# Posthumanism

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Class of philosophies

This article is about a critique of anthropocentrism. For the futurist ideology and movement, see [Transhumanism](/source/Transhumanism).

Part of a series on Humanism History Renaissance humanism Northern Europe France Humanist Manifesto Forms Buddhist Christian Existential Integral Jewish Marxist Neo- Pan- Personism Rationalist Religious Secular Super- Theistic Trans- Transcendental Universal Organizations American Humanist Association Center for Inquiry Conway Hall Ethical Society Humanist International Humanist Society (Singapore) Humanist Society Scotland Humanistischer Verband Deutschlands Humanists International Humanists Sweden Humanists UK Icelandic Ethical Humanist Association National Secular Society Norwegian Humanist Association See also Antihumanism Posthumanism Confucianism Religion of Humanity Ethical movement Humanistic psychology Humanistic capitalism Humanistic economics Outline Category Philosophy portal v t e

Part of a series on Human enhancement Advocacy Rationale Adaptionist "Beneficient" Emancipatory Compensatory Democratic "Directive" Libertarian "Metahumanistic" Posthumanistic "Prometheist" Preventative Transhumanistic Paradigm Biohappiness Cyborgs Eugenics Intelligence amplification Moral enhancement Prostheses (De facto) germline interventions Selective Cloning Counseling Genetic Genomic Pre-conception Genetic enhancement Genetic engineering Epigenome editing PGD Embryo quality Oocyte selection Polygenic (risk) score (technical article) Prenatal testing Selective abortion Sex selection Sperm sorting "Nobelist sperm banks" Somatic interventions Body hacking Somatic gene therapy for color blindness in sports doping Stem-cell therapy Embryonic cells Fetal tissue implant Chemical Stimulants Amphetamine Methamphetamine Ritalin Nootropics Modafinil Piracetam Xanthine derivatives Caffeine Neurological Brain implant Brain–computer interface Deep brain stimulation "Man–Computer Symbiosis" (1960) Neuralink Neurohacking Opposition Appeal to nature Bioconservatism "Brave New World Argument" Chesterton Francis Fukuyama Our Posthuman Future (2002) Cloning prohibition Leon Kass Stem cell controversy "Designer baby" "Frankenstein's monster" He Jiankui affair Hwang affair Against life extension Undesirability of immortality Nikolas Kompridis Legal EU convention on Bioethics Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act (vetoed) United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning In the UK 1990 act 2003 act 2008 act 2001 act C. S. Lewis The Abolition of Man (1943) That Hideous Strength (1945) "Playing God" Religious response to ARTs "Wisdom of repugnance" Related ART Exowombs IVG Augmented learning Deep ecology Treating executive dysfunction Evolutionary humanism Longevity Anti-aging movement Life extension Rejuvenation Young blood transfusion Natalism Natura naturans Pontifical and Promethean man Collapse of the therapy-enhancement divide Promethean gap Technophobia Therapy-enhancement distinction v t e

Postmodernism Preceded by Modernism Postmodernity Deconstruction Hypermodernity Hyperreality Posthumanism Post-structuralism Fields Anthropology Archaeology Architecture Art Criminology Dance Feminism Film Television Literature (Picture books) Music International relations Philosophy Anarchism Marxism Postpositivism Psychology Political science Theatre Theology and Religion Reactions Criticism Metamodernism Post-postmodernism Remodernism v t e

**Posthumanism** or **post-humanism** (meaning "after [humanism](/source/Humanism)" or "beyond humanism") is an idea in [continental philosophy](/source/Continental_philosophy) and [critical theory](/source/Critical_theory) responding to the presence of [anthropocentrism](/source/Anthropocentrism) in 21st-century thought.[1][2]

## Overview

In general, posthumanism looks closely at how humans relate to other creatures, technology, and the world around them. This way of thinking can lead to a more detailed and accurate idea of what it means to be human. It involves rethinking old ideas about right and wrong ([ethics](/source/Ethics)) and core beliefs ([philosophy](/source/Philosophy)) to recognize that humans are connected to all life and systems, not just other people.[3][4]

Posthumanism posits that we must see that humans are tied to the nonhuman such as plants, animals, ecosystems, habitats and [technology](/source/Technology). This includes our likewise animal nature (biology), our connection to the environment (ecology), and the tools and extensions we create (technology). It also points out that we need to develop a new sense of care, duty, and modesty because nonhuman elements are increasingly seen as having an active role in the world. After all, the aim of posthumanism is not to escape reality in the future or rely only on technology. Instead, it seeks a deeper, more complex understanding of our present situation and where we belong within it.[3][4]

### Challenges for Posthumanism

Posthumanism is a new way of thinking that arose because traditional views separating human from nonhuman are breaking down. For example, over time, every argument for [human exceptionalism](/source/Human_exceptionalism) has disintegrated in the face of cognitively creative [animal behavior](/source/Animal_behaviour).[5] Posthumanism has emerged as a critical framework. It directly questions the primacy of the human such as in [anthropocentrism](/source/Anthropocentrism), species-based discrimination such as in [speciesism](/source/Speciesism), and life-controlling structures such as in [biopolitics](/source/Biopolitics). This conceptual shift has tangible effects, informing practices like [bioart](/source/Bioart) and [digital literature](/source/Digital_literature), and causes institutional reform across the [life sciences](/source/Life_sciences) and [theoretical disciplines](/source/Humanities). As our worldview is revised by [digitalization](/source/Digitization), [globalization](/source/Globalization), and technological augmentation, posthumanism offers the necessary alternative viewpoints to address the significant uncertainty that current technological, economic, and ecological challenges pose to human, nonhuman, and planetary existence.[6]

## Philosophical posthumanism

Philosopher [Theodore Schatzki](/source/Theodore_Schatzki) suggests there are two varieties of posthumanism of the philosophical kind:[7]

One, which he calls "objectivism", tries to counter the overemphasis of the subjective, or [intersubjective](/source/Intersubjective), that pervades humanism, and emphasises the role of the nonhuman agents, whether they be animals and plants, or computers or other things, because "Humans and nonhumans, it [objectivism] proclaims, codetermine one another", and also claims "independence of (some) objects from human activity and conceptualization".[7]

A second posthumanist agenda is "the prioritization of practices over individuals (or individual subjects)", which, they say, constitute the individual.[7]

There may be a third kind of posthumanism, propounded by the philosopher [Herman Dooyeweerd](/source/Herman_Dooyeweerd). Though he did not label it "posthumanism", he made an [immanent critique](/source/Immanent_critique) of humanism, and then constructed a philosophy that presupposed neither humanist, nor [scholastic](/source/Scholasticism), nor Greek thought but started with a different [religious ground motive](/source/Religious_ground_motive).[8] Dooyeweerd prioritized law and meaningfulness as that which enables humanity and all else to exist, behave, live, occur, etc. "*Meaning* is the *being* of all that has been *created*", Dooyeweerd wrote, "and the nature even of our selfhood".[9] Both human and nonhuman alike function subject to a common *law-side*, which is diverse, composed of a number of distinct law-spheres or *aspects*.[10] The temporal being of both human and non-human is multi-aspectual; for example, both plants and humans are bodies, functioning in the biotic aspect, and both computers and humans function in the formative and lingual aspect, but humans function in the aesthetic, juridical, ethical and faith aspects too. The Dooyeweerdian version is able to incorporate and integrate both the objectivist version and the practices version, because it allows nonhuman agents their own subject-functioning in various aspects and places emphasis on aspectual functioning.[11]

## Emergence of philosophical posthumanism

[Ihab Hassan](/source/Ihab_Hassan), theorist in the [academic study of literature](/source/Literary_theory), once stated: "Humanism may be coming to an end as humanism transforms itself into something one must helplessly call posthumanism."[12] This view predates most currents of posthumanism which have developed over the late 20th century in somewhat diverse, but complementary, domains of thought and practice. For example, Hassan is a known scholar whose theoretical writings expressly address [postmodernity](/source/Postmodernity) in [society](/source/Society).[13] Beyond postmodernist studies, posthumanism has been developed and deployed by various [cultural theorists](/source/Cultural_studies), often in reaction to problematic inherent assumptions within humanistic thought and [Enlightenment thought](/source/Enlightenment_thought).[14]

Theorists who both complement and contrast Hassan include [Michel Foucault](/source/Michel_Foucault), [Judith Butler](/source/Judith_Butler), [cyberneticists](/source/Cybernetics) such as [Gregory Bateson](/source/Gregory_Bateson), [Warren McCullouch](/source/Warren_McCullouch), [Norbert Wiener](/source/Norbert_Wiener), and thinkers such as [Bruno Latour](/source/Bruno_Latour), [Cary Wolfe](/source/Cary_Wolfe), [Elaine Graham](/source/Elaine_Graham), [N. Katherine Hayles](/source/N._Katherine_Hayles), [Benjamin H. Bratton](/source/Benjamin_H._Bratton), [Donna Haraway](/source/Donna_Haraway), [Rosi Braidotti](/source/Rosi_Braidotti), [Francesca Ferrando](/source/Francesca_Ferrando), [Peter Sloterdijk](/source/Peter_Sloterdijk), [Stefan Lorenz Sorgner](/source/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner), [Evan Thompson](/source/Evan_Thompson), [Francisco Varela](/source/Francisco_Varela), [Humberto Maturana](/source/Humberto_Maturana), [Timothy Morton](/source/Timothy_Morton), and [Douglas Kellner](/source/Douglas_Kellner). Among the theorists are philosophers, such as Robert Pepperell, who have written about a "posthuman condition", which is often substituted for the term *posthumanism*.[15][16]

Posthumanism differs from classical humanism by relegating humanity back to [one of many natural species](/source/Biocentrism_(ethics)), thereby rejecting any claims founded on [anthropocentric](/source/Anthropocentric) dominance.[17] According to this claim, humans have no inherent rights to destroy nature or set themselves above it in [ethical](/source/Ethical) considerations *[a priori](/source/A_priori_and_a_posteriori)*. Human [knowledge](/source/Knowledge) is also reduced to a less controlling position, previously seen as the defining aspect of the world. [Human rights](/source/Human_rights) exist on a spectrum with [animal rights](/source/Animal_rights) and posthuman rights.[18] The limitations and fallibility of [human intelligence](/source/Intelligence#Human_intelligence) are confessed, even though it does not imply abandoning the [rational](/source/Rationalism) tradition of humanism.[19]

Proponents of a posthuman discourse, suggest that innovative advancements and emerging technologies have transcended the traditional model of the human, as proposed by [Descartes](/source/Descartes) among others associated with [philosophy of the Enlightenment](/source/Philosophy_of_the_Enlightenment).[20] Posthumanistic views were also found in the works of [Shakespeare](/source/Shakespeare).[21] In contrast to humanism, the discourse of posthumanism seeks to redefine the boundaries surrounding modern philosophical understanding of the human. Posthumanism represents an evolution of thought beyond that of the contemporary social boundaries and is predicated on the seeking of truth within a postmodern context. In so doing, it rejects previous attempts to establish "[anthropological universals](/source/Anthropological_universal)" that are imbued with anthropocentric assumptions.[17] Recently, critics have sought to describe the emergence of posthumanism as a critical moment in modernity, arguing for the origins of key posthuman ideas in modern fiction,[22] in Nietzsche,[23] or in a modernist response to the crisis of historicity.[24]

Although Nietzsche's philosophy has been characterized as posthumanist,[25][26][27] Foucault placed posthumanism within a context that differentiated humanism from [Enlightenment thought](/source/Enlightenment_thought). According to Foucault, the two existed in a state of tension: as humanism sought to establish norms while Enlightenment thought attempted to transcend all that is material, including the boundaries that are constructed by humanistic thought.[17] Drawing on the Enlightenment's challenges to the boundaries of humanism, posthumanism rejects the various assumptions of human dogmas (anthropological, political, scientific) and takes the next step by attempting to change the nature of thought about what it means to be human. This requires not only decentering the human in multiple discourses (evolutionary, ecological and technological) but also examining those discourses to uncover inherent humanistic, anthropocentric, normative notions of humanness and the concept of the human.

## Hayles's theory

Posthumanistic discourse aims to open up spaces to examine what it means to be human and critically question the concept of "the human" in light of current cultural and historical contexts.[14] In her book *How We Became Posthuman*, [N. Katherine Hayles](/source/N._Katherine_Hayles), writes about the struggle between different versions of the posthuman as it continually co-evolves alongside intelligent machines.[28] Such coevolution, according to some strands of the posthuman discourse, allows one to extend their [subjective](/source/Subjectivity) understandings of real experiences beyond the boundaries of [embodied](/source/Embodied_cognition) existence. According to Hayles's view of posthuman, often referred to as "technological posthumanism", [visual perception](/source/Visual_perception) and digital representations thus paradoxically become ever more salient. Even as one seeks to extend knowledge by deconstructing perceived boundaries, it is these same boundaries that make knowledge acquisition possible. The use of technology in a contemporary society is thought to complicate this relationship.[29]

[Hayles](/source/N._Katherine_Hayles) discusses the translation of human bodies into information (as suggested by [Hans Moravec](/source/Hans_Moravec)) in order to illuminate how the boundaries of our embodied reality have been compromised in the current age and how narrow definitions of humanness no longer apply. Because of this, according to Hayles, posthumanism is characterized by a loss of subjectivity based on bodily boundaries.[14] This strand of posthumanism, including the changing notion of subjectivity and the disruption of ideas concerning what it means to be human, is often associated with [Donna Haraway](/source/Donna_Haraway)'s concept of the [cyborg](/source/Cyborg).[14] However, Haraway has distanced herself from posthumanistic discourse due to other theorists' use of the term to promote [utopian](/source/Utopianism) views of technological innovation to extend the human biological capacity[30] (even though these notions would more correctly fall into the realm of [transhumanism](/source/Transhumanism)[14]).

While posthumanism is a broad and complex ideology, it has relevant implications today and for the future. It attempts to redefine [social structures](/source/Social_structures) without inherently humanly or even biological origins, but rather in terms of [social](/source/Social_system) and [psychological](/source/Psychological) systems where [consciousness](/source/Consciousness) and [communication](/source/Communication) could potentially exist as unique [disembodied](/source/Incorporeality) entities. Questions subsequently emerge with respect to the current use and the future of technology in shaping human existence,[17] as do new concerns with regards to language, [symbolism](/source/Symbolism_(arts)), subjectivity, [phenomenology](/source/Phenomenology_(philosophy)), ethics, justice and creativity.

## Technological versus non-technological

Posthumanism can be divided into *non-technological* and *technological* forms.[31][32][33]

### Non-technological posthumanism

While posthumanization has links with the scholarly methodologies of posthumanism, it is a distinct phenomenon. The rise of explicit posthumanism as a scholarly approach is relatively recent, occurring since the late 1970s;[1][34] however, some of the processes of posthumanization that it studies are ancient. For example, the dynamics of *non-technological* posthumanization have existed historically in all societies in which animals were incorporated into families as [household pets](/source/Pet) or in which [ghosts](/source/Ghosts), [monsters](/source/Monster), [angels](/source/Angel), or semidivine [heroes](/source/Greek_hero_cult) were considered to play some role in the world.[35][34][32]

Such non-technological posthumanization has been manifested not only in mythological and literary works but also in the construction of [temples](/source/Temple), [cemeteries](/source/Cemetery), [zoos](/source/Zoo), or other physical structures that were considered to be inhabited or used by quasi- or para-human beings who were not natural, living, biological human beings but who nevertheless played some role within a given society,[34][32] to the extent that, according to philosopher [Francesca Ferrando](/source/Francesca_Ferrando): "the notion of [spirituality](/source/Spirituality) dramatically broadens our understanding of the posthuman, allowing us to investigate not only technical technologies (robotics, cybernetics, biotechnology, nanotechnology, among others), but also, technologies of existence."[36]

### Technological posthumanism

Some forms of technological posthumanization involve efforts to directly alter the social, psychological, or physical structures and behaviors of the human being through the development and application of technologies relating to [genetic engineering](/source/Genetic_engineering) or [neurocybernetic augmentation](/source/Neuroprosthetics); such forms of posthumanization are studied, e.g., by [cyborg theory](/source/Cyborg).[37] Other forms of technological posthumanization indirectly "posthumanize" human society through the deployment of [social robots](/source/Social_robot) or attempts to develop [artificial general intelligences](/source/Artificial_general_intelligence), [sentient networks](/source/Cognitive_robotics), or other entities that can collaborate and interact with human beings as members of posthumanized societies. [N. Katherine Hayles](/source/N._Katherine_Hayles)' *[How We Became Posthuman](/source/How_We_Became_Posthuman)*, explores the changing perspectives and relationships between technology and information as a discourse on human society.[38]

The dynamics of technological posthumanization have long been an important element of [science fiction](/source/Science_fiction); genres such as [cyberpunk](/source/Cyberpunk) take them as a central focus. In recent decades, technological posthumanization has also become the subject of increasing attention by scholars and policymakers. The expanding and accelerating forces of technological posthumanization have generated diverse and conflicting responses, with some researchers viewing the processes of posthumanization as opening the door to a more meaningful and advanced [transhumanist](/source/Transhumanism) future for humanity,[39][40][41] while other [bioconservative](/source/Bioconservatism) critiques warn that such processes may lead to a fragmentation of human society, loss of meaning, and subjugation to the forces of technology.[42]

### Common features

Processes of technological and non-technological posthumanization both tend to result in a partial "de-[anthropocentrization](/source/Anthropocentrism)" of human society, as its circle of membership is expanded to include other types of entities and the position of human beings is decentered. A common theme of posthumanist study is the way in which processes of posthumanization challenge or blur simple [binaries](/source/Binary_opposition), such as those of "human versus non-human", "natural versus artificial", "alive versus non-alive", and "biological versus mechanical".[43][34]

## Relationship with transhumanism

Sociologist [James Hughes](/source/James_Hughes_(sociologist)) comments that there is considerable confusion between the two terms.[44][45] In the introduction to their book on post- and [transhumanism](/source/Transhumanism), Robert Ranisch and [Stefan Sorgner](/source/Stefan_Lorenz_Sorgner) address the source of this confusion, stating that posthumanism is often used as an umbrella term that includes both transhumanism and critical posthumanism.[44]

Although both subjects relate to the future of humanity, they differ in their view of anthropocentrism.[46] Pramod Nayar, author of *Posthumanism*, states that posthumanism has two main branches: ontological and critical.[47] Ontological posthumanism is synonymous with transhumanism. The subject is regarded as "an intensification of humanism".[48] Transhumanist thought suggests that humans are not post human yet, but that human enhancement, often through technological advancement and application, is the passage of becoming post human.[49] [Transhumanism](/source/Transhumanism) retains humanism's focus on the Homo sapiens as the center of the world but also considers technology to be an integral aid to human progression. Critical posthumanism, however, is opposed to these views.[50] Critical posthumanism "rejects both human exceptionalism (the idea that humans are unique creatures) and human instrumentalism (that humans have a right to control the natural world)".[47] These contrasting views on the importance of human beings are the main distinctions between the two subjects.[51]

Transhumanism is also more ingrained in popular culture than critical posthumanism, especially in science fiction. The term is referred to by Pramod Nayar as "the pop posthumanism of cinema and pop culture".[47]

## Varieties

Posthumanism encompasses a wide variety of branches, including:

- *[Antihumanism](/source/Antihumanism)*: a branch of theory that is critical of traditional [humanism](/source/Humanism) and traditional ideas about the [human condition](/source/Human_condition), vitality and agency.[52]

- *Ahumanism*: A concept coined by [Patricia McCormack](/source/Patricia_MacCormack) that extends the critique of human centrality beyond traditional antihumanism. While antihumanism questions human exceptionalism, Ahumanism acetively seeks to move “beyond the human” by focusing on the ethical, epistemological and aesthetic significance of non-human lifeforms[53]

- *Cultural posthumanism*: A branch of [cultural theory](/source/Culture_studies) critical of the foundational assumptions of humanism and its legacy[54] that examines and questions the historical notions of "human" and "[human nature](/source/Human_nature)", often challenging typical notions of human subjectivity and embodiment[14] and strives to move beyond "archaic" concepts of "human nature" to develop ones which constantly adapt to contemporary [technoscientific](/source/Technoscientific) knowledge.[15]

- *[Philosophical posthumanism](#Philosophical_posthumanism)*: A [philosophical](/source/Philosophy) direction[55] that draws on cultural posthumanism, the philosophical strand examines the ethical implications of expanding the circle of moral concern and extending subjectivities beyond the human species.[14][56]

- *[Posthuman condition](/source/Posthuman_condition)*: The [deconstruction](/source/Deconstruction) of the [human condition](/source/Human_condition) by [critical theorists](/source/Critical_theory).[16]

- *Existential posthumanism*: it embraces posthumanism as a [praxis](/source/Praxis_(process)) of existence.[57] Its sources are drawn from non-dualistic global philosophies, such as [Advaita Vedanta](/source/Advaita_Vedanta), [Taoism](/source/Taoism) and [Zen Buddhism](/source/Zen_Buddhism), the philosophies of [Yoga](/source/Yoga),[58] continental [existentialism](/source/Existentialism), native epistemologies and [Sufism](/source/Sufism), among others. It examines and challenges hegemonic notions of being "human" by delving into the history of embodied practices of being human and, thus, expanding the reflection on [human nature](/source/Human_nature).

- *[Posthuman transhumanism](/source/Posthuman_future)*: A [transhuman](/source/Transhuman) ideology and movement which, drawing from posthumanist philosophy, seeks to develop and make available technologies that enable immortality and greatly [enhance](/source/Human_enhancement) human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities in order to achieve a "posthuman future".[59] A variant of transhumanism is known as *[AI takeover](/source/AI_takeover),* where humans will not be enhanced, but rather eventually *replaced* by [artificial intelligences](/source/Artificial_general_intelligence).

- *Posthumanization* comprises "those processes by which a society comes to include members other than 'natural' biological [human beings](/source/Human) who, in one way or another, contribute to the structures, dynamics, or meaning of the [society](/source/Society)."[60]

## Criticism

Some critics have argued that all forms of posthumanism, including transhumanism, have more in common than their respective proponents realize.[61] Linking these different approaches, [Paul James](/source/Paul_James_(academic)) suggests that "the key political problem is that, in effect, the position allows the human as a category of being to flow down the plughole of history":

This is ontologically critical. Unlike the naming of 'postmodernism' where the 'post' does not infer the end of what it previously meant to be human (just the passing of the dominance of the modern) the posthumanists are playing a serious game where the human, in all its ontological variability, disappears in the name of saving something unspecified about us as merely a motley co-location of individuals and communities.[62]

However, some posthumanists in the [humanities](/source/Humanities) and the [arts](/source/Arts) are critical of transhumanism (the brunt of James's criticism), in part, because they argue that it incorporates and extends many of the values of [Enlightenment humanism](/source/Age_of_Enlightenment) and [classical liberalism](/source/Classical_liberalism), namely [scientism](/source/Scientism), according to [performance](/source/Performance_art) philosopher [Shannon Bell](/source/Shannon_Bell):[63]

Altruism, mutualism, humanism are the soft and slimy virtues that underpin liberal capitalism. Humanism has always been integrated into discourses of exploitation: colonialism, imperialism, neoimperialism, democracy, and of course, American democratization. One of the serious flaws in transhumanism is the importation of liberal-human values to the biotechno enhancement of the human. Posthumanism has a much stronger critical edge attempting to develop through enactment new understandings of the self and others, essence, consciousness, intelligence, reason, agency, intimacy, life, embodiment, identity and the body.[63]

While many modern leaders of thought are accepting of nature of ideologies described by posthumanism, some are more skeptical of the term. Haraway, the author of [*A Cyborg Manifesto*](/source/Cyborg_Manifesto), has outspokenly rejected the term, though acknowledges a philosophical alignment with posthumanism. Haraway opts instead for the term of companion species, referring to nonhuman entities with which humans coexist.[30]

This section relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. Find sources: "Posthumanism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2025)

Questions of race, some argue,[*[who?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions)*] are suspiciously elided within the "turn" to posthumanism. Noting that the terms "post" and "human" are already loaded with racial meaning, critical theorist Zakiyyah Iman Jackson argues that the impulse to move "beyond" the human within posthumanism too often ignores "praxes of humanity and critiques produced by black people",[64] including [Frantz Fanon](/source/Frantz_Fanon), [Aime Cesaire](/source/Aim%C3%A9_C%C3%A9saire), [Hortense Spillers](/source/Hortense_Spillers) and [Fred Moten](/source/Fred_Moten).[64] Interrogating the conceptual grounds in which such a mode of "beyond" is rendered legible and viable, Jackson argues that it is important to observe that "blackness conditions and constitutes the very nonhuman disruption and/or disruption" which posthumanists invite.[64] In other words, given that race in general and blackness in particular constitute the very terms through which human-nonhuman distinctions are made, for example in enduring legacies of [scientific racism](/source/Scientific_racism), a gesture toward a "beyond" actually "returns us to a Eurocentric transcendentalism long challenged".[65] Posthumanist scholarship, due to characteristic rhetorical techniques, is also frequently subject to the same [critiques commonly made of postmodernist](/source/Criticism_of_postmodernism) scholarship in the 1980s and 1990s.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## See also

- [Bioconservatism](/source/Bioconservatism)

- [Cyborg anthropology](/source/Cyborg_anthropology)

- [Posthuman](/source/Posthuman)

- [Posthumanist art](/source/Posthumanist_art)

- [Superhuman](/source/Superhuman)

- [Technological change](/source/Technological_change)

- [Technological transitions](/source/Technological_transitions)

- [Transhumanism](/source/Transhumanism)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Ferrando_2013_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Ferrando_2013_1-1) Ferrando, Francesca (2013). ["Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Antihumanism, Metahumanism, and New Materialisms: Differences and Relations"](http://www.existenz.us/volumes/Vol.8-2Ferrando.pdf) (PDF). *Existenz*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1932-1066](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-1066). Retrieved 2014-03-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Bolter, Jay David (2016). "Posthumanism". *The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy*. pp. 1–8. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect220](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118766804.wbiect220). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-118-29073-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-29073-6).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-chute_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-chute_3-1) Baerreis, David A. (1969). "Reviewed work: Prehistory of North America, Jesse D. Jennings". *American Anthropologist*. **71** (3): 558–559. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1525/aa.1969.71.3.02a00460](https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1969.71.3.02a00460). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [670305](https://www.jstor.org/stable/670305).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Brooks_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Brooks_4-1) Brooks, Ronald Clark (2012). "Reviewed work: What is Posthumanism?, Cary Wolfe". *Jac*. **32** (1/2): 391–395. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [41709691](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41709691).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-AnmRite_5-0)** Wolfe, Cary. “Forward” and “Introduction.” *Animal Rites: American Culture, the Discourse of Species, and Posthumanist Theory.* University of Chicago Press, 2003. pp. ix-xuv and pp. 1-18. ProQuest, Ebook Central.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Palgrave_6-0)** Herbrechter, Stefan, et al, editors, “Preface.” *Palgrave Handbook of Critical Posthumanism*. Palgrave Macmillan, 2022, pp. v-vii, Springerlink.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ref-schatzki_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ref-schatzki_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ref-schatzki_7-2) Schatzki, T.R. 2001. Introduction: Practice theory, in *The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory* eds. [Theodore Schatzki](/source/Theodore_Schatzki), Karin Knorr Cetina & Eike Von Savigny. pp. 10-11

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Ground Motives - the Dooyeweerd Pages"](http://www.dooy.info/ground.motives.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-dy-nc_9-0)** Dooyeweerd, H. (1955/1984). A new critique of theoretical thought (Vol. 1). Jordan Station, Ontario, Canada: Paideia Press. P. 4

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["'law-side'"](http://www.dooy.info/2sides.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["his radical notion of subject-object relations"](http://www.dooy.info/subject.object.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hassan_1977_12-0)** [Hassan, Ihab](/source/Ihab_Hassan) (1977). "Prometheus as Performer: Toward a Postmodern Culture?". In Michel Benamou, Charles Caramello (ed.). *Performance in Postmodern Culture*. Madison, Wisconsin: Coda Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-930956-00-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930956-00-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Thiher, Allen (1990). ["Postmodernism's Evolution as Seen by Ihab Hassan"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1208589.pdf) (PDF). *Contemporary Literature*. **31** (2): 236–239. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/1208589](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1208589). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [1208589](https://www.jstor.org/stable/1208589). Retrieved December 19, 2020.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-miah_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-miah_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-miah_14-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-miah_14-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-miah_14-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-miah_14-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-miah_14-6) Miah, A. (2008) A Critical History of Posthumanism. In Gordijn, B. & Chadwick R. (2008) Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity. Springer, pp.71-94.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Badmington_2000_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Badmington_2000_15-1) Badmington, Neil (2000). *Posthumanism (Readers in Cultural Criticism)*. Palgrave Macmillan. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-333-76538-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-76538-8).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hayles_1999_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hayles_1999_16-1) [Hayles, N. Katherine](/source/N._Katherine_Hayles) (1999). *How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics*. University Of Chicago Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-226-32146-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32146-2).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-wolfe_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-wolfe_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-wolfe_17-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-wolfe_17-3) Wolfe, C. (2009). [*What is Posthumanism?*](https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/what-is-posthumanism) University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, Minnesota.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [Evans, Woody](/source/Woody_Evans) (2015). ["Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds"](https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072). *Teknokultura*. **12** (2). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5209/rev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072](https://doi.org/10.5209%2Frev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Addressed repeatedly, albeit differently, among scholars, e.g. Stefan Herbrechter, *Posthumanism: A Critical Analysis* (London: A&C Black, 2013), 126 and 196-97. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1780936907](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1780936907), 9781780936901

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Badmington, Neil. ["Posthumanism"](http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405183123_chunk_g978140518312363_ss1-3). Blackwell Reference Online. Retrieved 22 September 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Herbrechter_Callus_Rossini_Grech_2022_p._708_21-0)** Herbrechter, S.; Callus, I.; Rossini, M.; Grech, M.; de Bruin-Molé, M.; Müller, C.J. (2022). [*Palgrave Handbook of Critical Posthumanism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=enaeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA708). Springer International Publishing. p. 708. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-031-04958-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-04958-3). Retrieved 2023-03-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** ["Genealogy"](https://criticalposthumanism.net/genealogy/). *Critical Posthumanism Network*. 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Wallace, Jeff (December 2016). ["Modern"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-literature-and-the-posthuman/modern/F177AE0B05A6A081E73F17D39FFA4ED5). *The Cambridge Companion to Literature and the Posthuman*. pp. 41–53. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/9781316091227.007](https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316091227.007). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781316091227](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316091227). Retrieved 2019-07-30. {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |website= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Borg, Ruben (2019-01-07). [*Fantasies of Self-Mourning: Modernism, the Posthuman and the Finite*](https://brill.com/view/title/54051). Brill Rodopi. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/9789004390355](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004390355). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789004390355](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004390355). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [194194777](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194194777).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [*Posthumanism in the Age of Humanism: Mind, Matter, and the Life Sciences after Kant*](https://books.google.com/books?id=PRttDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22posthumanist%22+%22nietzsche%22&pg=PA203). Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 4 October 2018. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781501335693](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501335693).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [*The Routledge Handbook of Biopolitics*](https://books.google.com/books?id=SMzLDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22posthumanist%22+%22nietzsche%22&pg=PT95). Routledge. 5 August 2016. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781317044079](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317044079).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [*Philosophical Posthumanism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=u7qdDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22posthumanist%22+%22nietzsche%22&pg=PA50). Bloomsbury. 27 June 2019. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781350059481](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350059481).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Cecchetto, David (2013). *Humanesis: Sound and Technological Posthumanism*. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Hayles, N. Katherine (5 April 2017). *Unthought: the power of the cognitive nonconscious*. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-226-44774-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-44774-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [956775338](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956775338).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-gane_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-gane_30-1) Gane, Nicholas (2006). ["When We Have Never Been Human, What Is to Be Done?: Interview with Donna Haraway"](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276406069228). *Theory, Culture & Society*. **23** (7–8): 135–158. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0263276406069228](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0263276406069228).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Herbrechter_2013_two_forms_31-0)** Herbrechter, Stefan (2013). *Posthumanism: A Critical Analysis*. London: Bloomsbury. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-7809-3690-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7809-3690-1).After referring (p. 3) to "the current technology-centred discussion about the potential transformation of humans into something else (a process that might be called 'posthumanization')," Herbrechter offers an analysis of Lyotard's essay "A Postmodern Fable," in which Herbrechter concludes (p. 7) that "What Lyotard's sequel to Nietzsche's fable shows is that, on the one hand, there is no point in denying the ongoing technologization of the human species, and, on the other hand, that a purely technology-centred idea of posthumanization is not enough to escape the humanist paradigm."

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gladden_2018_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gladden_2018_32-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Gladden_2018_32-2) Gladden, Matthew (2018). [*Sapient Circuits and Digitalized Flesh: The Organization as Locus of Technological Posthumanization*](http://www.matthewgladden.net/wp-content/uploads/Sapient-Circuits-and-Digitalized-Flesh-2e-M-Gladden-2018.pdf) (PDF) (second ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Defragmenter Media. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-944373-21-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-944373-21-4). Retrieved March 14, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Evans, Woody (2022). ["On Trans-Humanism (Review)"](https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fprometheus.38.2.0271). *Prometheus: Critical Studies in Innovation*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.13169/prometheus.38.2.0271](https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fprometheus.38.2.0271).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Herbrechter_2013_34-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Herbrechter_2013_34-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Herbrechter_2013_34-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Herbrechter_2013_34-3) Herbrechter, Stefan (2013). *Posthumanism: A Critical Analysis*. London: Bloomsbury. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-7809-3690-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7809-3690-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Graham_2002_35-0)** Graham, Elaine (2002). *Representations of the Post/Human: Monsters, Aliens and Others in Popular Culture*. Manchester: Manchester University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8135-3058-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-3058-X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ferrando_2016_36-0)** Ferrando, Francesca (2016). ["Humans Have Always Been Posthuman: A Spiritual Genealogy of the Posthuman"](https://www.academia.edu/31138169). In Banerji, Debashish; et al. (eds.). *Critical Posthumanism and Planetary Futures* (1st ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 243–256. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9788132236375](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788132236375). Retrieved 2018-08-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gray_1995_37-0)** *The Cyborg Handbook* (1995). Chris Hables Gray, editor. New York: Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780415908498](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415908498).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:10_38-0)** Owen, Jule (2022-07-27). ["Review: How We Became Posthuman: N. Katherine Hayles' Exploration of Virtual Bodies - Futures Thinking"](https://futuresthinking.foundation/2022/07/27/review-how-we-became-posthuman-n-katherine-hayles-exploration-of-virtual-bodies/). *Futures Thinking - Escape short-termism, liberate creativity, and solve real problems*. Retrieved 2025-09-20.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Moravec_1988_39-0)** Moravec, Hans (1988). [*Mind Children: The Future of Robot and Human Intelligence*](https://archive.org/details/mindchildrenfutu00mora). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-674-57618-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-57618-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kurzweil_2005_40-0)** Kurzweil, Ray (2005). *The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology*. New York, NY: Penguin. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781101218884](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101218884).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bostrom_2008_41-0)** Bostrom, Nick (2008). ["Why I Want to Be a Posthuman When I Grow Up"](https://nickbostrom.com/posthuman.pdf) (PDF). In Gordijn, Bert; Chadwick, Ruth (eds.). *Medical Enhancement and Posthumanity*. Springer Netherlands. pp. 107–137. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4020-8851-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8851-3). Retrieved August 16, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Fukuyama_2002_42-0)** Fukuyama, Francis (2002). *Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution*. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781861972972](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861972972).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ferrando_2013_non-dualistic_43-0)** Ferrando, Francesca (2013). "Posthumanism, Transhumanism, Antihumanism, Metahumanism, and New Materialisms: Differences and Relations." *Existenz: An International Journal in Philosophy, Religion, Politics, and the Arts* 8 (2): 26-32. ISSN 1932-1066. Ferrando notes (p. 27) that such challenging of binaries constitutes part of "the post-anthropocentric and post-dualistic approach of (philosophical, cultural, and critical) posthumanism."

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_44-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_44-1) Ranisch, Robert (January 2014). ["Post- and Transhumanism: An Introduction"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269405350). Retrieved 25 August 2016. {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** MacFarlane, James (2014-12-23). ["Boundary Work: Post- and Transhumanism, Part I, James Michael MacFarlane"](https://social-epistemology.com/2014/12/23/boundary-work-post-and-transhumanism-part-i-james-michael-macfarlane/). Retrieved 25 August 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Umbrello, Steven (2018-10-17). ["Posthumanism"](https://pubs.biblio.laurentian.ca/index.php/contexte/article/view/279). *Con Texte*. **2** (1): 28–32. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.28984/ct.v2i1.279](https://doi.org/10.28984%2Fct.v2i1.279). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2561-4770](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2561-4770).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_47-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_47-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_47-2) K., Nayar, Pramod (2013-10-28). *Posthumanism*. Cambridge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780745662404](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745662404). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [863676564](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863676564).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher)) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Cary., Wolfe (2010). *What is posthumanism?*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780816666157](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816666157). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [351313274](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/351313274).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** Wolfe, Cary (2010). [*What is Posthumanism?*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hb1ErdEer8YC&q=wolfe+post+human). U of Minnesota Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780816666140](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816666140).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Deretić, Irina; Sorgner, Stefan Lorenz, eds. (2016-01-01). [*From Humanism to Meta-, Post- and Transhumanism?*](https://www.peterlang.com/view/title/18161). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3726/978-3-653-05483-5](https://doi.org/10.3726%2F978-3-653-05483-5). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783653967883](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783653967883). Retrieved 2020-10-08. {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |website= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Umbrello, Steven; Lombard, Jessica (2018-12-14). ["Silence of the Idols: Appropriating the Myth of Sisyphus for Posthumanist Discourses"](https://www.lumenpublishing.com/journals/index.php/po/article/view/1118). *Postmodern Openings*. **9** (4): 98–121. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.18662/po/47](https://doi.org/10.18662%2Fpo%2F47). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[2318/1686606](https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1686606). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2069-9387](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2069-9387).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** J. Childers/G. Hentzi eds., *The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism* (1995) p. 140-1

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** ["The Ahuman"](https://iiraorg.com/2020/04/24/the-ahuman/). 24 April 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Esposito_2011_54-0)** [Esposito, Roberto](/source/Roberto_Esposito) (2011). "Politics and human nature". *[Angelaki](/source/Angelaki)*. **16** (3): 77–84. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/0969725X.2011.621222](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0969725X.2011.621222).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Ferrando, Francesca (2019-06-27). [*Philosophical Posthumanism*](https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/philosophical-posthumanism-9781350059498). Bloomsbury Reference Online. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781350059498](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350059498). Retrieved 18 December 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** Morton, Timothy, 1968 (9 March 2018). *Being ecological*. Cambridge, Massachusetts. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-262-03804-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03804-1). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1004183444](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004183444).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher)) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Ferrando, Francesca (2024-02-14). [*The Art of BeingPosthuman*](https://www.politybooks.com/bookdetail?book_slug=the-art-of-being-posthuman-who-are-we-in-the-21st-century--9781509548958). Polity. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781509548965](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781509548965). Retrieved 25 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Banerji_2021_58-0)** [Banerji, Debashish](/source/Debashish_Banerji) (2021). ["Traditions of Yoga in Existential Posthuman Praxis"](https://journals.tplondon.com/jp/article/view/1777/1381). *Journal of Posthumanism*. **1** (2): 1–6. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.33182/jp.v1i2.1777](https://doi.org/10.33182%2Fjp.v1i2.1777).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bostrom_2005_59-0)** [Bostrom, Nick](/source/Nick_Bostrom) (2005). ["A history of transhumanist thought"](http://www.nickbostrom.com/papers/history.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2006-02-21. {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical)); [Oliver Krüger](/source/Oliver_Kr%C3%BCger): *Virtual Immortality. God, Evolution, and the Singularity in Post- and Transhumanism.*, Bielefeld: transcript 2021

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gladden_2018_def_60-0)** Gladden, Matthew (2018). [*Sapient Circuits and Digitalized Flesh: The Organization as Locus of Technological Posthumanization*](http://www.matthewgladden.net/wp-content/uploads/Sapient-Circuits-and-Digitalized-Flesh-2e-M-Gladden-2018.pdf) (PDF) (second ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Defragmenter Media. p. 19. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-944373-21-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-944373-21-4). Retrieved March 14, 2018. Elsewhere (p. 35) in the same text Gladden proposes a longer definition, stating that "The processes of posthumanization are those dynamics by which a society comes to include members other than 'natural' biological human beings who, in one way or another, contribute to the structures, activities, or meaning of the society. In this way, a society comes to incorporate a diverse range of intelligent human, non-human, and para-human social actors who seek to perceive, interpret, and influence their shared environment and who create knowledge and meaning through their networks and interactions."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Winner_2005_61-0)** [Winner, Langdon](/source/Langdon_Winner) (2005). "Resistance is Futile: The Posthuman Condition and Its Advocates". In Harold Bailie, Timothy Casey (ed.). *Is Human Nature Obsolete?*. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, October 2004: M.I.T. Press. pp. 385–411. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0262524285](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262524285).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** [James, Paul](/source/Paul_James_(academic)) (2017). ["Alternative Paradigms for Sustainability: Decentring the Human without Becoming Posthuman"](https://www.academia.edu/32388929). In Karen Malone; Son Truong; Tonia Gray (eds.). *Reimagining Sustainability in Precarious Times*. Ashgate. p. 21. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-981-10-2550-1_3](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-10-2550-1_3). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-981-10-2548-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-2548-8).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Zaretsky_2005_63-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Zaretsky_2005_63-1) Zaretsky, Adam (2005). ["Bioart in Question. Interview"](http://magazine.ciac.ca/archives/no_23/en/entrevue.htm). Retrieved 2007-01-28. {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: Cite journal requires |journal= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical))CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2015216_64-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2015216_64-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2015216_64-2) [Jackson 2015](#CITEREFJackson2015), p. 216.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2015217_65-0)** [Jackson 2015](#CITEREFJackson2015), p. 217.

### Works cited

- Jackson, Zakiyyah Iman (June 2015). ["Outer Worlds: The Persistence of Race in Movement 'Beyond the Human'"](https://www.academia.edu/12310146). *GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies*. **21** (2-3: Queer Inhumanisms): 215–218. Via [Project Muse](https://muse.jhu.edu/article/582032/summary) (subscription required).

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