# ProQuest
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{{Short description|Distributor of eBooks and digital media}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ProQuest LLC
| logo = ProQuest logo.png
| image = ProQuest Building Ann Arbor2.JPG
| image_caption = Headquarters at [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/source/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan)
| type = [Subsidiary](/source/Subsidiary)
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1938}} as University Microfilms
| founder = [Eugene Power](/source/Eugene_Power)
| location = [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/source/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan), US
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Andy Snyder ([chairman](/source/chair_(officer)))|Matti Shem-Tov ([CEO](/source/Chief_executive_officer))|Robert VanHees ([CFO](/source/Chief_financial_officer))}}
| industry = Information and data provider
| fate =
| parent = {{Unbulleted list|[Cambridge Information Group](/source/Cambridge_Information_Group) (2006–2021)|[Clarivate](/source/Clarivate) (2021–present)}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.proquest.com/}}
}}
'''ProQuest LLC''' is an [Ann Arbor, Michigan](/source/Ann_Arbor%2C_Michigan)-based global information-content and technology company, founded in 1938 as '''University Microfilms''' by [Eugene Power](/source/Eugene_Power).
ProQuest is known for its applications and information services for libraries,[{{cite web |url=http://www.infotoday.com/it/apr14/Kaser--ProQuest-Goes-Global.shtml |title=ProQuest Goes Global |publisher=Information Today |year=2014 |access-date=June 20, 2014 |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701104541/http://www.infotoday.com/it/apr14/Kaser--ProQuest-Goes-Global.shtml |url-status=live }}] providing access to dissertations, theses, ebooks, newspapers, periodicals, historical collections, governmental archives, cultural archives,[[http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/Jisc-and-ProQuest-Enable-Access-to-Essential-Digital-Content.html "Jisc and ProQuest Enable Access to Essential Digital Content"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527022309/https://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/Jisc-and-ProQuest-Enable-Access-to-Essential-Digital-Content.html |date=May 27, 2020 }}, retrieved May 21, 2014] and other aggregated databases. This content was estimated to be around 125 billion digital pages.
The company began operations as a producer of [microfilm](/source/microfilm) products, subsequently shifting to [electronic publishing](/source/electronic_publishing),[{{cite web|url=http://www.privco.com/private-company/proquest-company|title=ProQuest LLC|website=PrivCo.com|access-date=May 23, 2014|archive-date=September 24, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082020/http://www.privco.com/private-company/proquest-company|url-status=live}}] and later grew through acquisitions.[{{Cite web |last1=Milliot |first1=Jim |last2=Albanese |first2=Andrew |title=Clarivate to Buy ProQuest for $5.3 Billion |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/86387-clarivate-to-buy-proquest-for-5-3-billion.html |date=2021-05-17 |access-date=2021-12-04 |website=[Publishers Weekly](/source/Publishers_Weekly) |archive-date=December 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204125458/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/86387-clarivate-to-buy-proquest-for-5-3-billion.html |url-status=live }}][{{Cite web| title = Clarivate Successfully Completes Acquisition of ProQuest| date = December 2021| access-date = 2021-12-01| url = https://clarivate.com/news/clarivate-successfully-completes-acquisition-of-proquest/| archive-date = June 4, 2022| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220604222548/https://clarivate.com/news/clarivate-successfully-completes-acquisition-of-proquest/|url-status = live}}]
==Businesses==
ProQuest was founded as a [microfilm](/source/Microform) publisher.[[http://www.americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blog/microfilm-s-75th-anniversary Microfilm's 75th Anniversary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612193049/http://www.americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blog/microfilm-s-75th-anniversary |date=June 12, 2014 }}, retrieved June 15, 2014] It began publishing doctoral dissertations in 1939,[Thistlethwaite, Polly (2013). [https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_pubs/86/ "Publish. Perish?: The academic author and open access publishing"]. ''Media Authorship'' (edited by Cynthia Chris, David A. Gerstner). Routledge. p. 274.] has published more than 3 million searchable dissertations and theses,[[http://www.proquest.com/libraries/academic/dissertations-theses/ Dissertations & Theses], retrieved June 15, 2014]{{primary source inline|date=March 2018}} and is designated as an offsite digital archive for the [United States Library of Congress](/source/United_States_Library_of_Congress).[[http://www.proquest.com/products-services/pqdtglobal.html ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802103337/http://www.proquest.com/products-services/pqdtglobal.html |date=August 2, 2014 }}, retrieved September 6, 2014][ The company's scholarly content includes dissertations and theses, primary source material, ebooks, scholarly journals,][{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32778330/detroit_free_press/|title=Briefly|date=26 March 1991|work=Detroit Free Press|publisher=Knight Ridder|issue=326|volume=160|page=E1|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=June 12, 2019|archive-date=February 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216124820/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/32778330/detroit_free_press/|url-status=live}}] historical and current newspapers and periodicals, data sources, and other content of interest to researchers.[[http://www.proquest.com/libraries/academic/ ProQuest – Academic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712025430/http://www.proquest.com/libraries/academic/ |date=July 12, 2014 }}, retrieved June 15, 2014]{{primary source inline|date=March 2018}} ProQuest Video Preservation and Discovery Service allows libraries to preserve and provide access to their proprietary audio and video collections.[[http://www.against-the-grain.com/2014/01/news-announcements-192014/ Against the Grain, News and Announcement 1/9/2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903140024/http://www.against-the-grain.com/2014/01/news-announcements-192014/ |date=September 3, 2014 }}, retrieved June 15, 2014]
In May 2014, ProQuest LLC also operated businesses under the following names:[[https://web.archive.org/web/20121108135337/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=1165718 "RR Bowker LLC – Businessweek"], retrieved May 21, 2014] and is the [ISBN](/source/International_Standard_Book_Number) Agency for the United States.[[http://www.bowker.com/en-US/products/default.shtml "Bowker – Products & Services"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328035937/http://www.bowker.com/en-US/products/default.shtml |date=March 28, 2015 }}, retrieved May 21, 2014.]
* [Dialog](/source/Dialog_(online_database)) is an online information service with more than 1.4 billion unique records[[http://www.cig.com/portfolio/information-services/dialog/ Dialog | Cambridge Information Group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221021753/http://www.cig.com/portfolio/information-services/dialog/ |date=2014-02-21 }}, retrieved May 22, 2014] curated for corporate, business and government researchers, with a focus on pharmaceutical, engineering and patent research.[[http://www.dialog.com/ Dialog, LLC home page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113065013/http://www.dialog.com/ |date=January 13, 2004 }} retrieved May 22, 2014]
* EBL (Ebook Library), an ebook aggregator with a catalog of titles from academic publishers, serves academic, corporate and research libraries[[https://archive.today/20140522182629/http://www.cig.com/2013/05/15/proquest-completes-acquisition-of-ebl/ "ProQuest completes acquisition of EBL"], retrieved May 22, 2014] while supporting emerging [collection development](/source/Library_collection_development) models such as [patron-driven acquisition](/source/patron-driven_acquisition).[[http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/EBL-Unveils-the-New-LibCentral.html "EBL Unveils the New LibCentral"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226152101/https://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/EBL-Unveils-the-New-LibCentral.html |date=February 26, 2020 }}, retrieved May 22, 2014]
* [ebrary](/source/ebrary) was an online [digital library](/source/digital_library) that offered access to ebook collections, by subscription or a [perpetual archive](/source/perpetual_access) model, in subject packages tailored for academic, corporate, government, public and high school libraries.[{{cite web |url=http://www.ebrary.com/corp/products.jsp |title=ebrary: Pre-Packaged Products |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630014916/http://www.ebrary.com/corp/products.jsp |archive-date=June 30, 2014 |url-status=dead}}]
== History ==
thumb|2008 conference booth
=== 1930s–1950s ===
[Eugene Power](/source/Eugene_Power), a 1927 BA and 1930 MBA graduate of the [University of Michigan](/source/Ross_School_of_Business), founded the company as University Microfilms in 1938, preserving works from the [British Museum](/source/British_Museum) on microfilm. By June 1938, Power worked in two rented rooms from a downtown Ann Arbor funeral parlor, specializing in microphotography to preserve library collections. In his autobiography ''Edition of One'', Power details the development of the company, including how University Microfilms assisted the [Office of Strategic Services](/source/Office_of_Strategic_Services) (OSS) intelligence agency during [World War II](/source/World_War_II).[{{cite book |last1=Power |first1=Eugene B. |author2=with Robert Anderson |date=1990 |title=Edition of One: The Autobiography of Eugene B. Power, Founder of University Microfilms |url=https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe/ |location=Ann Arbor, Mich. |publisher=University Microfilms International |isbn=9780835708982 |oclc=231087195 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/editionofoneauto0000powe/page/128 128–142]}}] This work mainly involved filming maps and European newspapers so they could be shipped back and forth overseas more cheaply and discreetly.
Power also noticed a [niche market](/source/niche_market) in [dissertation](/source/dissertation)s publishing. Students were often forced to publish their own works in order to finish their [doctoral degree](/source/doctoral_degree). Dissertations could be published more cheaply as microfilm than as books. ProQuest still publishes so many dissertations that its [Dissertations and Theses](/source/ProQuest_Dissertations_and_Theses) collection (formerly called Digital Dissertations) has been declared the official U.S. off-site repository of the [Library of Congress](/source/Library_of_Congress).[{{cite press release |url=https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1999/99-007.html |title=Library of Congress and Copyright Office Sign Landmark Agreement with UMI |publisher=Library of Congress |date=January 22, 1999 |access-date=2012-03-13 |archive-date=October 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024195010/http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/1999/99-007.html |url-status=live }}]
The idea of universal adoption of microfilm publication of doctoral dissertations was furthered considerably by two articles researched and written by a then recent recipient of the doctorate in history at [Stanford University](/source/Stanford_University). Vaughn Davis Bornet seized on the idea and published "Doctoral Dissertations and the Stream of Scholarship"[{{Cite journal |last=Bornet |first=Vaughn Davis |date=October 1952 |title=Doctoral Dissertations and the Stream of Scholarship |journal=College and University |volume=28 |pages=17–30 |issn=0010-0889 |oclc=6168802}}] and "Microfilm Publication of Doctoral Dissertations".[{{Cite journal |last=Bornet |first=Vaughn Davis |date=Autumn 1953 |title=Microfilm Publication of Doctoral Dissertations |journal=[Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors](/source/Bulletin_of_the_American_Association_of_University_Professors) |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=501–513 |jstor=40220982 |doi=10.2307/40220982}}]
As the dissertations market grew, the company expanded into filming newspapers and [periodical](/source/periodical)s. The company's main newspaper database is ProQuest Newsstand.
=== 1960s–1990s ===
In 1962, [Xerox](/source/Xerox) acquired the company for 51,750 shares of Xerox common stock, worth about $7.9 million.[{{cite news|title=Microfilm Deal Slated by Xerox|work=The New York Times|date=February 21, 1962|id={{ProQuest|115685638}}}}] Under Xerox's ownership, the name of the company changed several times, from '''University Microfilms''' to '''Xerox University Microfilms''', to '''University Microfilms International''', then shortened to '''UMI'''. In 1985, it was purchased from Xerox by [Bell & Howell](/source/Bell_%26_Howell).[{{cite news|last1=Winter|first1=Christine|title=Bell, Howell Acquires Two Data Firms|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/11/14/bell-howell-acquires-two-data-firms/|access-date=Sep 10, 2014|work=Chicago Tribune|date=November 14, 1985|archive-date=September 11, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911075117/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-11-14/business/8503180622_1_umi-gerald-schultz-bekins-records-management|url-status=live}}] In 1986, UMI acquired Data Courier, owner of ABI/INFORM, from the [Bingham](/source/Barry_Bingham_Jr.) family.[{{Cite web| title = Feature: History Lesson: ABI/Inform| access-date = 2021-01-23| url = https://www.infotoday.com/online/jan02/ojala.htm| archive-date = April 30, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210430031359/https://www.infotoday.com/online/jan02/ojala.htm| url-status = live}}]
In the 1980s, UMI began producing [CD-ROM](/source/CD-ROM)s that stored [databases](/source/Bibliographic_database) of periodicals abstracts and indexes. At a time when modem connections were slow and expensive, it was more efficient to mail database CD-ROMs regularly to subscribing libraries, who installed the discs on dedicated PCs. The ProQuest brand name was first used for databases on CD-ROM. An online service called ProQuest Direct was launched in 1995; its name was later shortened to just ProQuest.[{{cite web|url=http://www.proquest.com/brand/proquest.shtml|title=ProQuest (brand)|website=ProQuest |access-date=2008-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925022313/http://proquest.com/brand/proquest.shtml|archive-date=2008-09-25|url-status=dead}}] The bibliographic databases are mainly sold to schools, universities and libraries.
In 1998, the company announced the "[Digital Vault Initiative](/source/Digital_Vault_Initiative)", purported to include 5.5 billion images digitized from UMI microfilm, including some of the best existing copies of major newspapers dating back 100 to 150 years, and Early English books dating back to the 15th century. While work continues to digitize the contents of the microfilm vault, ProQuest is already providing navigation of 125 billion digital pages, including nearly 20 million pages of newspaper content dating from pre-Revolutionary War America.
In 1999, the company name changed to '''Bell & Howell Information and Learning''', and then in 2001 to '''ProQuest Information and Learning'''; Bell & Howell renamed itself the ProQuest Company.[{{cite web |url=http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/nbReader.asp?ArticleId=17575 |title=Bell & Howell Becomes ProQuest Company |date=June 11, 2001 |publisher=Information Today |access-date=June 20, 2014 |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819082852/http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/nbReader.asp?ArticleId=17575 |url-status=live }}]
Also in 1999, the company acquired [Chadwyck-Healey](/source/Chadwyck-Healey), a one-time microfilm publishing company that was one of the first to produce full-text CD-ROM databases. This acquisition gave Proquest ownership of a 100+ person publishing operation based in [Cambridge](/source/Cambridge), England, and became the basis for a substantial overseas expansion.
=== 2000s ===
During the 2000–2004 fiscal years, as well as the first three quarters of the 2005 fiscal year, ProQuest systematically overstated its net income. Cumulatively, pre-tax profits were overstated by 129.9 million dollars (or about 31 percent).[{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2008/comp20650.pdf |title=SEC Complaint vs. Scott Hirth and ProQuest Company [in 2008] known as Voyager Learning Company |publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=October 30, 2014 |archive-date=March 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323013721/http://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2008/comp20650.pdf |url-status=live }}] In 2008, Voyager Learning Company and ProQuest's CFO (from the time of the earnings overstatements) settled SEC "charges without admitting or denying the allegations of the SEC's complaint".[{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-147.htm |title=Press Release: SEC Charges Ann Arbor-Based Company and Former Executive in Accounting Fraud Scheme |publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=October 30, 2014 |archive-date=March 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316114343/http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-147.htm |url-status=live }}]
In 2001 ProQuest acquired Norman Ross Publishing, a small New York based microfilm publisher.[{{cite web|url=http://www.rosspub.com/normanbio.html|title=Untitled Page|website=www.rosspub.com|access-date=April 15, 2014|archive-date=November 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127123825/http://rosspub.com/normanbio.html|url-status=live}}]
In 2002 ProQuest acquired bigchalk.com, a company founded in 1999 with the combined assets of ProQuest's K-12 division and Infonautics Inc.'s K-12 business.[{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/proquest-signs-definitive-agreement-to-acquire-bigchalk-77209637.html|title=ProQuest Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire bigchalk|author=ProQuest|website=prnewswire.com|access-date=2017-05-23}} {{dead link|date=March 2025}}]
In 2004, ProQuest Information and Learning acquired Seattle start-up [Serials Solutions](/source/Serials_Solutions), a venture providing access management and search services for content hosted by other companies.
Also in 2004, the company acquired Copley Publishing Group.[{{cite web |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3328/is_/ai_n26177247 |title=ProQuest Information and Learning has acquired Copley Publishing Group, Inc. |date= May 2004 |publisher=findarticles.com}}]
In 2005, three ProQuest executives formed a distribution company called National Archive Publishing Co, of XanEdu, UMI, and Digital Service Operations.[{{Cite web |title=National Archive Publishing Company Formed By Prior Management Team |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/221827164 |id={{ProQuest|221827164}} |access-date=October 24, 2023 |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115165913/https://www.proquest.com/docview/221827164 |url-status=live }}] The building that would house this new company stood at 300 Zeeb Road in [Scio, Michigan](/source/Scio%2C_Michigan), home to nearly 6 billion pages of information.[{{Cite web |title=National Archive Publishing Co. |website=[Library of Congress](/source/Library_of_Congress) |url=https://www.loc.gov/flicc/svcdir/an.html |access-date=October 24, 2023 |archive-date=October 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030005307/https://www.loc.gov/flicc/svcdir/an.html |url-status=live }}]
In 2006, ProQuest Company, then the parent company of ProQuest Information and Learning, sold it to [Cambridge Information Group](/source/Cambridge_Information_Group), owner of [R. R. Bowker](/source/R._R._Bowker).[{{cite web |title=Cambridge Information Group Timeline |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141020173911/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/CIG.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-10-20 |url=http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm |work=The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition |author= Mary H. Munroe |year=2004 |via= Northern Illinois University }}] From the time of this sale, this article follows the history of ProQuest Information and Learning, not ProQuest Company. (ProQuest Company subsequently renamed itself to Voyager Learning Company, and later became part of [Cambium Learning Group](/source/Cambium_Learning_Group).[{{cite web |url=http://cambiumlearning.investorroom.com/index.php?s=52&cat=1 |title=Cambium Learning Group Inc. – Investor Relations – Management Team |access-date=October 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031081311/http://cambiumlearning.investorroom.com/index.php?s=52&cat=1 |archive-date=October 31, 2014 |url-status=dead }}])
In 2007, ProQuest Information and Learning was merged with [CSA](/source/CSA_(database_company)) to form ProQuest CSA. Later that year it was renamed ProQuest LLC.
In 2008, ProQuest LLC acquired complete ownership of [RefWorks](/source/RefWorks), a web-based [citation manager](/source/citation_manager) of which it had been part owner since 2001. RefWorks was merged with ProQuest's existing [Community of Science](/source/Community_of_Science) (COS) business to form RefWorks/COS.[{{cite web |url=http://www.proquest.co.uk/en-UK/aboutus/pressroom/08/20080118.shtml |title=ProQuest acquires RefWorks |publisher=ProQuest LLC |date=January 18, 2008 |access-date=February 2, 2012 |archive-date=September 12, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912204714/http://www.proquest.co.uk/en-UK/aboutus/pressroom/08/20080118.shtml |url-status=dead }}]
Also in 2008, ProQuest acquired [Dialog](/source/Dialog_(online_database)), a major online database firm, from [Thomson Reuters](/source/Thomson_Reuters).[{{cite press release |url=http://www.proquest.com/en-US/aboutus/pressroom/08/20080701.shtml |title=ProQuest acquires Dialog |publisher=ProQuest LLC. |date=July 1, 2008 |access-date=March 6, 2009 |archive-date=September 17, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917034024/http://www.proquest.com/en-US/aboutus/pressroom/08/20080701.shtml |url-status=live }}][{{cite web |url=http://scientific.thomsonreuters.com/press/2008/8458603/ |title=ProQuest signs agreement to acquire Dialog business from Thomson Reuters |publisher=scientific.thomsonreuters.com |date=June 12, 2008 |access-date=January 18, 2009 |archive-date=November 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120095252/http://scientific.thomsonreuters.com/press/2008/8458603/ |url-status=dead }}]
=== 2010s–2020s ===
In 2010, ProQuest acquired two properties from LexisNexis, the Congressional Information Service (CIS) and University Publications of America (UPA). CIS produced one of the world's most exhaustive online collections of legislative content and highly respected statistical works, while UPA included deep historical content sets. The acquisition included digital products and an expansive microfilm vault that would leverage ProQuest's strength in conversion from film to searchable electronic formats.[{{cite press release |url=https://about.proquest.com/en/news/2010/ProQuest-Acquires-Congressional-Information-Service-LexisNexis/ |title=ProQuest Acquires Acclaimed Congressional Information Service and University Publications of America from LexisNexis |publisher=ProQuest LLC. |date=November 30, 2010 |access-date=December 7, 2010 |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614032951/https://about.proquest.com/en/news/2010/ProQuest-Acquires-Congressional-Information-Service-LexisNexis/ |url-status=live }}]
In 2011, ProQuest acquired [ebrary](/source/ebrary), an online digital library of full texts of over 170,000 scholarly [e-book](/source/e-book)s.[{{cite journal | title = ProQuest acquires ebrary | journal = American Libraries | date = January 8, 2011 | first = Sean | last = Fitzpatrick | url = http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/01082011/proquest-acquires-ebrary | access-date = 2012-02-03 | archive-date = March 5, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120305152427/http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/news/01082011/proquest-acquires-ebrary | url-status = live }}] In 2013, ProQuest acquired Ebook Library (EBL), with plans to combine ebrary and EBL into a single e-book platform.[{{cite press release |url=http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2013/ProQuest-Signs-Definitive-Agreement-to-Acquire-EBL.html |title=ProQuest Signs Definitive Agreement to Acquire EBL |publisher=ProQuest LLC |date=January 22, 2013 |access-date=June 20, 2014 |archive-date=July 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730052950/http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2013/ProQuest-Signs-Definitive-Agreement-to-Acquire-EBL.html |url-status=dead }}]
In 2014, ProQuest acquired Pi2 Solutions, a privately owned company specializing in Drug Safety Triager (DST) & Product Literature Database (PLD) systems for the biopharmaceutical industry. The company aligned Pi2 Solutions with its ProQuest Dialog corporate information service.[{{cite press release |url=http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/ProQuest-Acquires-Pi2.html |title=ProQuest Acquires Pi2 |publisher=ProQuest LLC. |date=May 1, 2014 |access-date=May 2, 2014 |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502194950/http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2014/ProQuest-Acquires-Pi2.html |url-status=dead }}]
In 2015, ProQuest acquired SiPX[{{cite web |url=http://sipx.com/proquest-acquires-sipx/ |title=ProQuest Acquires SIPX |publisher=ProQuest LLC. |date=April 8, 2015 |access-date=September 5, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630122739/http://www.sipx.com/proquest-acquires-sipx/ |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |url-status=dead }}] and Coutts Information Services, including the MyiLibrary platform and the Online Acquisitions and Selection Information System (OASIS).[{{cite press release |url=http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2015/ProQuest-to-Acquire-Coutts-Information-Services-and-MyiLibrary-from-Ingram-Content-Group.html |title=ProQuest to Acquire Coutts Information Services and MyiLibrary from Ingram Content Group |publisher=ProQuest LLC. |date=April 30, 2015 |access-date=September 5, 2015 |archive-date=September 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910024710/http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2015/ProQuest-to-Acquire-Coutts-Information-Services-and-MyiLibrary-from-Ingram-Content-Group.html |url-status=dead }}]
In October 2015, ProQuest acquired [Ex Libris](/source/Ex_Libris_Group). It was to merge the Workflow Solutions division of ProQuest, which included the former Serials Solutions, into Ex Libris, with the enlarged entity to be named "Ex Libris, a ProQuest Company".[{{cite journal |last=Breeding |first=Marshall |date=6 October 2015 |title=ProQuest to Acquire Ex Libris |url=http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/proquest-to-acquire-ex-libris/ |journal=[American Libraries](/source/American_Libraries) |access-date=October 6, 2015 |archive-date=October 7, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007131806/http://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/proquest-to-acquire-ex-libris/ |url-status=live }}]
In June 2016, ProQuest acquired [Alexander Street Press](/source/Alexander_Street_Press), a provider of streaming videos and ebooks.[{{cite press release |url=http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2016/Alexander-Street-Press-Joins-the-ProQuest-Family-of-Companies.html |title=Alexander Street Press Joins the ProQuest Family of Companies |publisher=ProQuest LLC |date=June 22, 2016 |access-date=June 22, 2016 |archive-date=June 25, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625010742/http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2016/Alexander-Street-Press-Joins-the-ProQuest-Family-of-Companies.html |url-status=dead }}]
In January 2020, ProQuest acquired [Innovative Interfaces, Inc.](/source/Innovative_Interfaces), a provider of technology solutions to academic and public libraries.[{{Cite web|title=Ex Libris Completes the Acquisition of Innovative|url=https://about.proquest.com/en/news/2020/Ex-Libris-Completes-the-Acquisition-of-Innovative/|access-date=2021-07-26|website=about.proquest.com|archive-date=July 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726015554/https://about.proquest.com/en/news/2020/Ex-Libris-Completes-the-Acquisition-of-Innovative/|url-status=live}}]
On 17 May 2021, it was announced that Clarivate would acquire ProQuest.[{{Cite news| title = Clarivate acquire ProQuest| newspaper = Clarivate| access-date = 2021-05-17| url = https://clarivate.com/clarivate-proquest-acquisition/| archive-date = May 17, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210517101534/https://clarivate.com/clarivate-proquest-acquisition/| url-status = live}}] On July 28, 2021, Clarivate announced that the acquisition was delayed due to a Federal Trade Commission antitrust probe.[{{Cite web| title = Clarivate Purchase of ProQuest Delayed| access-date = 2021-08-16| url = https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/87120-clarivate-purchase-of-proquest-extended.html| archive-date = August 16, 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210816212807/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/industry-deals/article/87120-clarivate-purchase-of-proquest-extended.html| url-status = live}}] On December 1, 2021, [Clarivate](/source/Clarivate) successfully completed the acquisition of ProQuest.