanate) (later [Surakarta Sunanate](/source/Surakarta_Sunanate)) (26 February 1677 – 19 August 1945) - [Principality of Mangkunegara](/source/Mangkunegaran) (24 February 1757 – 1946) - [Duchy of Pakualaman](/source/Pakualaman) (22 June 1812 – 1942) - [Semarang](/source/Semarang) (1682–1809) #### [Bali](/source/Bali) - [Klungkung](/source/Klungkung_Regency) (1843–1908) - [Badung](/source/Badung_Regency) (1843–1906) - [Bangli](/source/Bangli_Regency) (1843–1908) - [Buleleng](/source/Buleleng_Regency) (1841–1872 and 1890–1893) - [Gianyar](/source/Gianyar_Regency) (1843–1908) - [Jembrana](/source/Jembrana_Regency) (1849–1882) - [Karang Asem](/source/Kingdom_of_Karangasem) (1843–1908) - [Tabanan](/source/Tabanan_Regency) (1843–1906) #### [Lombok](/source/Lombok) - [Mataram Lombok](/source/Mataram_(city)) (1843–1894) - [Sumbawa](/source/Sumbawa_people) (1908–c. 1948) - [Bima](/source/Bima) (8 December 1669 – 1949) - [Dompu](/source/Dompu) (1905–1942) #### [Flores](/source/Flores) and Solor - [Larantuka](/source/Kingdom_of_Larantuka) (1859–1904) - Tanah Kuna Lima (1917–1924) - Ndona (1917–1924) - [Sikka](/source/Sikka_Regency) (1879–c. 1947) #### [Borneo](/source/Kalimantan) - [Sultanate of Banjar](/source/Sultanate_of_Banjar) (1826–1860) - [Pontianak Sultanate](/source/Pontianak_Sultanate) (16 August 1819 – 1942) - [Sambas Sultanate](/source/Sultanate_of_Sambas) (1819–1949) - Kubu (4 June 1823 – 1949) - [Landak](/source/Landak_Regency) (1819–c. 1949) - [Mempawah Kingdom](/source/Mempawah_Kingdom) (1819–1942) - [Sanggau Kingdom](/source/Sanggau_Regency) (182?–1949) - [Sekadau](/source/Sekadau_Regency) (182?–c. 1949) - Simpang (1822–c. 1949) - [Sintang](/source/Sintang_Regency) (1822–1949) - [Sukadana](/source/Sukadana) (1828–c.1949) - Kota Waringin Sultanate (1824–1949) - [Kutai Kertanegara Sultanate](/source/Kutai) (8 August 1825 – 1949) - Gunung Tabur (1844–c.1945) - [Bulungan Sultanate](/source/Sultanate_of_Bulungan) (1844–c.1949) - Simbaliung (1844–c. 1949) - Kubu (1823–1949) - Tayan (1823–c. 1949) #### [Celebes](/source/Sulawesi) - [Gowa Sultanate](/source/Sultanate_of_Gowa) (1669–1906; 1936–1949) - [Bone Sultanate](/source/Bone_state) (1669–1905) - [Bolaang Mongonduw](/source/Bolaang_Mongondow_Regency) (1825–c. 1949) - Laiwui (1858–c. 1949) - [Luwu](/source/Luwu) (1861–c. 1949) - Soppeng (1860–c. 1949) - Butung (1824–c. 1949) - Siau (1680–c. 1949) - [Banggai](/source/Banggai_Islands_Regency) (1907–c. 1949) - Tallo (1668–1780) - Wajo (1860–c. 1949) - Tabukan (1677–c. 1949) #### [Ajattappareng](/source/Ajatappareng) Confederacy (1905–c. 1949) - Malusetasi - Rapang - Swaito (union of Sawito and Alita, 1908) - [Sidenreng](/source/Sidenreng_Rappang_Regency) - Supa #### Mabbatupappeng Confederacy (1906–c. 1949) - [Barru](/source/Barru) - Soppengriaja (union of Balusu, Kiru, Kamiri, 1906) - [Tanette](/source/Tanette) #### Mandar Confederacy (1906–c. 1949) - Balangnipa - Binuang - Cenrana - [Majene](/source/Majene_Regency) - [Mamuju](/source/Mamuju_Regency) - Pambauang - Tapalang #### Massenrempulu Confederacy (1905–c. 1949) - Allah - Batulapa - Bontobatu - [Enrekang](/source/Enrekang_Regency) - Kasa - [Maiwa](/source/Maiwa%2C_Indonesia) - Malua #### [Moluccas](/source/Maluku_Islands) - [Ternate Sultanate](/source/Sultanate_of_Ternate) (12 October 1676 – 1949) - [Bacan Sultanate](/source/Sultanate_of_Bacan) (1667–1949) - [Tidore](/source/Sultanate_of_Tidore) (1657–c.1949) #### [West Timor](/source/West_Timor) and Alor - Amanatun (1749–c. 1949) - Amanuban (1749–c. 1949) - Amarasi (1749–c. 1949) - Amfoan (1683–c. 1949) - Beboki (1756–c. 1949) - Belu (1756–c.1949) - Insana (1756–c.1949) - Sonbai Besar (1756–1906) - Sonbai Kecil (1659–1917) - Roti (Korbafo before 1928) (c. 1750–c.1949) - TaEbenu (1688–1917) #### [New Guinea](/source/New_Guinea) - [Dutch New Guinea](/source/Netherlands_New_Guinea): - [Kaimana Sultanate](/source/Kingdom_of_Kaimana) (1828–1949) ### Egypt - [All-Palestine](/source/All-Palestine_Protectorate) (1948–1959) – although it claimed the former territory of [Mandatory Palestine](/source/Mandatory_Palestine), the polity only held control of the [Gaza Strip](/source/Gaza_Strip). It was recognized by [Egypt](/source/Kingdom_of_Egypt), [Iraq](/source/Kingdom_of_Iraq), [Lebanon](/source/Lebanon), [Saudi Arabia](/source/Saudi_Arabia), [Syria](/source/First_Syrian_Republic) and [Yemen](/source/Kingdom_of_Yemen); but not [Transjordan](/source/Jordan) who would [annex](/source/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank) the [West Bank](/source/West_Bank) in 1950. ### France #### Africa "Protection" was the formal legal structure under which [French colonial forces](/source/French_colonial_empire) expanded in Africa between the 1830s and 1900. Almost every pre-existing state that was later part of [French West Africa](/source/French_West_Africa) was placed under protectorate status at some point, although [direct rule](/source/Direct_rule) gradually replaced protectorate agreements. Formal ruling structures, or fictive recreations of them, were largely retained—as with the low-level authority figures in the French [Cercles](/source/Cercle_(French_colonial))—with leaders appointed and removed by French officials.[39] - [Benin](/source/Benin) traditional states: - Independent of [Danhome](/source/Danhome), under French protectorate, from 1889 - [Porto-Novo](/source/Porto-Novo) a French protectorate, 23 February 1863 – 2 January 1865. [Cotonou](/source/Cotonou) a French Protectorate, 19 May 1868. [Porto-Novo](/source/Porto-Novo) French protectorate, 14 April 1882. - [Central African Republic](/source/Central_African_Republic) traditional states: - French protectorate over [Dar al-Kuti](/source/Dar_al-Kuti) (1912 Sultanate suppressed by the French), 12 December 1897 - French protectorate over the Sultanate of [Bangassou](/source/Bangassou), 1894 - [Chad](/source/Chad): [Baghirmi](/source/Baghirmi) state 20 September 1897 a French protectorate - [Côte d'Ivoire](/source/C%C3%B4te_d'Ivoire): 10 January 1889 French protectorate of Ivory Coast - [Guinea](/source/Guinea): 5 August 1849 French protectorate over coastal region; (Riviéres du Sud). - [Niger](/source/Niger), [Sultanate of Damagaram](/source/Sultanate_of_Damagaram) ([Zinder](/source/Zinder)), 30 July 1899 under French protectorate over the native rulers, titled [Sarkin](/source/Sarkin) Damagaram or Sultan - [Senegal](/source/Senegal): 4 February 1850 First of several French protectorate treaties with local rulers - [Comoros](/source/Comoros) traditional states: - [Grande Comore](/source/Grande_Comore), [Mohéli](/source/Moh%C3%A9li) and [Anjouan](/source/Anjouan) were French protectorates from 6 January 1886 until 25 July 1912, when annexed. - Present [Djibouti](/source/Djibouti) was originally, from 24 June 1884, the Territory of [Obock](/source/Obock) and Protectorate of [Tadjoura](/source/Tadjoura) (Territoires Français d'Obock, Tadjoura, Dankils et Somalis), a French protectorate recognized by Britain on 9 February 1888, renamed on 20 May 1896 as [French Somaliland](/source/French_Somaliland) (Côte Française des Somalis). - [Mauritania](/source/Mauritania): 12 May 1903 [French protectorate](/source/Colonial_Mauritania); within Mauritania several traditional states: - [Adrar](/source/Adrar_(region)) emirate from 9 January 1909 French protectorate (before Spanish) - The Taganit confederation's emirate (founded by Idaw `Ish dynasty), from 1905 under French protectorate. - [Brakna](/source/Brakna) confederation's emirate - [Emirate of Trarza](/source/Emirate_of_Trarza): 15 December 1902 placed under French protectorate status. - [Morocco](/source/French_protectorate_in_Morocco) – most of the sultanate was under [French protectorate](/source/French_protectorate_of_Morocco) (30 March 1912 – 7 April 1956) although, in theory, it remained a sovereign state under the [Treaty of Fez](/source/Treaty_of_Fez);[40] this[*[which?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words)*] fact was confirmed by the [International Court of Justice](/source/International_Court_of_Justice) in 1952.[41] - The northern part of [Morocco](/source/Morocco) was under [Spanish protectorate](/source/Spanish_protectorate_of_Morocco) in the same period. - Traditional [Madagascar](/source/Madagascar) States - [Kingdom of Imerina](/source/Kingdom_of_Imerina) under French protectorate, 1882. [French Madagascar](/source/French_Madagascar) colony, 28 February 1897. - [Tunisia](/source/Tunisia) (12 May 1881 – 20 March 1956): became a [French protectorate](/source/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia) by treaty #### Asia 1 Sapèque – Protectorate of Tonkin (1905) - [French Indochina](/source/French_Indochina) until 1953/54: - [Annam](/source/Annam_(French_protectorate)) and [Tonkin](/source/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)) 6 June 1884 - [Cambodia](/source/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia) 11 August 1863 - [Laos](/source/French_protectorate_of_Laos) 3 October 1893 - [Vietnam](/source/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty) 6 June 1884 #### Europe - [Neapolitan Republic](/source/Neapolitan_Republic_(1647%E2%80%931648)) (1647–1648) - [Rhenish Republic](/source/Rhenish_Republic) (1923–1924) - [Saar Protectorate](/source/Saar_Protectorate) (1946–1956), not colonial or amical, but a former part of Germany that would by referendum return to it, in fact a re-edition of a former [League of Nations mandate](/source/Saar_(League_of_Nations)). Most French protectorates were colonial. #### Oceania - [French Polynesia](/source/French_Polynesia), mainly [the Society Islands](/source/Society_Islands) (several others were immediately annexed).[42] All eventually were annexed by 1889. - [Tahiti](/source/Tahiti) (native king styled Ari`i rahi) becomes a French protectorate, 1842–1880 - [Raiatea](/source/Raiatea) and [Tahaa](/source/Tahaa) (after temporary annexation by Tahiti; (title Ari`i) a French protectorate, 1880) - [Mangareva](/source/Mangareva) (one of the [Gambier Islands](/source/Gambier_Islands); ruler title `Akariki) a French protectorate, 16 February 1844 (unratified) and 30 November 1871[43] - [Wallis and Futuna](/source/Protectorate_of_Wallis_and_Futuna): - [Wallis](/source/Wallis_(island)) declared to be a French protectorate by [King](/source/List_of_kings_of_Uvea) of [Uvea](/source/Uvea_(Wallis_and_Futuna)) and Captain Mallet, 4 November 1842. Officially in a treaty becomes a French protectorate, 5 April 1887. - [Sigave](/source/Sigave) and [Alo](/source/Alo_(Wallis_and_Futuna)) on the islands of [Futuna](/source/Futuna_(Wallis_and_Futuna)) and [Alofi](/source/Alofi_Island) signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate on 16 February 1888. ### Germany See also: [List of former German colonies](/source/List_of_former_German_colonies) 5000 **[kronen](/source/Bohemian_and_Moravian_koruna)** – [Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia](/source/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia) (1939–1945) The [German Empire](/source/German_Empire) used the word **Schutzgebiet**, literally protectorate, for all of its colonial possessions until they were lost during [World War I](/source/World_War_I), regardless of the actual level of government control. Cases involving indirect rule included: - [German New Guinea](/source/German_New_Guinea) (1884–1920), now part of [Papua New Guinea](/source/Papua_New_Guinea) - [Togoland](/source/Togoland) (1884–1914), now part of [Ghana](/source/Ghana) and [Togo](/source/Togo) - [North Solomon Islands](/source/North_Solomon_Islands) (1885–1920), now part of [Papua New Guinea](/source/Papua_New_Guinea) and the [Solomon Islands](/source/Solomon_Islands) - [Wituland](/source/Wituland) (1885–1890), now part of [Kenya](/source/Kenya) - [German Samoa](/source/German_Samoa) (1900–1920), present-day [Samoa](/source/Samoa) - [Marshall Islands](/source/Marshall_Islands) - [Nauru](/source/Nauru), various officials posted with the Head Chiefs - [Gando](/source/Gwandu) Emirate (1895–1897)[44] - [Gulmu](/source/Gourma_Province) (1895–1897)[44] Before and during [World War II](/source/World_War_II), [Nazi Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany) designated the rump of occupied [Czechoslovakia](/source/Czechoslovakia) and [Denmark](/source/Denmark) as protectorates: - [Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia](/source/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia) (1939–1945), however it was also considered a partially annexed territory of Germany - [Denmark](/source/Denmark_in_World_War_II) (1940–1943) ### India - [Bhutan](/source/Kingdom_of_Bhutan) (1947–1971). - [Kingdom of Sikkim](/source/Kingdom_of_Sikkim) (1950–1975), later [acceded](/source/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum) to India as [State of Sikkim](/source/Sikkim).[45] ### Italy - [The Albanian Republic](/source/Italian_Protectorate_on_southern_Albania) (1917–1920) and the [Albanian Kingdom](/source/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)) (1939–1943) - [Monaco](/source/Monaco) under amical Protectorate of the [Kingdom of Sardinia](/source/Kingdom_of_Sardinia) 20 November 1815 to 1860. - [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia) : 2 May 1889 [Treaty of Wuchale](/source/Treaty_of_Wuchale), in the [Italian language](/source/Italian_language) version, stated that Ethiopia was to become an Italian protectorate, while the Ethiopian [Amharic language](/source/Amharic_language) version merely stated that the Emperor could, if he so chose, go through Italy to conduct foreign affairs. When the differences in the versions came to light, [Emperor](/source/Emperor_of_Ethiopia) [Menelik II](/source/Menelik_II_of_Ethiopia) abrogated first the article in question (XVII), and later the whole treaty. The event culminated in the [First Italo-Ethiopian War](/source/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War), in which Ethiopia was victorious and defended her sovereignty in 1896. - [Libya](/source/Italian_Libya): on 15 October 1912 Italian protectorate declared over [Cirenaica](/source/Cirenaica) (Cyrenaica) until 17 May 1919. - [Benadir Coast](/source/Banaadir) in Somalia: 3 August 1889 Italian protectorate (in the northeast; unoccupied until May 1893), until 16 March 1905 when it changed to [Italian Somaliland](/source/Italian_Somaliland). - [Majeerteen Sultanate](/source/Majerteen#The_Majeerteen_Sultanates) since 7 April 1889 under Italian protectorate (renewed 7 April 1895), then in 1927 incorporated into the Italian colony. - [Sultanate of Hobyo](/source/Sultanate_of_Hobyo) since December 1888 under Italian protectorate (renewed 11 April 1895), then in October 1925 incorporated into the Italian colony (known as *Obbia*). ### Japan - [Korean Empire](/source/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905) (1905–1910) ### Poland - [Kaffa](/source/Feodosia#Kaffa_(Genoese_colony)) (1462–1475) ### Portugal - [Cabinda (Portuguese Congo)](/source/Cabinda_(province)) (1885–1974), Portugal first claimed sovereignty over Cabinda in the February 1885 [Treaty of Simulambuco](/source/Treaty_of_Simulambuco), which gave Cabinda the status of a protectorate of the [Portuguese Crown](/source/Portuguese_Crown) under the request of "the princes and governors of Cabinda". - [Kingdom of Kongo](/source/Kingdom_of_Kongo) (1857–1914) - [Gaza Empire](/source/Gaza_Empire) (1824–1895), now part of [Mozambique](/source/Mozambique) - [Angoche Sultanate](/source/Angoche_Sultanate) (1903–1910) - [Kingdom of Larantuka](/source/Kingdom_of_Larantuka) (1515–1859) ### Russia and the Soviet Union - [Cossack Hetmanate](/source/Cossack_Hetmanate) (1654–1764) - [Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti](/source/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti) (1783–1801) - [Kingdom of Imereti](/source/Kingdom_of_Imereti) (1804–1810) - [Revolutionary Serbia](/source/Revolutionary_Serbia) (1807–1812) - [Principality of Serbia](/source/Principality_of_Serbia) (1826–1856), now part of [Serbia](/source/Serbia) - [Principality of Moldova](/source/Moldavia) (1829–1856), now part of [Moldova](/source/Moldova), [Romania](/source/Romania) and [Ukraine](/source/Ukraine) - [Principality of Wallachia](/source/Wallachia) (1829–1856) - [Emirate of Bukhara](/source/Emirate_of_Bukhara) (1873–1920) - [Khanate of Khiva](/source/Khanate_of_Khiva) (1873–1920) - [Uryankhay Krai](/source/Uryankhay_Krai) (1914) - [Second East Turkestan Republic](/source/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic) (1944–1949), now part of [Xinjiang](/source/Xinjiang), [China](/source/China) #### *De facto* See also: [Russian-occupied territories](/source/Russian-occupied_territories) Some sources mention the following territories as *[de facto](/source/De_facto)* Russian protectorates: - [South Ossetia](/source/South_Ossetia) (2008–present)[46] - [Transnistria](/source/Transnistria) (1992–present)[47] - [Abkhazia](/source/Abkhazia) (1994–present)[46] - [Donetsk People's Republic](/source/Donetsk_People's_Republic) (2015–2022)[48] - [Luhansk People's Republic](/source/Luhansk_People's_Republic) (2015–2022)[49] - [Republic of Artsakh](/source/Republic_of_Artsakh) (2020–2023)[50][51][52] ### Spain - [Spanish Morocco](/source/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco) protectorate from 27 November 1912 until 2 April 1958 (Northern zone until 7 April 1956, Southern zone ([Cape Juby](/source/Cape_Juby)) until 2 April 1958). - [Sultanate of Sulu](/source/Sultanate_of_Sulu) (1851–1899) ### Turkey and the Ottoman Empire Main article: [Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire](/source/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire) - [Principality of Wallachia](/source/Principality_of_Wallachia) (1396–1397, 1417–1829, 1856–1861)[53] - [Principality of Moldavia](/source/Principality_of_Moldavia) (1456–1457, 1503–1829, 1856–1861)[53] - [Principality of Samtskhe](/source/Principality_of_Samtskhe) (1500–1625) - [Kingdom of Imereti](/source/Kingdom_of_Imereti) (1555–1804) - [Principality of Svaneti](/source/Principality_of_Svaneti) (1555–1804)[54] - [Principality of Abkhazia](/source/Principality_of_Abkhazia) (1555–1810) - [Principality of Mingrelia](/source/Principality_of_Mingrelia) (1557–1803) - [Maldives](/source/Maldives) (1560–1590) - [Aceh Sultanate](/source/Aceh_Sultanate) (1569–1903) - [Principality of Transylvania](/source/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)) (1570–1699) - [Principality of Guria](/source/Principality_of_Guria) (1614–1810) - [Cossack Hetmanate](/source/Cossack_Hetmanate) (1669–1685) - [Principality of Serbia](/source/Principality_of_Serbia) (1815–1826, 1856–1878) - [United Principalities of Romania](/source/United_Principalities_of_Romania) (1862–1877) - [Principality of Bulgaria](/source/Principality_of_Bulgaria) (1878–1908) #### *De facto* - [Hatay State](/source/Hatay_State) (1938–1939) - [Northern Cyprus](/source/Northern_Cyprus) (1974–present) ### United Nations Main article: [United Nations protectorate](/source/United_Nations_protectorate) ### United States - [Republic of Negros](/source/Republic_of_Negros) (1899–1901)[55] - [Republic of Zamboanga](/source/Republic_of_Zamboanga) (1899–1903) - [Sultanate of Sulu](/source/Sultanate_of_Sulu) (1899–1915) #### Contemporary usage Some agencies of the [United States government](/source/Federal_government_of_the_United_States), such as the [Environmental Protection Agency](/source/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency), refer to the [insular areas](/source/Insular_area) of the United States—such as [American Samoa](/source/American_Samoa) and the [U.S. Virgin Islands](/source/United_States_Virgin_Islands)—as protectorates.[56] However, the agency responsible for the administration of those areas, the [Office of Insular Affairs](/source/Office_of_Insular_Affairs) within the [United States Department of the Interior](/source/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior), uses only the term "insular area" rather than protectorate. - [American Samoa](/source/American_Samoa) - [Guam](/source/Guam) - [Northern Mariana Islands](/source/Northern_Mariana_Islands) - [Puerto Rico](/source/Puerto_Rico) - [U.S. Virgin Islands](/source/United_States_Virgin_Islands) ## Joint protectorates Further information: [Condominium (international law)](/source/Condominium_(international_law)) - [Republic of Ragusa](/source/Republic_of_Ragusa) (1684–1798), a joint [Habsburg Austrian](/source/Habsburg_monarchy)–[Ottoman Turkish](/source/Ottoman_Empire) protectorate - The [United States of the Ionian Islands](/source/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands) and the [Septinsular Republic](/source/Septinsular_Republic) were federal republics of seven formerly Venetian (see [Provveditore](/source/Provveditore)) Ionian Islands ([Corfu](/source/Corfu), [Cephalonia](/source/Cephalonia), [Zante](/source/Zante), [Santa Maura](/source/Santa_Maura), [Ithaca](/source/Ithaca_(island)), [Cerigo](/source/Cerigo), and [Paxos](/source/Paxos_(island))), officially under joint protectorate of the allied Christian powers, *de facto* a British amical protectorate from 1815 to 1864. - [Anglo-Egyptian Sudan](/source/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan) (1899–1956) - [Independent State of Croatia](/source/Independent_State_of_Croatia) (1941–1943) ## See also - [British Protected Person](/source/British_Protected_Person) - [Client state](/source/Client_state) - [European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina](/source/European_Union_Police_Mission_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) - [EUFOR Althea](/source/EUFOR_Althea) - [High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina](/source/High_Representative_for_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina) - [League of Nations mandate](/source/League_of_Nations_mandate) - [Peace Implementation Council](/source/Peace_Implementation_Council) - [Protector](/source/Protector_(title)) (titles for [Heads of State](/source/Head_of_State) and other individual persons) - [Protectorate (imperial China)](/source/Protectorate_(imperial_China)) - [Timeline of national independence](/source/Timeline_of_national_independence) - [Tribute](/source/Tribute) ## Notes 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-informal_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-informal_11-1) *Protected state* in this technical sense is distinguished from the informal usage of "protected state" to refer to a state receiving protection. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** The British held a [de jure](/source/De_jure) protected state over Afghanistan. Despite agreeing to the terms of the [Treaty of Gandamak](/source/Treaty_of_Gandamak), [Abdur Rahman Khan](/source/Abdur_Rahman_Khan) held Afghanistan as a [de facto](/source/De_facto) independent state by holding external affairs with other nations such as [Persia](/source/Qajar_Iran) and [Russia](/source/Russian_Empire), and often opposing the British. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Some scholars regard the relationship as one of [Priest-patron](/source/Priest-patron) rather than a protectorate.[33][34][35] ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann,_Protectorates1987336_1-0)** [Hoffmann, Protectorates (1987)](#CITEREFHoffmann,_Protectorates1987), p. 336. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-cyprus_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-cyprus_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-cyprus_2-2) Fuess, Albrecht (1 January 2005). ["Was Cyprus a Mamluk protectorate? Mamluk policies toward Cyprus between 1426 and 1517"](https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA144051591&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=13032925&p=AONE&sw=w). *Journal of Cyprus Studies*. **11** (28–29): 11–29. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1303-2925](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1303-2925). Retrieved 24 October 2020. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-reflection_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-reflection_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-reflection_3-2) Reisman, W. (1 January 1989). ["Reflections on State Responsibility for Violations of Explicit Protectorate, Mandate, and Trusteeship Obligations"](https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol10/iss1/21/). *Michigan Journal of International Law*. **10** (1): 231–240. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1052-2867](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1052-2867). Retrieved 24 October 2020. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-boijkov_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-boijkov_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-boijkov_4-2) Bojkov, Victor D. ["Democracy in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Post-1995 political system and its functioning"](https://homepage.univie.ac.at/vedran.dzihic/bojkov_2003.pdf) (PDF). *Southeast European Politics 4.1*: 41–67. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Leys, Colin (2014). ["The British ruling class"](https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/20194). *Socialist Register*. **50**. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0081-0606](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-0606). Retrieved 23 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Kirkwood, Patrick M. (21 July 2016). [""Lord Cromer's Shadow": Political Anglo-Saxonism and the Egyptian Protectorate as a Model in the American Philippines"](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/625981/summary). *Journal of World History*. **27** (1): 1–26. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1353/jwh.2016.0085](https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2016.0085). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1527-8050](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-8050). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [148316956](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148316956). Retrieved 23 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Rubenson, Sven (1966). ["Professor Giglio, Antonelli and Article XVII of the Treaty of Wichale"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/180113). *The Journal of African History*. **7** (3): 445–457. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0021853700006526](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700006526). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0021-8537](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8537). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [180113](https://www.jstor.org/stable/180113). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [162713931](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162713931). Retrieved 24 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Archer, Francis Bisset (1967). [*The Gambia Colony and Protectorate: An Official Handbook*](https://books.google.com/books?id=wk6o1XniPsQC). Psychology Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7146-1139-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-1139-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Johnston, Alex. (1905). ["The Colonization of British East Africa"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/715150). *Journal of the Royal African Society*. **5** (17): 28–37. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0368-4016](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0368-4016). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [715150](https://www.jstor.org/stable/715150). Retrieved 24 October 2020. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality200142_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality200142_10-1) [Meijknecht, Towards International Personality (2001)](#CITEREFMeijknecht,_Towards_International_Personality2001), p. 42. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316_12-0)** [Willigen, Peacebuilding and International Administration (2013)](#CITEREFWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration2013), p. 16. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Yoon, Jong-pil (17 August 2020). ["Establishing expansion as a legal right: an analysis of French colonial discourse surrounding protectorate treaties"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01916599.2020.1722725). *History of European Ideas*. **46** (6): 811–826. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/01916599.2020.1722725](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01916599.2020.1722725). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0191-6599](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-6599). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [214425740](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214425740). Retrieved 24 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [Willigen, Peacebuilding and International Administration (2013)](#CITEREFWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration2013), p. 16: "First, protected states are entities which still have substantial authority in their internal affairs, retain some control over their foreign policy, and establish their relation to the protecting state on a treaty or another legal instrument. Protected states still have qualifications of statehood." 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950_15-5) [Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009)](#CITEREFOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered2009), p. 50. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration201316–17_16-0)** [Willigen, Peacebuilding and International Administration (2013)](#CITEREFWilligen,_Peacebuilding_and_International_Administration2013), pp. 16–17. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Onah, Emmanuel Ikechi (9 January 2020). ["Nigeria: A Country Profile"](http://e-journal.uum.edu.my/index.php/jis/article/view/7954). *Journal of International Studies*. **10**: 151–162. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.32890/jis.10.2014.7954](https://doi.org/10.32890%2Fjis.10.2014.7954). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2289-666X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2289-666X). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [226175755](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226175755). Retrieved 21 September 2021. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Moloney, Alfred (1890). ["Notes on Yoruba and the Colony and Protectorate of Lagos, West Africa"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801424). *Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography*. **12** (10): 596–614. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/1801424](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1801424). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0266-626X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-626X). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [1801424](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1801424). Retrieved 21 September 2021. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Wick2016_19-0)** Wick, Alexis (2016), [*The Red Sea: In Search of Lost Space*](https://books.google.com/books?id=haowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA133), University of California Press, pp. 133–, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-28592-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28592-7) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Αλιβιζάτου, Αικατερίνη (12 March 2019). ["Use of GIS in analyzing archaeological sites: the case study of Mycenaean Cephalonia, Greece"](https://amitos.library.uop.gr/xmlui/handle/123456789/5063). *[University of Peloponnese](/source/University_of_Peloponnese)*. Retrieved 2 July 2022. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Dumieński, Zbigniew (2014). [Microstates as Modern Protected States: Towards a New Definition of Micro-Statehood](https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195156/https://ams.hi.is/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Microstates_OccasionalPaper.pdf) (PDF) (Report). Occasional Paper. Centre for Small State Studies. Archived from [the original](http://ams.hi.is/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Microstates_OccasionalPaper.pdf) (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2022. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** DORATIOTO, Francisco (15 January 2026). ["Poder Naval e política externa do Império do Brasil no Rio da Prata (1822-1852)"](https://portaldeperiodicos.marinha.mil.br/index.php/navigator/article/download/333/313/1172). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** BATISTA VAZ, Braz (27 April 2020). ["Brazil and the end of the Paraguayan War: notes on military operations and diplomacy"](https://portaldeperiodicos.marinha.mil.br/index.php/navigator/article/download/413/397). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Castro, Genesco de (2005). ["O estado independente do Acre e J. Plácido de Castro : excertos históricos"](http://www2.senado.leg.br/bdsf/handle/id/1051). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200951_25-1) [Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009)](#CITEREFOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered2009), p. 51. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-British_protectorate_mi_26-0)** ["Timeline – Story of Independence"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190727112628/https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/timeline-story-of-independence-115638). Archived from [the original](https://maldivesindependent.com/politics/timeline-story-of-independence-115638) on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2020. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered200950–51_27-1) [Onley, The Raj Reconsidered (2009)](#CITEREFOnley,_The_Raj_Reconsidered2009), pp. 50–51. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Histories of the Modern Middle East"](https://laits.utexas.edu/modern_me/egypt/3/treaty). *Laits.utexas.edu*. Retrieved 21 April 2019. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Francis Carey Owtram (1999). ["Oman and the West: State Formation in Oman since 1920"](https://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1556/1/U126805.pdf) (PDF). University of London. Retrieved 31 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** "A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present, by Michael J. Seth", p112 1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Goldstein, Melvyn C. (April 1995), [*Tibet, China and the United States*](https://case.edu/affil/tibet/documents/ReflectionsontheTibetQuestion1995.pdf) (PDF), The Atlantic Council, p. 3 – via Case Western Reserve University 1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Norbu, Dawa (2001), [*China's Tibet Policy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=EGqyIgOlUCIC&pg=PA78), Routledge, p. 78, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-136-79793-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79793-4) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Lin, Hsaio-ting (2011). [*Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928–49*](https://books.google.com/books?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA8). UBC Press. p. 8. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7748-5988-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5988-2). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Sloane, Robert D. (Spring 2002), ["The Changing Face of Recognition in International Law: A Case Study of Tibet"](https://heinonline.org/HOL/Print?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/emint16&id=113), *Emory International Law Review*, **16** (1), note 93, p. 135: "This ["priest-patron"] relationship reemerged during China's prolonged domination by the Manchu Ch'ing dynasty (1611–1911)." – via Hein Online 1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Karan, P. P. (2015), "Suppression of Tibetan Religious Heritage", in S. D. Brunn (ed.), *The Changing World Religion Map*, Spriger Science, p. 462, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_23](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-9376-6_23), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-94-017-9375-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9375-9) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Sinha, Nirmal C. (May 1964), ["Historical Status of Tibet"](http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_01_01_04.pdf) (PDF), *Bulletin of Tibetology*, **1** (1): 27 1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Indonesian traditional polities"](https://rulers.org/indotrad.html). *rulers.org*. Retrieved 16 January 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["Indonesian Traditional States part 1"](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Indonesia_princely_states1.html). *www.worldstatesmen.org*. Retrieved 16 January 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["Indonesian Traditional States Part 2"](https://www.worldstatesmen.org/Indonesia_princely_states2.html). *www.worldstatesmen.org*. Retrieved 17 January 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** See the classic account on this in Robert Delavignette. *Freedom and Authority in French West Africa*. London: Oxford University Press, (1950). The more recent standard studies on French expansion include: Robert Aldrich. Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion. Palgrave MacMillan (1996) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-312-16000-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16000-3). Alice L. Conklin. A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa 1895–1930. Stanford: Stanford University Press (1998), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8047-2999-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-2999-4). Patrick Manning. Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880–1995. Cambridge University Press (1998) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-64255-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64255-8). Jean Suret-Canale. Afrique Noire: l'Ere Coloniale (Editions Sociales, Paris, 1971); Eng. translation, French Colonialism in Tropical Africa, 1900 1945. (New York, 1971). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Bedjaoui, Mohammed (1 January 1991). [*International Law: Achievements and Prospects*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&pg=PA51). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9231027166](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9231027166) – via Google Books. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Capaldo, Giuliana Ziccardi (1 January 1995). [*Repertory of Decisions of the International Court of Justice (1947–1992)*](https://books.google.com/books?id=esfISSxc13cC&pg=PA453). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0792329937](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792329937) – via Google Books. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** C. W. Newbury. Aspects of French Policy in the Pacific, 1853–1906. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Feb., 1958), pp. 45–56 1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Gonschor, Lorenz Rudolf (August 2008). *Law as a Tool of Oppression and Liberation: Institutional Histories and Perspectives on Political Independence in Hawaiʻi, Tahiti Nui/French Polynesia and Rapa Nui* (Thesis). Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa. pp. 56–59. [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10125/20375](https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F20375). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gründer-2004_47-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gründer-2004_47-1) Gründer, Horst (2004). [*Geschichte der deutschen Kolonien*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rKfe8UOC6cAC) (in German). Schöningh. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-8252-1332-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8252-1332-9). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffmann,_Protectorates1987336–339_48-0)** [Hoffmann, Protectorates (1987)](#CITEREFHoffmann,_Protectorates1987), pp. 336–339. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-oboze_49-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-oboze_49-1) Gerrits, Andre W. M.; Bader, Max (2 July 2016). ["Russian patronage over Abkhazia and South Ossetia: implications for conflict resolution"](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21599165.2016.1166104). *East European Politics*. **32** (3): 297–313. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/21599165.2016.1166104](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21599165.2016.1166104). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1887/73992](https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F73992). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2159-9165](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-9165). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [156061334](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156061334). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Pieńkowski, Jakub (2016). ["Renewal of Negotiations on Resolving the Transnistria Conflict"](https://www.ceeol.com/search/gray-literature-detail?id=598329). *[Central and Eastern European Online Library](/source/Central_and_Eastern_European_Online_Library) (CEEOL)*. Retrieved 3 July 2022. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Greene, Sam (26 April 2019). ["Putin's 'Passportization' Move Aimed At Keeping the Donbass Conflict on Moscow's Terms"](https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/04/26/putins-passportization-move-aimed-at-keeping-the-donbass-conflict-on-moscows-terms-a65405). *The Moscow Times*. Retrieved 24 October 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Robinson, Paul (1 October 2016). ["Russia's role in the war in Donbass, and the threat to European security"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23745118.2016.1154229). *European Politics and Society*. **17** (4): 506–521. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/23745118.2016.1154229](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23745118.2016.1154229). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2374-5118](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2374-5118). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [155529950](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155529950). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["Putin's Karabakh victory sparks alarm in Ukraine"](https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/putins-karabakh-victory-sparks-alarm-in-ukraine/). *Atlantic Council*. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2021. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Goble, Paul (25 November 2020). ["Nagorno-Karabakh Now A Russian Protectorate – OpEd"](https://www.eurasiareview.com/25112020-nagorno-karabakh-now-a-russian-protectorate-oped/). *Eurasia Review*. Retrieved 21 September 2021. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Socor, Vladimir. ["Russia's 'Peacekeeping' Operation in Karabakh: Foundation of a Russian Protectorate (Part Two)"](https://jamestown.org/program/russias-peacekeeping-operation-in-karabakh-foundation-of-a-russian-protectorate-part-two/). *Jamestown*. Retrieved 21 September 2021. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Kingston_2023_56-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Kingston_2023_56-1) Kingston, A. J. (2023). [*Ottoman Empire: The Sultan's Domain*](https://books.google.com/books?id=teC-EAAAQBAJ&q=Ottoman+vassal&pg=PT57). A.J. Kingston. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-83938-338-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83938-338-0). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** [Toumanoff, Cyril](/source/Cyril_Toumanoff) (1963). *Studies in Christian Caucasian History*. [Washington DC](/source/Washington_DC): [Georgetown University Press](/source/Georgetown_University_Press). p. 257. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Aguilar, Filomeno V. (2000). ["The Republic of Negros"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634352). *Philippine Studies*. **48** (1): 26–52. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0031-7837](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7837). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [42634352](https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634352). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ["Notice of Finding of Failure To Submit State Plans for the Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Emission Guidelines"](https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/03/12/2020-05079/notice-of-finding-of-failure-to-submit-state-plans-for-the-municipal-solid-waste-landfills-emission). *Environmental Protection Agency*. 12 March 2020. ## Bibliography - Hoffmann, Gerhard (1987). ["Protectorates"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444862419500853). *Encyclopedia of Disputes Installment 10*. Elsevier. pp. 336–339. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/B978-0-444-86241-9.50085-3](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-86241-9.50085-3). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780444862419](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444862419). Retrieved 24 October 2020. - Macdonell, John (1911). ["Protectorate"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Protectorate). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 468–470. - Meijknecht, Anna (2001), [*Towards International Personality: The Position of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples in International Law*](https://books.google.com/books?id=b3NnYzUWxtoC&pg=PA42), Intersentia NV, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-5095-166-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-166-1) - Onley, James (March 2009), ["The Raj Reconsidered: British India's Informal Empire and Spheres of Influence in Asia and Africa"](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf) (PDF), *Asian Affairs*, **11** (1), archived from [the original](https://socialsciences.exeter.ac.uk/iais/downloads/Onley_Raj_Reconsidered.pdf) (PDF) on 9 October 2022, retrieved 24 December 2020 - Reisman, W. (1989), "Reflections on state responsibility for violations of explicit protectorate, mandate, and trusteeship obligations", *Michigan Journal of International Law*, **10** (1): 231–240 - Willigen, Niels van (2013), [*Peacebuilding and International Administration: The Cases of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo*](https://books.google.com/books?id=UsLN-YFLKRUC&pg=PA16), Routledge, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-11718-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-11718-5) - Larousse, Pierre; [Paul Augé](/source/Paul_Aug%C3%A9); [Claude Augé](/source/Claude_Aug%C3%A9) (1925). *Nouveau Petit Larousse Illustré: Dictionnaire Encyclopédique* (in French). Larousse. v t e Empires Ancient (colonies) Akkadian Armenian Urartu Orontid Ancient Assyrian Middle Assyrian Neo-Assyrian Babylonian Old Babylonian Kassite Neo-Babylonian Chinese Qin Han Jin Dʿmt Egyptian Old Kingdom Middle Kingdom New Kingdom Goguryeo Harsha Hellenistic Greek colonisation Macedonian Seleucid Ptolemaic Bactrian Indo-Greek Hittite Hunnic White Xiongnu Iranian Median Achaemenid Parthian Sasanian Kush Kushan Magadha Haryanka Shaishunaga Nanda Maurya Shunga Gupta Nabatean Phoenician Carthaginian Roman Western Eastern Satavahana Neo-Sumerian Xianbei Rouran Post-classical Angevin Aragonese Armenian Bagratid Vaspurakan Artsakh Cilician Zakarid Ayyubid Aztec Benin Bornu Bruneian Bulgarian First Second Burmese First Calakmul Caliphate Rashidun Umayyad Abbasid Fatimid Chalukya Western Eastern Chinese Sui Tang Liao Song Jīn Yuan Chola Ethiopian Aksum Zagwe Solomonic Genoese Georgian Huetar Inca Vilcabamba Kannauj Pala Gurjara-Pratihara Rashtrakuta Iranian Tahirid Saffarid Samanid Buyid Japanese Yamato Kamakura Muromachi Edo Kanem Khmer Latin Lithuanian Grand Duchy Commonwealth Majapahit Mali Mongol Yuan Golden Horde Chagatai Khanate Ilkhanate Berber Almoravid Almohad Norwegian North Sea Oyo Polish Kingdom Commonwealth Eastern-Roman Byzantine Nicaea Thessalonica Trebizond Epirus Morea Romano-Germanic Carolingian Holy Roman Serbian Singhasari Songhai Srivijaya Tibetan Tikal Tiwanaku Toltec Turco-Persian Ghaznavid Great Seljuk Khwarezmian Timurid Turkic First Western Eastern Second Türgesh Uighur Kyrgyz Venetian Vietnamese Dinh Early Le Ly Tran Ho Later Tran Later Le Vijayanagara Wagadou Wari Modern Afghan Ashanti Austro-Hungarian Brazilian Burmese Second Third Central African Chinese Ming Qing China Manchukuo Ethiopian Haitian First Second French First Second German German Empire Nazi Germany Indian Indo-Persian Mughal Sikh Iranian Safavid Afsharid Zand Qajar Pahlavi Japanese Kazakh Korean Maratha Mexican First Second Mongol Oirat Khoshut Dzungar Ottoman Moroccan Saadi 'Alawi Russian Tsarist Imperial Contemporary Sokoto Swedish Tongan Vietnamese Mạc Revival Lê Tay Sơn Dainam Vietnam Colonial Austrian attempts Belgian British English Scottish Chinese Danish Dutch French German attempts Italian Venetian Genoese Maltese attempts Japanese Mongol Norwegian Omani Polish–Lithuanian Couronian attempts Portuguese Russian Spanish Catalan-Aragonese Basque Swedish Lists Empires largest Ancient great powers Medieval great powers Modern great powers European colonialism African empires Middle Eastern empires Nomadic empire Imperialism Imperialism by country American Chinese Russian Eurasianism Academic Cultural Ecological Green Media New Nuclear Liberal Linguistic Platform Scientific Social Theories Related Anti-imperialism Colonialism Internal Settler Colonization Concessions and leases in international relations Fascism Han chauvinism Ottomanism Neo Soviet empire White supremacy v t e Designations for types of administrative division English terms Common English terms Area Insular area Local government area Special area Unincorporated area Unorganized area Borough County borough Metropolitan borough Canton Half-canton Capital Federal capital Imperial capital City Autonomous city Charter city Independent city Incorporated city Imperial city Free imperial city Royal free city Community Autonomous community Residential community County Administrative county Autonomous county Consolidated city-county County seat County town Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan county Regional county municipality Viscounty Country Overseas country Department Overseas department District Capital district City district Congressional district Electoral district Federal district Indian government district Land district Local government district Metropolitan district Non-metropolitan district Military district Municipal district Police district Regional district Rural district Sanitary district Service district Educational service district Local service district School district Intermediate school district Special district in the US Urban district Division Census division Police division Subdivision of India Indian reserve/reservation Indian reservation (United States) Indian reserve (Canada) Municipality City municipality County municipality Direct-controlled municipality District municipality Neutral municipality Regional municipality Resort municipality Mountain resort municipality Rural municipality Specialized municipality Prefecture Autonomous prefecture Subprefecture Super-prefecture Praetorian prefecture Province Autonomous province Overseas province Roman province Region Administrative region Special administrative region Autonomous region Capital region National capital region Development region Mesoregion Microregion Overseas region Subregion State Quasi-state City-state Federal state Free state Sovereign state Territory Capital territory Federal capital territory National capital territory Dependent territory Federal territory Incorporated territory Organized incorporated territory Overseas territory Union territory Town Census town Market town Township Charter township Civil township Paper township Survey township Urban township Unit Regional unit Zone Economic zone Exclusive economic zone Free economic zone Special economic zone Exclusion zone Military exclusion zone Free speech zone Neutral zone Self-administered zone Trade zone Free-trade zone Other English terms Current Alpine resort Bailiwick Banner Autonomous Block Cadastre Circle Circuit Colony Commune Condominium Constituency Duchy District Eldership Emirate Enclave and exclave Federal dependency Governorate Hamlet Manor Royal Muftiate Neighbourhood Parish Precinct Principality Protectorate Quarter Regency Autonomous republic Riding Sector Autonomous Shire Sultanate Suzerainty Townland Village Summer Ward Historical Agency Barony Burgh Exarchate Hide Hundred Imperial Circle March Monthon Presidency Residency Roman diocese Seat Tenth Tithing Viceroyalty Non-English terms or loanwords Current Amt Apskritis Bakhsh Barangay Bashki Bezirk Regierungsbezirk Comarca Comune Frazione Freguesia Fu Gemeinde Austria Germany South Tyrol Switzerland Gemeente Gmina Hromada Județ Kampong Kommun/Kunta Finland Sweden Län (Sweden) Landskap Finland Località Maakunta Megye Muban Mukim Njësi administrative Obec Oblast Autonomous Okrug Ostān Poblacion Purok Qark Raion Savivaldybė Selsoviet Sitio Seniūnija Shahrestān Sum China Sýsla Tehsil Townlet Vingtaine Historical Commote Gau Heerlijkheid Komunë Dominion Köping Korale Län/Lääni Landskap Sweden Landskommun Maalaiskunta Nome Egypt Greece Pagus Pargana Plasă Rreth Satrapy Socken Subah Syssel Zhou Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in italics. See also Autonomous administration Census division Electoral district List of administrative divisions by country Greek administrative divisions Slavic administrative divisions v t e Autonomous types of first-tier subdivision administration Federalism Asymmetric federalism Confederation Cooperative federalism Corporative federalism Dual federalism Ethnic federalism Federacy Federal monarchy Federal republic Federated state Federation Fiscal federalism Symmetric federalism List of federal countries Unitary state Devolution Regional state Unions Composite monarchy Dual monarchy Dynastic union Empire Colonial empire Multinational state Personal union Political union Real union Superstate Supranational union Continental union Subordinacy Associated state Client state Colony Dependent territory Direct rule Dominion Indirect rule Mandate Protectorate Puppet state Satellite state Trusteeship Tributary state Vassal state Development Annexation Cession Detachment Irredentism Military occupation Partition Regional integration Secession Separatism Territorial dispute See also Autonomy Autonomous area Decentralization Hegemony Home rule Stateless nation Subsidiarity Suzerainty Tribal sovereignty Authority control databases International GND National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Latvia Israel Other İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Protectorate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate?action=history)). 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