# Potamotrygon
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{{Short description|Genus of cartilaginous fishes}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = ''Potamotrygon''
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Middle Eocene|present}}
| image = Potamotrygon adventure aquarium.jpg
| image_caption = ''[Potamotrygon motoro](/source/Potamotrygon_motoro)''
| taxon = Potamotrygon
| authority = [Garman](/source/Samuel_Garman), 1877
| type_species = [''Trygon hystrix''](/source/Porcupine_river_stingray)
| type_species_authority = J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841
}}
'''''Potamotrygon''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [freshwater](/source/fresh_water) [stingray](/source/stingray)s in the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Potamotrygonidae](/source/Potamotrygonidae) native to the rivers of [South America](/source/South_America),[{{FishBase genus|genus=Potamotrygon|year=2019|month=September}}] and sometimes seen in the aquarium trade.[ It inhabits rivers of [tropical](/source/Tropical_climate) and [subtropical](/source/Subtropics) climates, especially those of the [Amazon basin](/source/Amazon_basin) and is virtually present in all South American countries, except for [Chile](/source/Chile).
Like other stingrays, the fishes of this genus have [venom](/source/venom)ous barbs at the base of their tails, and their [stings](/source/Stingray_injury) are dangerous to humans.][ It is said that the natives of South America fear the stingray more than they do fear the [piranha](/source/piranha).][{{cite book | title = Exotic Tropical Fishes | author = Axelrod, H.R. | publisher = T.F.H. Publications. | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-87666-543-1 }}]
''Potamotrygon'' vary considerably in color, pattern and size, with the maximum disc width ranging from {{convert|31|cm|ft|abbr=on|0}} in ''P. wallacei'' to {{convert|1.5|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} in ''P. brachyura''.[Oddone, M.C., G. Velasco & G. Rincon (2008). Occurrence of freshwater stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) in the Uruguay River and its tributaries, Uruguay, South America. International Journal of Ichthyology 14 (2): 69-76.]
==In the aquarium==
Though freshwater stingray of other genera do appear in the trade, most are from ''Potamotrygon''. They are best kept with a deep, sandy [substrate](/source/substrate_(aquarium)), in which they bury themselves, often with only the eyes visible. They are not [territorial](/source/territorial) with other animals and can be kept in groups, provided a large enough aquarium is provided. They are [carnivorous](/source/carnivorous) bottom feeders and require strong filtration as they are rather sensitive to water conditions.[{{cite book | title = Complete Encyclopedia of the Freshwater Aquarium | author = Dawes, J. | publisher = Firefly Books Ltd. | location = New York | year = 2001 | isbn = 1-55297-544-4 }}] Many species of stingray have been bred in [captivity](/source/captivity_(animal)) and males can be determined by the presence of [clasper](/source/clasper)s as in other [Chondrichthyans](/source/Chondrichthyes).
==Species==
There are currently more than 30 recognized extant (living) species in this genus:[
* ''[Potamotrygon adamastor](/source/Potamotrygon_adamastor)'' [Fontenelle, J. P.](/source/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_Fontenelle) & [de Carvalho, M. R.](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), 2017 (Branco river stingray)][Fontenelle, J. P. & de Carvalho, M. R. (2017): [https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4310.1.1 Systematic revision of the "Potamotrygon scobina" Garman, 1913 species-complex (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), with the description of three new freshwater stingray species from Brazil and comments on their distribution and biogeography.] ''Zootaxa, 4310 (1): 1–63.'']
* ''[Potamotrygon albimaculata](/source/Potamotrygon_albimaculata)'' [M. R. de Carvalho](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), 2016 (Itaituba river stingray, Tapajós river stingray, "P14")[Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): [http://www.mapress.com/j/zt/article/view/zootaxa.4167.1.1/7705 Description of two extraordinary new species of freshwater stingrays of the genus ''Potamotrygon'' endemic to the rio Tapajós basin, Brazil (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), with notes on other Tapajós stingrays.] ''Zootaxa, 4167 (1): 1–63.'']
* ''[Potamotrygon amandae](/source/Potamotrygon_amandae)'' [Loboda](/source/Thiago_Silva_Loboda) & [M. R. de Carvalho](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), 2013 (Amanda's river stingray)[Loboda, T.S. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2013): [http://www.ufrgs.br/ni/NIv11n04/NIv11n4-693-737.pdf Systematic revision of the ''Potamotrygon motoro'' (Müller & Henle, 1841) species complex in the Paraná-Paraguay basin, with description of two new ocellated species (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226003829/http://www.ufrgs.br/ni/NIv11n04/NIv11n4-693-737.pdf |date=2013-12-26 }} ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (4): 693–737.'']
* ''[Potamotrygon amazona](/source/Potamotrygon_amazona)'' [Fontenelle, J. P.](/source/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_Fontenelle) & [de Carvalho, M. R.](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), 2017 (Upper Amazon raspy river stingray)[Rosa, R.S., Carvalho, M.R.d. & Wanderley, C.d.A. (2008): ''Potamotrygon boesemani'' (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Potamotrygonidae), a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray from Surinam. ''Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (1): 1–8.'']
* ''[Potamotrygon brachyura](/source/Potamotrygon_brachyura)'' ([Günther](/source/Albert_G%C3%BCnther), 1880) (Short-tailed river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon constellata](/source/Potamotrygon_constellata)'' ([Vaillant](/source/L%C3%A9on_Louis_Vaillant), 1880) (Thorny river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon falkneri](/source/Potamotrygon_falkneri)'' [Castex](/source/Mariano_N._Castex) & [Maciel](/source/Ignacio_O._Maciel), 1963 (Large-spot river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon garmani](/source/Potamotrygon_garmani)'' [Fontenelle, J. P.](/source/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_Fontenelle) & [de Carvalho, M. R.](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), 2017 (Garman's river stingray)[
* ''[Potamotrygon leopoldi](/source/Potamotrygon_leopoldi)'' [Castex](/source/Mariano_N._Castex) & [Castello](/source/Hugo_Patricio_Castello), 1970 (White-blotched river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon limai](/source/Potamotrygon_limai)'' [Fontenelle](/source/Jo%C3%A3o_Pedro_Fontenelle_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Freire_da_Silva), [J. P. C. B. Silva](/source/Jo%C3%A3o_Paulo_Capretz_Batista_da_Silva) & [M. R. de Carvalho](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), 2014 (Zé Lima river stingray)][Fontenelle, J.P., Silva, J.P.C.B.d. & Carvalho, M.R.d. (2014): ''Potamotrygon limai'', sp. nov., a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Madeira River system, Amazon basin (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). ''Zootaxa, 3765 (3): 249–268.'']
* ''[Potamotrygon magdalenae](/source/Potamotrygon_magdalenae)'' ([A. H. A. Duméril](/source/Auguste_Henri_Andr%C3%A9_Dum%C3%A9ril), 1865) (Magdalena river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon marinae](/source/Potamotrygon_marinae)'' [Deynat](/source/Pascal_Deynat), 2006 (Marina's river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon marquesi](/source/Potamotrygon_marquesi)'' Silva & Loboda, 2019[{{cite journal | author1=Silva, J.P.C.B. | author2=T.S. Loboda | year=2019 | title=Potamotrygon marquesi, a new species of neotropical freshwater stingray (Potamotrygonidae) from the Brazilian Amazon Basin | journal=Journal of Fish Biology | volume=95 | issue=2 | pages=594–612 | doi=10.1111/jfb.14050 | pmid=31095730 | bibcode=2019JFBio..95..594C }}]
* ''[Potamotrygon motoro](/source/Potamotrygon_motoro)'' ([J. P. Müller](/source/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller) & [Henle](/source/Friedrich_Gustav_Jakob_Henle), 1841) (Ocellate river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon ocellata](/source/Potamotrygon_ocellata)'' ([Engelhardt](/source/Robert_Engelhardt), 1912) (Red-blotched river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon orbignyi](/source/Potamotrygon_orbignyi)'' ([Castelnau](/source/Francis_de_Laporte_de_Castelnau), 1855) (Smooth-back river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon pantanensis](/source/Potamotrygon_pantanensis)'' [Loboda](/source/Thiago_Silva_Loboda) & [M. R. de Carvalho](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), 2013 (Pantanal river stingray)[
* ''[Potamotrygon rex](/source/Potamotrygon_rex)'' [M. R. de Carvalho](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), 2016 (Great river stingray)][Carvalho, M.R.d. (2016): ''Potamotrygon rex'', a new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the middle and upper rio Tocantins, Brazil, closely allied to ''Potamotrygon henlei'' (Castelnau, 1855). ''Zootaxa, 4150 (5): 537–565.'']
* ''[Potamotrygon schroederi](/source/Potamotrygon_schroederi)'' [Fernández-Yépez](/source/August%C3%ADn_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Y%C3%A9pez), 1958 (Flower ray or rosette river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon schuhmacheri](/source/Potamotrygon_schuhmacheri)'' [Castex](/source/Mariano_N._Castex), 1964 (Parana river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon scobina](/source/Potamotrygon_scobina)'' [Garman](/source/Samuel_Garman), 1913 (Raspy river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon signata](/source/Potamotrygon_signata)'' [Garman](/source/Samuel_Garman), 1913 (Parnaiba river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon siponinmorok](/source/Potamotrygon_siponinmorok)'' Hemraj-Naraine, Fontenelle, Acosta-Santos, Lovejoy, Liverpool & Kolmann, 2026 (Demerara River Stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon tatianae](/source/Potamotrygon_tatianae)'' [J. P. C. B. Silva](/source/Jo%C3%A3o_Paulo_Capretz_Batista_da_Silva) & [M. R. de Carvalho](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), 2011 (Tatiana's river stingray)
* ''[Potamotrygon tigrina](/source/Potamotrygon_tigrina)'' [M. R. de Carvalho](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), [Sabaj Pérez](/source/Mark_Henry_Sabaj_P%C3%A9rez) & [Lovejoy](/source/Nathan_R._Lovejoy), 2011 (Tiger river stingray)[Carvalho, M.R.d., Sabaj Pérez, M.H. & Lovejoy, N.R. (2011): ''Potamotrygon tigrina'', a new species of freshwater stingray from the upper Amazon basin, closely related to ''Potamotrygon schroederi'' Fernandez-Yépez, 1958 (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae). ''Zootaxa, 2827: 1–30.'']
* ''[Potamotrygon wallacei](/source/Potamotrygon_wallacei)'' [M. R. de Carvalho](/source/Marcelo_Rodrigues_de_Carvalho), [R. S. Rosa](/source/Ricardo_de_Souza_Rosa) & [M. L. G. Araújo](/source/Maria_L%C3%BAcia_G%C3%B3es_de_Ara%C3%BAjo), 2016 (Cururu ray)[Carvalho, M.R.d., Rosa, R.S. & Araújo, M.L.G. (2016): A new species of Neotropical freshwater stingray (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) from the Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil: the smallest species of ''Potamotrygon''. ''Zootaxa, 4107 (4): 566-586.'']
* ''[Potamotrygon yepezi](/source/Potamotrygon_yepezi)'' [Castex](/source/Mariano_N._Castex) & [Castello](/source/Hugo_Patricio_Castello), 1970 (Maracaibo river stingray)
===Extinct (fossil) species===
These species are extinct and only known from [Tertiary](/source/Tertiary_period) fossil remains:[Chabain, Jules; Pierre-Olivier Antoine; Ali J. Altamirano-Sierra; Laurent Marivaux; François Pujos; Rodolfo Salas Gismondi; Sylvain Adnet (2017). Cenozoic batoids from Contamana (Peruvian Amazonia) with focus on freshwater potamotrygonins and their paleoenvironmental significance. Geobios 50: 389–400. {{doi|10.1016/j.geobios.2017.10.003}}]
*†''[Potamotrygon canaanorum](/source/Potamotrygon_canaanorum)''
*†''[Potamotrygon contamanensis](/source/Potamotrygon_contamanensis)''
*†''[Potamotrygon rajachloeae](/source/Potamotrygon_rajachloeae)''
*†''[Potamotrygon ucayalensis](/source/Potamotrygon_ucayalensis)[{{Cite journal |last=Adnet |first=Sylvain |last2=Salas Gismondi |first2=Rodolfo |last3=Antoine |first3=Pierre-Olivier |date=2014-01-01 |title=Comparisons of dental morphology in river stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae) with new fossils from the middle Eocene of Peruvian Amazonia rekindle debate on their evolution |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-013-1127-1 |journal=Naturwissenschaften |language=en |volume=101 |issue=1 |pages=33–45 |doi=10.1007/s00114-013-1127-1 |issn=1432-1904|url-access=subscription }}]''
==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q139492}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Potamotrygon
Category:Freshwater fish of South America
Category:Freshwater fish genera
Category:Batomorphi genera
Category:Taxa named by Samuel Garman
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Potamotrygon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamotrygon) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potamotrygon?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.