# Procyonidae

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Procyonidae
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Procyonidae.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyonidae
> Source revision: 1354727264
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|Family of mammals}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Procyonidae-01.jpg
| image_caption = From top left to bottom right: [raccoon](/source/raccoon) (''[Procyon](/source/Procyon_(genus))''), [ringtail](/source/ringtail) (''[Bassariscus](/source/Bassariscus)''), [South American coati](/source/South_American_coati) (''[Nasua](/source/Nasua)''), [northern olingo](/source/northern_olingo) (''[Bassaricyon](/source/Bassaricyon)''), [kinkajou](/source/kinkajou) (''[Potos](/source/Potos)'')
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|22.6|0}}[Early Miocene](/source/Early_Miocene) to [Holocene](/source/Holocene)
| taxon = Procyonidae
| authority = [Gray, 1825](/source/John_Edward_Gray)
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| type_genus = ''[Procyon](/source/Procyon_(genus))''
| type_genus_authority = [Storr](/source/Gottlieb_Conrad_Christian_Storr), 1780
| subdivision =
*Extant genera:
**''[Bassariscus](/source/Bassariscus)''
**''[Procyon](/source/Procyon_(genus))''
**''[Nasua](/source/Nasua)''
**''[Nasuella](/source/Nasuella)''
**''[Bassaricyon](/source/Bassaricyon)''
**''[Potos](/source/Kinkajou)''
*Extinct genera:
**†''[Arctonasua](/source/Arctonasua)''
**†''[Bassaricyonoides](/source/Bassaricyonoides)''
**†''[Broiliana](/source/Broiliana)''
**†''[Chapalmalania](/source/Chapalmalania)''
**†''[Cyonasua](/source/Cyonasua)''
**†''[Edaphocyon](/source/Edaphocyon)''
**†''[Parahyaenodon](/source/Parahyaenodon)''
**†''[Parapotos](/source/Parapotos)''
**†''[Paranasua](/source/Paranasua)''
**†''[Probassariscus](/source/Probassariscus)''
**†''[Protoprocyon](/source/Protoprocyon)''
**†''[Stromeriella](/source/Stromeriella)''
**†''[Tetraprothomo](/source/Tetraprothomo)''
| range_map = File:Procyonidae distribution.png
| range_map_caption = Procyonidae distribution
}}

'''Procyonidae''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|r|oʊ|s|iː|ˈ|ɒ|n|ɪ|d|iː}} {{respell|PROH|see|ON|i|dee}}) is a New World [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of the [order](/source/order_(biology)) [Carnivora](/source/Carnivora).<ref name = MSW3>{{MSW3 Carnivora | id = 14001595 | pages = 624–628}}</ref> It includes <!--listing all 7 types of procyonid would necessitate the use of the verb 'comprise'; 'include' would be appropriate only if listing fewer than the total number-->the [raccoons](/source/Procyon_(genus)), [ringtail](/source/ringtail)s, [cacomistle](/source/cacomistle)s, [coati](/source/coati)s, [kinkajou](/source/kinkajou)s, [olingo](/source/olingo)s, and [olinguito](/source/olinguito)s. Procyonids inhabit a wide range of environments and are generally [omnivorous](/source/omnivorous).

==Characteristics==
Procyonids are relatively small animals, with generally slender bodies and long tails, though the common raccoon tends to be bulky. <!--No need to make this a parenthetical statement-->

Because of their general build, the Procyonidae are often popularly viewed as smaller cousins of the [bear](/source/bear) family. This is apparent in their [German](/source/German_language) name, ''Kleinbären'' (small bears), including the names of the species: a raccoon is called a ''Waschbär'' (washing bear, as it "washes" its food before eating), a coati is a ''Nasenbär'' (nose-bear), while a [kinkajou](/source/kinkajou) is a ''Honigbär'' (honey-bear). [Dutch](/source/Dutch_Language) follows suit, calling the animals ''wasbeer'', ''neusbeer'' and ''rolstaartbeer'' (curl-tail bear) respectively. However, it is now believed that procyonids are more closely related to [mustelids](/source/Mustelidae) than to bears.<ref name="Flynn-2005">{{cite journal|last1=Flynn|first1=John|last2=Finarelli|first2=John|last3=Zehr|first3=Sarah|last4=Hsu|first4=Johnny|last5=Nedbal|first5=Michael|title=Molecular Phylogeny of the Carnivora (Mammalia): Assessing the Impact of Increased Sampling on Resolving Enigmatic Relationships|journal=Systematic Biology|volume=54|issue=2|year=2005|pages=317–337 |doi=10.1080/10635150590923326|pmid=16012099 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Procyonids share common morphological characteristics including a shortened rostrum, absent alisphenoid canals, and a relatively flat mandibular fossa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gompper |first1=Matthew E. |last2=Rega-Brodsky |first2=Christine C. |date=2016-01-06 |title=The Textbook in the Modern Mammalogy Classroom |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=217–218 |doi=10.1007/s10914-015-9319-4 |s2cid=17883651 }}</ref> Kinkajous have unique morphological characteristics consistent with their arboreally adapted locomotion, including a prehensile tail and unique femoral structure.<ref>{{cite thesis |title=The functional anatomy of prehensile and nonprehensile tails of the Platyrrhini (Primates) and Procyonidae (Carnivora) |first=Jason Michael |last=Organ |year=2007 |oclc=233832204 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tarquini |first=Juliana |date=March 2021 |title=Femoral Shape in Procyonids (Carnivora, Procyonidae): Morphofunctional Implications, Size and Phylogenetic Signal |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=159–171 |doi=10.1007/s10914-019-09491-8 |s2cid=209332127 |hdl=11336/98644 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Due to their omnivorous diet, procyonids have lost some of the adaptations for flesh-eating found in their carnivorous relatives. While they do have [carnassial](/source/carnassial) teeth, these are poorly developed in most species, especially the raccoons. Apart from the kinkajou, procyonids have the [dental formula](/source/dentition): {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.4.2|lower=3.1.4.2}} for a total of 40&nbsp;teeth. The [kinkajou](/source/kinkajou) has one fewer [premolar](/source/premolar) in each row: {{DentalFormula|upper=3.1.3.2|lower=3.1.3.2}} for a total of 36&nbsp;teeth.

Most members of Procyonidae are solitary; however, some species form groups. Coati females will form bands of 4 to 24 individuals that forage together,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gompper |first1=Matthew E. |last2=Gittleman |first2=John L. |last3=Wayne |first3=Robert K. |date=1997-04-01 |title=Genetic relatedness, coalitions and social behaviour of white-nosed coatis, Nasua narica |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=781–797 |doi=10.1006/anbe.1996.0344 |s2cid=53170578 }}</ref> while kinkajous have been found to form social groups of two males and one female.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kays |first1=Roland W. |last2=Gittleman |first2=John L. |date=April 2001 |title=The social organization of the kinkajou Potos flavus (Procyonidae) |journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=253 |issue=4 |pages=491–504 |doi=10.1017/S0952836901000450 }}</ref> Certain procyonids give birth to one offspring like ringtails, olingos, and kinkajous while raccoons and coatis give birth to litters that range in size from 2 to 6 offspring.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jirik |first=Kate |title=LibGuides: North American Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) Fact Sheet: Reproduction & Development |url=https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/ringtail/reproduction |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=ielc.libguides.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jirik |first=Kate |title=LibGuides: Kinkajou (Potos flavus) Fact Sheet: Summary |url=https://ielc.libguides.com/sdzg/factsheets/kinkajou/summary-page |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=ielc.libguides.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coati {{!}} San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants |url=https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/coati |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=animals.sandiegozoo.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-07 |title=Raccoon Nation ~ Raccoon Facts {{!}} Nature |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/raccoon-nation-raccoon-fact-sheet/7553/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Nature |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Evolution===

Procyonid fossils once thought to belong to the genus ''[Bassariscus](/source/Bassariscus)'', which includes the modern ringtail and cacomistle, have been identified from the [Miocene](/source/Miocene) epoch, around 20&nbsp;million years ([Ma](/source/Ma_(unit))) ago. It has been suggested that early procyonids were an offshoot of the [canids](/source/Canidae) that adapted to a more omnivorous diet.<ref name="EoM">{{cite book |last=Russell |first=James |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/98 |title=The Encyclopedia of Mammals |publisher=Facts on File |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-87196-871-5 |editor=Macdonald |editor-first=D. |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofma00mals_0/page/98 98–99] |url-access=registration}}</ref> The recent evolution of procyonids has been centered on Central America (where their diversity is greatest);<ref name=ZooKeys/> they entered the formerly isolated South America as part of the [Great American Interchange](/source/Great_American_Interchange),<ref name="Koepfli2007">{{cite journal |last1=Koepfli |first1=K.-P. |last2=Gompper |first2=M. E. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Ho |first4=C.-C. |last5=Linden |first5=L. |last6=Maldonado |first6=J. E. |last7=Wayne |first7=R. K. |year=2007 |title=Phylogeny of the Procyonidae (Mammalia: Carvnivora): Molecules, morphology and the Great American Interchange |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6026 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=1076–1095 |citeseerx=10.1.1.495.2618 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2006.10.003 |pmid=17174109|bibcode=2007MolPE..43.1076K |hdl=10088/6026 }}</ref> beginning about 7.3&nbsp;[Ma](/source/Ma_(unit)) ago in the late Miocene, with the appearance of ''[Cyonasua](/source/Cyonasua)''.<ref name="Woodburne2010">{{cite journal|last=Woodburne|first=M. O.|author-link=Michael Woodburne|title=The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens|journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution|volume= 17|issue=4|date= 2010-07-14|pages= 245–264|doi= 10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8|pmid=21125025|pmc=2987556}}</ref> Some fossil procyonids such as ''[Stromeriella](/source/Stromeriella)'' were also present in the Old World, before going extinct in the Pliocene.<ref>R. L. Carroll. 1988. Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution</ref>

Genetic studies have shown that kinkajous are a [sister group](/source/sister_group) to all other extant procyonids; they split off about 22.6&nbsp;Ma ago.<ref name="EizirikMurphy2010">{{cite journal |last1=Eizirik |first1=E. |last2=Murphy |first2=W. J. |last3=Koepfli |first3=K.-P. |last4=Johnson |first4=W. E. |last5=Dragoo |first5=J. W. |last6=Wayne |first6=R. K. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |date=2010-02-04 |title=Pattern and timing of diversification of the mammalian order Carnivora inferred from multiple nuclear gene sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=49–63 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.033 |pmc=7034395 |pmid=20138220|bibcode=2010MolPE..56...49E }}</ref> The clades leading to coatis and olingos on one branch, and to ringtails and raccoons on the other, separated about 17.7 Ma ago.<ref name=ZooKeys/> The divergence between olingos and coatis is estimated to have occurred about 10.2 Ma ago,<ref name=ZooKeys/> at about the same time that ringtails and raccoons parted ways.<ref name=ZooKeys/><ref name="Koepfli2007"/> The separation between coatis and mountain coatis is estimated to have occurred 7.7 Ma ago.<ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|1999244770}} |last=Nunes Tsuchiya |first=Mirian Tieko |title=Evolutionary History of Procyonidae (Mammalia, Carnivora): Integrating Genomics, Morphology and Biogeographic Modeling |year=2017 }}</ref>

==Classification==
{{see also|List of procyonids}}
There has been considerable historical uncertainty over the correct classification of several members. The [red panda](/source/red_panda) was previously classified in this family, but it is now classified in its own family, the [Ailuridae](/source/Ailuridae), based on molecular biology studies. The status of the various [olingo](/source/olingo)s was disputed: some regarded them all as [subspecies](/source/subspecies) of ''[Bassaricyon gabbii](/source/Bassaricyon_gabbii)'' before DNA sequence data demonstrated otherwise.<ref name=ZooKeys>{{cite journal |title=Taxonomic revision of the olingos (''Bassaricyon''), with description of a new species, the Olinguito |last1=Helgen |first1=K. M. |last2=Pinto |first2=M. |last3=Kays |first3=R. |last4=Helgen |first4=L. |last5=Tsuchiya |first5=M. |last6=Quinn |first6=A. |last7=Wilson |first7=D. |last8=Maldonado |first8=J.|journal= ZooKeys|issue= 324|date= 2013-08-15|pages= 1–83|doi= 10.3897/zookeys.324.5827 |pmid=24003317 |pmc=3760134|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013ZooK..324....1H }}</ref>

The traditional classification scheme shown below on the left predates the recent revolution in our understanding of procyonid [phylogeny](/source/phylogeny) based on genetic sequence analysis. This outdated classification groups kinkajous and olingos together on the basis of similarities in [morphology](/source/Morphology_(biology)) that are now known to be an example of [parallel evolution](/source/parallel_evolution); similarly, coatis are shown as being most closely related to raccoons, when in fact they are closest to olingos. Below right is a cladogram showing the results of molecular studies {{as of|2013|lc=y}}.<ref name=ZooKeys/><ref name="Koepfli2007"/><ref name="EizirikMurphy2010"/> Genus ''Nasuella'' was not included in these studies, but in a separate study was found to nest within ''Nasua''.<ref name="split">{{cite journal |last1=Helgen |first1=K. M. |last2=Kays |first2=R. |last3=Helgen |first3=L. E. |last4=Tsuchiya-Jerep |first4=M. T. N. |last5=Pinto |first5=C. M. |last6=Koepfli |first6=K. P. |last7=Eizirik |first7=E. |last8=Maldonado |first8=J. E. |date=August 2009 |title=Taxonomic boundaries and geographic distributions revealed by an integrative systematic overview of the mountain coatis, ''Nasuella'' (Carnivora: Procyonidae) |url=https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/8168 |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |volume=41 |pages=65–74 |hdl=10088/8168 |access-date=2013-08-20}}</ref>

{{cladogram|clades={{Clade|style=width:35em;
|label1=Procyonidae
|1={{Clade
 |1={{Clade
  |1={{Clade
   |1=''[Bassaricyon](/source/Bassaricyon)'' (olingos and olinguito)
   |2=''[Nasua](/source/Nasua)'' and ''[Nasuella](/source/Nasuella)'' (coatis)
   }}
  |2={{Clade
   |1=''[Procyon](/source/Procyon_(genus))'' (raccoons)
   |2=''[Bassariscus](/source/Bassariscus)'' (ringtail and cacomistle)
   }}
  }}
 |2=''[Potos](/source/Potos)'' (kinkajou)
}}}}}}

* '''FAMILY PROCYONIDAE'''
** '''Subfamily Procyoninae''' (nine species in four genera)
*** '''Tribe Procyonini'''
**** '''Subtribe Procyonina'''
***** [Raccoons](/source/Procyon_(genus)), ''Procyon''
****** [Crab-eating raccoon](/source/Crab-eating_raccoon), ''Procyon cancrivorus''
****** [Cozumel raccoon](/source/Cozumel_raccoon), ''Procyon pygmaeus''
****** [Common raccoon](/source/Common_raccoon), ''Procyon lotor''
**** '''Subtribe Nasuina'''
***** ''[Nasua](/source/Nasua)''
****** [South American coati](/source/South_American_coati) or ring-tailed coati, ''Nasua nasua''
****** [White-nosed coati](/source/White-nosed_coati), ''Nasua narica''
***** ''[Nasuella](/source/Nasuella)''
****** [Western mountain coati](/source/Western_mountain_coati), ''Nasuella olivacea''
****** [Eastern mountain coati](/source/Eastern_mountain_coati), ''Nasuella meridensis''
*** '''Tribe Bassariscini'''
**** ''[Bassariscus](/source/Bassariscus)''
***** [Ringtail](/source/Ringtail), ''Bassariscus astutus''
***** [Cacomistle](/source/Cacomistle), ''Bassariscus sumichrasti''
** '''Subfamily Potosinae''' (five species in two genera)
*** ''Potos''
**** [Kinkajou](/source/Kinkajou), ''Potos flavus''
*** ''[Bassaricyon](/source/Bassaricyon)''
**** [Northern olingo](/source/Northern_olingo) or Gabbi's olingo, ''Bassaricyon gabbii''
**** [Eastern lowland olingo](/source/Eastern_lowland_olingo), ''Bassaricyon alleni''
**** [Western lowland olingo](/source/Western_lowland_olingo), ''Bassaricyon medius''
**** [Olinguito](/source/Olinguito), ''Bassaricyon neblina''

===Phylogeny===

Several recent molecular studies have resolved the phylogenetic relationships between the procyonids, as illustrated in the cladogram below.<ref name="Koepfli2007"/><ref name=ZooKeys/><ref name=split/><ref name="Law-2018">{{Cite journal|last1=Law|first1=Chris J.|last2=Slater|first2=Graham J.|last3=Mehta|first3=Rita S.|date=2018-01-01|title=Lineage Diversity and Size Disparity in Musteloidea: Testing Patterns of Adaptive Radiation Using Molecular and Fossil-Based Methods|journal=Systematic Biology|language=en|volume=67|issue=1|pages=127–144|doi=10.1093/sysbio/syx047|pmid=28472434|issn=1063-5157|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%
|label1=Procyonidae
|1={{clade
   |label1=''[Potos](/source/Potos)''
   |1=''[Potos flavus](/source/Kinkajou)'' (kinkajou)
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |label1=''[Procyon](/source/Procyon_(genus))''
         |sublabel1=(raccoons)
         |1={{clade
            |1=''[Procyon cancrivorus](/source/Procyon_cancrivorus)'' (crab eating raccoon)
            |2=''[Procyon lotor](/source/Procyon_lotor)'' (common raccoon) 60 px
            |3=''[Procyon pygmaeus](/source/Procyon_pygmaeus)'' (Cozumel raccoon)
            }}
         |label2=''[Bassariscus](/source/Bassariscus)''
         |2={{clade
            |1=''[Bassariscus sumichrasti](/source/Bassariscus_sumichrasti)'' (cacomistle)
            |2=''[Bassariscus astutus](/source/Bassariscus_astutus)'' (ringtail)
            }}
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |label1=''[Bassaricyon](/source/Bassaricyon)''
         |sublabel1=(olingos)
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[Bassaricyon medius](/source/Bassaricyon_medius)'' (western lowland olingo) 60 px
                  |2=''[Bassaricyon alleni](/source/Bassaricyon_alleni)'' (eastern lowland olingo) 60 px
                  }}
               |2=''[Bassaricyon gabbii](/source/Bassaricyon_gabbii)'' (northern olingo) 60 px
               }}
            |2=''[Bassaricyon neblina](/source/Bassaricyon_neblina)'' (olinguito) 60 px
            }}
         |label2=[Nasuina](/source/Nasua)
         |sublabel2=(coatis)
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[Nasua nasua](/source/Nasua_nasua)'' (ring-tailed coati)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[Nasua narica](/source/Nasua_narica)'' (white-nosed coati)
                  |label2=''[Nasuella](/source/Nasuella)''
                  |2={{clade
                     |1=''[Nasuella olivacea](/source/Nasuella_olivacea)'' (western mountain coati)
                     |2=''[Nasuella meridensis](/source/Nasuella_meridensis)'' (eastern mountain coati)
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

===Extinct taxa===
Below is a list of extinct taxa (many of which are fossil genera and species) compiled in alphabetical order under their respective subfamilies.
* '''Procyonidae''' <small>J.E. Gray, 1825</small>
** †[Broilianinae](/source/Broiliana) <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
*** †''[Broiliana](/source/Broiliana)'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
**** †''B. dehmi'' <small>Beaumont & Mein, 1973</small>
**** †''B. nobilis'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
*** †''[Stromeriella](/source/Stromeriella)'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
**** †''S. depressa'' <small>Morlo, 1996</small>
**** †''S. franconica'' <small>Dehm, 1950</small>
** '''Potosinae''' <small>Trouessart, 1904</small>
*** †''[Parapotos](/source/Parapotos)'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 2003</small>
**** †''P. tedfordi'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 2003</small>
** '''Procyoninae''' <small>J.E. Gray, 1825</small>
*** †''[Arctonasua](/source/Arctonasua)'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. eurybates'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. fricki'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. floridana'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. gracilis'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''A. minima'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
*** †''[Bassaricyonoides](/source/Bassaricyonoides)'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
**** †''B. stewartae'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
**** †''B. phyllismillerae'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
*** ''Bassariscus'' <small>Coues, 1887</small>
**** †''B. antiquus'' <small>Matthew & Cook, 1909</small>
**** †''B. casei'' <small>Hibbard, 1952</small>
**** †''B. minimus'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 2004</small>
**** †''B. ogallalae'' <small>Hibbard, 1933</small>
**** †''B. parvus'' <small>Hall, 1927</small>
*** †''[Chapalmalania](/source/Chapalmalania)'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>
**** †''C. altaefrontis'' <small>Kraglievich & Olazábal, 1959</small>
**** †''C. ortognatha'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>
*** †''[Cyonasua](/source/Cyonasua)'' <small>Ameghino, 1885</small> [=''Amphinasua'' <small>Moreno & Mercerat, 1891</small>; ''Brachynasua'' <small>Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925</small>; ''Pachynasua'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>]
**** †''C. argentina'' <small>Ameghino 1885</small>
**** †''C. argentinus'' <small>(Burmeister, 1891)</small>
**** †''C. brevirostris'' <small>(Moreno & Mercerat, 1891)</small> [=''Amphinasua brevirostris'' <small>Moreno & Mercerat, 1891</small>]
**** †''C. clausa'' <small>(Ameghino, 1904)</small> [=''Pachynasua clausa'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>]
**** †''C. groeberi'' <small>Kraglievich & Reig, 1954</small> [=''Amphinasua groeberi'' <small>Cabrera, 1936</small>]
**** †''C. longirostris'' <small>(Rovereto, 1914)</small>
**** †''C. lutaria'' <small>(Cabrera, 1936)</small> [=''Amphinasua lutaria'' <small>Cabrera, 1936</small>]
**** †''C. meranii'' <small>(Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925)</small> [=''Brachynasua meranii'' <small>Ameghino & Kraglievich 1925</small>]
**** †''C. pascuali'' <small>Linares, 1981</small> [=''Amphinasua pascuali'' <small>Linares, 1981</small>]
**** †''C. robusta'' <small>(Rovereto, 1914)</small>
*** †''[Edaphocyon](/source/Edaphocyon)'' <small>Wilson, 1960</small>
**** †''E. lautus'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''E. palmeri'' <small>J.A. Baskin & Morea, 2003</small>
**** †''E. pointblankensis'' <small>Wilson, 1960</small>
*** ''Nasua'' <small>Storr, 1780</small>
**** †''N. pronarica'' <small>Dalquest, 1978</small>
**** †''N. mastodonta'' <small>Emmert & Short, 2018</small>
**** †''N. nicaeensis'' <small>Holl, 1829</small>
*** †''[Parahyaenodon](/source/Parahyaenodon)'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>
**** †''P. argentinus'' <small>Ameghino, 1904</small>
*** †''[Paranasua](/source/Paranasua)'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
**** †''P. biradica'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>
*** †''[Probassariscus](/source/Probassariscus)'' <small>Merriam, 1911</small>
**** †''P. matthewi'' <small>Merriam, 1911</small>
*** ''Procyon'' <small>Storr, 1780</small>
**** †''P. gipsoni'' <small>Emmert & Short, 2018</small>
**** †''P. megalokolos'' <small>Emmert & Short, 2018</small>
**** †''P. rexroadensis'' <small>Hibbard, 1941</small>
*** †''[Protoprocyon](/source/Protoprocyon)'' <small>Linares, 1981</small> [=''Lichnocyon'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>]
**** †''P. savagei'' <small>Linares, 1981</small> [=''Lichnocyon savagei'' <small>J.A. Baskin, 1982</small>]
*** †''[Tetraprothomo](/source/Tetraprothomo)'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>
**** †''T. argentinus'' <small>Ameghino, 1908</small>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Carnivora|C.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q147114}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Procyonidae
Category:Mammal families
Category:Extant Burdigalian first appearances
Category:Taxa named by John Edward Gray

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Procyonidae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyonidae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyonidae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.