# Postcondition

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In [computer programming](/source/computer_programming), a '''postcondition''' is a condition or [predicate](/source/Predicate_(mathematics)) that must always be true just after the execution of some section of code or after an operation in a [formal specification](/source/formal_specification). Postconditions are sometimes tested using [assertions](/source/assertion_(computing)) within the code itself. Often, postconditions are simply included in the documentation of the affected section of code.

For example: The result of a [factorial](/source/factorial) is always an integer and greater than or equal to 1. So a program that calculates the factorial of an input number would have postconditions that the result after the calculation be an integer and that it be greater than or equal to 1.  Another example: a program that calculates the [square root](/source/square_root) of an input number might have the postconditions that the result be a number and that its [square](/source/square_(algebra)) be equal to the input.

==Postconditions in object-oriented programming==
In some software design approaches, postconditions, along with [precondition](/source/precondition)s and class [invariants](/source/Invariant_(computer_science)), are components of the software construction method [design by contract](/source/design_by_contract).

The postcondition for any routine is a declaration of the properties which are guaranteed upon completion of the routine's execution.<ref>[Meyer, Bertrand](/source/Bertrand_Meyer), ''[Object-Oriented Software Construction](/source/Object-Oriented_Software_Construction), second edition,'' Prentice Hall, 1997, p. 342.</ref> As it relates to the routine's contract, the postcondition offers assurance to potential callers that in cases in which the routine is called in a state in which its [precondition](/source/precondition) holds, the properties declared by the postcondition are assured.

==Eiffel example==

The following example written in [Eiffel](/source/Eiffel_(programming_language)) sets the value of a class attribute <code>hour</code> based on a caller-provided argument <code>a_hour</code>. The postcondition follows the keyword <code>ensure</code>. In this example, the postcondition guarantees, in cases in which the precondition holds (i.e., when <code>a_hour</code> represents a valid hour of the day), that after the execution of <code>set_hour</code>, the class attribute <code>hour</code> will have the same value as <code>a_hour</code>. The tag <code>hour_set</code> describes this postcondition clause and serves to identify it in case of a runtime postcondition violation.

<syntaxhighlight lang="eiffel">
    set_hour (a_hour: INTEGER)
            -- Set `hour' to `a_hour'
        require
            valid_argument: 0 <= a_hour and a_hour < 24
        do
            hour := a_hour
        ensure
            hour_set: hour = a_hour
        end
</syntaxhighlight>

==Postconditions and inheritance==
In the presence of [inheritance](/source/inheritance_(object-oriented_programming)), the routines inherited by descendant classes (subclasses) do so with their contracts, that is their preconditions and postconditions, in force. This means that any implementations or redefinitions of inherited routines also have to be written to comply with their inherited contracts. Postconditions can be modified in redefined routines, but they may only be strengthened.<ref>Meyer, 1997, pp. 570–573.</ref> That is, the redefined routine may increase the benefits it provides to the client, but may not decrease those benefits.

==See also==
*[Precondition](/source/Precondition)
*[Design by contract](/source/Design_by_contract)
*[Hoare logic](/source/Hoare_logic)
*[Invariant](/source/Invariant_(computer_science))s maintained by conditions
*[Database trigger](/source/Database_trigger)

==References==
{{reflist}}

Category:Programming constructs
Category:Formal methods
Category:Logic in computer science
Category:Mathematics of computing
Category:Articles with example Eiffel code

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Postcondition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcondition) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postcondition?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.