# Professional studies

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{{short description|Education leading to a professional degree}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
"'''Professional studies'''" is a term used to classify academic programs which are applied or interdisciplinary in focus. The term can also be used for non-academic training for a specific [profession](/source/profession). Research on professionals can be seen as a multidisciplinary field of research with a multiple of perspectives in theory and by methods. 

Professional studies usually combine theory and [practice-based professional learning](/source/practice-based_professional_learning), focusing on a [body of knowledge](/source/body_of_knowledge) that is more strictly delineated and canonical than non-professional studies. Students are trained to ensure expected [standards](/source/Standard_of_care) and adequate service delivery in the [best practice](/source/best_practice) of a profession.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-professional-studies.html| title=First-Professional Studies| accessdate=2007-04-25| author=US Department of Education| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214142648/http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-professional-studies.html| archivedate=2007-12-14}}</ref>

One aspect of professional action that has been widely studied in professional studies is [tacit knowledge](/source/tacit_knowledge) (cf. Polyani 1967), including professional judgment, discretion or [fronesis](/source/fronesis), a term from the Greek philosopher [Aristotle](/source/Aristotle), also called practical intelligence or knowledge (see Dunne 1997; McGuirk 2013). 

Professional studies may lead to [academic degrees](/source/academic_degrees) such as the Bachelor of Professional Studies (BPS), [Master of Professional Studies](/source/Master_of_Professional_Studies) (MPS), or [Doctor of Professional Studies](/source/Doctor_of_Professional_Studies) (DPS). A BPS is similar to a [Bachelor of General Studies](/source/Bachelor_of_General_Studies) with a greater emphasis on practical and technical training (and a corresponding lower emphasis on [liberal arts](/source/liberal_arts)), and therefore of greater interest to mid-career students.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} MPS degrees are usually course-based with a report or project component rather than a research [thesis](/source/thesis).<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-masters-degree.html| title=Master's Degrees Programs| accessdate=2007-04-25| author=US Department of Education |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070219224943/http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-masters-degree.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-02-19}}</ref> The [US National Science Foundation](/source/US_National_Science_Foundation) considers a DPS to be equivalent to a [PhD](/source/PhD).<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-research-doctorate.html| title=Research Doctorate Programs| accessdate=2007-04-25| author=US Department of Education |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070303214708/http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-research-doctorate.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2007-03-03}}</ref>

In Germany, new higher professional degrees were introduced at the beginning of 2020. The new Bachelor Professional and Master Professional have been equivalent to other bachelor's and master's degrees.<ref>[https://www.hfh-fernstudium.de/blog/was-ist-ein-bachelor-professional ''Was ist ein Bachelor Professional?''].</ref><ref>[https://www.dihk.de/de/themen-und-positionen/fachkraefte/aus-und-weiterbildung/weiterbildung/-bachelor-professional-und-master-professional--33632 ''"Bachelor Professional" und "Master Professional"'']. Neue Abschlüsse in der Höheren Berufsbildung.</ref> The basis for this are §§ 53c and d of the Vocational Training Act (BBiG).<ref>[https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bbig_2005/index.html ''Berufsbildungsgesetz (BBiG)''].</ref>

Some music schools like [Curtis Institute of Music](/source/Curtis_Institute_of_Music) offer postgraduate programs that result in a ''Professional Studies Certificate''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.curtis.edu/academics/degree-programs/professional-studies-certificate-in-opera2/|title = Professional Studies Certificate in Opera}}</ref> Other schools, like the [Manhattan School of Music](/source/Manhattan_School_of_Music) require a master's degree or postgraduate diploma in order to attend the program.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msmnyc.edu/admissions/professional-studies-certificate/|title = Professional Studies Certificate}}</ref>

==See also==
* [Bachelor](/source/Bachelor's_degree)
==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
* Dunne, J. (1997). ''Back to the Rough Ground. Practical Judgment and the Lure of Technique.'' Notre Dame, Indiana, University of Notre Dame Press.
* McGuirk, J. (2013). «Dreyfus, Merleau-Ponty and the phenomenology of practical intelligence.» [https://www.idunn.no/nft/2013/03-04/dreyfus_merleau-ponty_and_the_-phenomenology_of_practical_ Norsk filosofisk tidsskrift 48(3-4): 289-303. Open Access.]
* Polanyi, M. (1967). ''The tacit dimension.'' New York, Anchor.
==External links==
*[http://education-portal.com/articles/What_is_a_Bachelor_of_Professional_Studies_Degree.html Bachelor of Professional Studies]

Category:Professional studies
Category:Vocational education

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