# Prearticular

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[[File:Image from page 37 of "Water reptiles of the past and present" (1914) (14586264740).jpg|thumb|Hemimandible of ''[Trimerorhachis](/source/Trimerorhachis)''; the prearticular (labeled "pa") is visible on the interior surface]]

The '''prearticular''' is a bone in the [lower jaw](/source/lower_jaw) of many vertebrates that lies on the inner surface of the mandible. It forms the inner margin of the adductor fossa. It bears teeth in some groups.<ref name="Romer1956"/> It is present in both [actinopterygians](/source/actinopterygians) and [sarcopterygians](/source/sarcopterygians).<ref name="Schultze2008"/> The prearticular is in some ways the lower-jaw analogue of the [pterygoid bone](/source/pterygoid_bone) of the upper jaw,<ref name="Romer1956"/> and together the prearticular and pterygoid form the lingual series of the inner dental arcade bones.<ref name="Zhu2018"/> In [lungfish](/source/lungfish), the prearticular forms a large part of the lower jaw and bears the prearticular tooth plate.<ref name="Criswell2015"/> [Mesoeucrocodylians](/source/Mesoeucrocodylians), including modern [crocodylians](/source/crocodylians), lack a prearticular; the  ossification centers that form the prearticular are incorporated into the [coronoid](/source/coronoid) and [articular](/source/articular_bone) instead.<ref name="Bona2022"/> In [mammals](/source/mammals), the prearticular fuses with the articular to form the [malleus](/source/malleus).<ref name="Rich2005"/> 

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Bona2022">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1002/ar.24873| issn = 1932-8486 | eissn = 1932-8494| pages = –24873| last1 = Bona| first1 = Paula| last2 = Fernandez Blanco| first2 = María Victoria| last3 = Ezcurra| first3 = Martín Daniel| last4 = Baczko| first4 = María Belén| last5 = Desojo| first5 = Julia Brenda| last6 = Pol| first6 = Diego| title = On the homology of crocodylian post-dentary bones and their macroevolution throughout Pseudosuchia| journal = The Anatomical Record| date = 2022-02-24| volume = 305 | issue = 10 | pmid = 35202518 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ar.24873| url-access = subscription}}</ref>
<ref name="Criswell2015">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/zoj.12255| issn = 0024-4082| volume = 174| issue = 4| pages = 801–858| last = Criswell| first = Katharine E.| title = The comparative osteology and phylogenetic relationships of African and South American lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi)| journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society| date = 2015-08-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Rich2005">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1126/science.1105717| issn = 0036-8075 | eissn = 1095-9203| volume = 307| issue = 5711| pages = 910–914| last1 = Rich| first1 = Thomas H.| last2 = Hopson| first2 = James A.| last3 = Musser| first3 = Anne M.| last4 = Flannery| first4 = Timothy F.| last5 = Vickers-Rich| first5 = Patricia| title = Independent Origins of Middle Ear Bones in Monotremes and Therians| journal = Science| date = 2005-02-11 | pmid = 15705848 | bibcode = 2005Sci...307..910R }}</ref>
<ref name=Romer1956>{{cite book | first1 = Alfred Sherwood | last1 = Romer | year = 1956 | title = The Osteology of the Reptiles | publisher = University of Chicago Press }}</ref>
<ref name="Schultze2008">{{Cite conference| publisher = Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil| isbn = 978-3-89937-080-5| pages = 23–48| editor-first1 = Gloria | editor-last1 = Arratia | editor-first2 = Hans-Peter | editor-last2 = Schultze | editor-first3 = Mark V. H. | editor-last3 = Wilson | last = Schultze| first = Hans-Peter| title = Nomenclature and homologization of cranial bones in actinopterygians| book-title = Mesozoic fishes 4: Homology and phylogeny| location = München| date = 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="Zhu2018">{{Cite book| edition = 1| publisher = Cambridge University Press| doi = 10.1017/9781316832172.005| isbn = 978-1-316-83217-2 | pages = 71–86| editor-first1 = Zerina | editor-last1 = Johanson | editor-first2 = Charlie | editor-last2 = Underwood | editor-first3 = Martha | editor-last3 = Richter | last1 = Zhu| first1 = You-An| last2 = Ahlberg| first2 = Per A.| last3 = Zhu| first3 = Min| title = Evolution and Development of Fishes| chapter = The evolution of vertebrate dermal jaw bones in the light of maxillate placoderms| date = 2018-12-31| chapter-url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781316832172%23CN-bp-4/type/book_part}}</ref>
</references>

{{Tetrapod osteology|S.}}

Category:Skull bones

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Prearticular](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prearticular) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prearticular?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.