# Prodelphinidin

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[[File:Prodelphinidin B3.svg|thumb|right|Chemical structure of [prodelphinidin B3](/source/prodelphinidin_B3)]]
'''Prodelphinidin''' is a name for the polymeric tannins composed of [gallocatechin](/source/gallocatechin).<ref>Porter, 1992</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Afidah A. |last1=Rahima |first2=Emmanuel |last2=Roccab |first3=Jean |last3=Steinmetzb |first4=M. Jain |last4=Kassima |first5=M. Sani |last5=Ibrahima |first6= Hasnah |last6=Osman |title=Antioxidant activities of mangrove ''Rhizophora apiculata'' bark extracts |journal=Food Chemistry |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=200–207 |date=1 March 2008 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.005 }}</ref><ref>Prodelphinidin polymers: definition of structural units. Lai Yeap Foo and Lawrence J. Porter. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1978, pp. 1186–1190, {{doi|10.1039/P19780001186}}</ref> It yields [delphinidin](/source/delphinidin) during [depolymerisation](/source/Depolymerization) under oxidative conditions.

== Natural occurrences ==
Prodelphinidins are one of the two sorts of tannins in [grape](/source/grape) (the other being [procyanidin](/source/procyanidin)s) being produced especially in the skin of the berry.<ref>Polymeric proanthocyanidins from grape skins. Jean-Marc Souquet, Véronique Cheynier, Franck Brossaud and Michel Moutounet, Phytochemistry, volume 43, Issue 2, September 1996, Pages 509–512, {{doi|10.1016/0031-9422(96)00301-9}}</ref>

Prodelphinidins can be found in ''[Cistus salviifolius](/source/Cistus_salviifolius)''.<ref>Flavan-3-ols, prodelphinidins and further polyphenols from Cistus salvifolius. Andreas Danne, Frank Petereit and Adolf Nahrstedt, Phytochemistry, Volume 37, Issue 2, 1994, Pages 533–538, {{doi|10.1016/0031-9422(94)85094-1}}</ref> Gallocatechin-(4→8)-catechin ([prodelphinidin B3](/source/prodelphinidin_B3)), [gallocatechin-(4→8)-gallocatechin](/source/gallocatechin-(4%E2%86%928)-gallocatechin) and [catechin-(4→8)-gallocatechin](/source/catechin-(4%E2%86%928)-gallocatechin) can be found in the [pomegranate](/source/pomegranate) peels.<ref>Antioxidant properties of gallocatechin and prodelphinidins from pomegranate peel. Plumb G. W., de Pascual-Teresa S, Santos-Buelga C, Rivas-Gonzalo J. C and Williamson G, Redox Report, February 2002, Volume 7, Number 1, pages 41–46, {{doi|10.1179/135100002125000172}}</ref> [Prodelphinidin B-2 3'-O-gallate](/source/Prodelphinidin_B-2_3'-O-gallate) can be found in [green tea](/source/green_tea) leaves<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng HY, Lin CC, Lin TC |title=Antiviral properties of prodelphinidin B-2 3'-O-gallate from green tea leaf |journal=Antivir. Chem. Chemother. |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=223–229 |date=July 2002 |pmid=12495210 |doi=10.1177/095632020201300403 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and [prodelphinidin B-2 3,3'-di-O-gallate](/source/prodelphinidin_B-2_3%2C3'-di-O-gallate) can be found in ''[Myrica rubra](/source/Myrica_rubra)''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheng HY, Lin TC, Ishimaru K, Yang CM, Wang KC, Lin CC |title=In vitro antiviral activity of prodelphinidin B-2 3,3'-di-O-gallate from ''Myrica rubra'' |journal=Planta Med. |volume=69 |issue=10 |pages=953–956 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14648402 |doi=10.1055/s-2003-45108 }}</ref>

== Particular oligomeric prodelphinidins ==
[Prodelphinidin B3](/source/Prodelphinidin_B3) (gallocatechin-(4α→8)-catechin) and [prodelphinidin B9](/source/prodelphinidin_B9) (epigallocatechin-(4α→8)-catechin) can be isolated in [beer](/source/beer).<ref>{{Cite thesis |degree=PhD |title=Structure elucidation of proanthocyanidins: Direct synthesis and isolation from Pilsener beer |url=http://www.biw.kuleuven.be/lmt/labolmc/DOCS/Delcour.htm |last=Delcour |first=Jan |year=1985 |publisher=Katholieke Universiteit Leuven }}</ref><ref>Phenolic Compounds in Beer. Clarissa Gerhäuser and Hans Becker, Beer in Health and Disease Prevention, 2009 ([http://www.dkfz.de/en/tox/download/gerh/pdf-files/CH012-final.pdf article])</ref> [Prodelphinidin C2](/source/Prodelphinidin_C2) (gallocatechin-(4α→8)-gallocatechin-(4α→8)-catechin) can be isolated in [malt](/source/malt).<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Menelaos |last1=Papagiannopoulos |first2=Benno |last2=Zimmermann |first3=Annett |last3=Mellenthin |first4=Martin |last4=Krappe |first5=Giovanni |last5=Maio |first6=Rudolf |last6=Galensa |title=Online coupling of pressurized liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography for automated analysis of proanthocyanidins in malt |journal=Journal of Chromatography A |volume=958 |issue=1–2 |pages=9–16 |date=7 June 2002 |pmid=12134835 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00364-3 }}</ref>

The A-type proanthocyanidin [epigallocatechin-(2β→7,4β→8)-epicatechin](/source/epigallocatechin-(2%CE%B2%E2%86%927%2C4%CE%B2%E2%86%928)-epicatechin) can be found in the leaves of ''[Dioclea lasiophylla](/source/Dioclea_lasiophylla)'',<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=11190400 |date=December 2000 |first1=André L. B. S. |last1=Barreiros |first2=Juceni P. |last2=David |first3=Luciano P. |last3=de Queiroz |first4=Jorge M. |last4=David |title=A-type proanthocyanidin antioxidant from ''Dioclea lasiophylla'' |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=805–808 |journal=Phytochemistry |doi=10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00297-1}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [Crofelemer](/source/Crofelemer), a complex mixture of procyanidins and prodelphinidins from the latex of the South American tree ''[Croton lechleri](/source/Croton_lechleri)'' (locally called Sangre de Grado or Sangre de Drago)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Condensed tannin}}

Category:Condensed tannins
Category:Grape

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Prodelphinidin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodelphinidin) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodelphinidin?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.