# Post-romanticism

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Post-romanticism
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Post-romanticism.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-romanticism
> Source revision: 1339038309
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

{{Short description|Cultural movement}}
{{History of Western art music}}
'''Post-romanticism''' or '''Postromanticism''' refers to a range of cultural endeavors and attitudes emerging in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, after the period of [Romanticism](/source/Romanticism).

== In literature ==
The period of post-romanticism in poetry is defined as the mid-to-late nineteenth century,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/hawthornes-birthmark-there-post-romantic-lesson-men-science/2006-08|title=Hawthorne's 'Birthmark': Is There a Post-Romantic Lesson for the 'Men of Science'?|author=Faith Lagay|journal=[Virtual Mentor](/source/Virtual_Mentor)|volume=8|number=8|pages=541–544|date=August 2006|doi= 10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.8.mhum1-0608|url-access=subscription}}</ref> but includes the much earlier poetry of [Letitia Elizabeth Landon](/source/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon)<ref>{{cite book | last=Zwierlein | first=Anne-Julia | date=2015 | chapter=Poetic Genres in the Victorian Age I: Letitia Elizabeth Landon's and Alfred Lord Tennyson's Post-Romantic Verse Narratives | language=en | pages=243-256 | editor-last=Baumbach | editor-first=Sibylle | editor-last2=Neumann | editor-first2=Birgit | editor-last3=Nünning | editor-first3=Ansgar | title=A history of British poetry: Genres, developments, interpretations | publication-place=Trier | publisher=WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier | isbn=978-3-86821-578-6 | oclc=904798501}}</ref> and [Tennyson](/source/Alfred%2C_Lord_Tennyson).<ref>Richard Bradford, ''A Linguistic History of English Poetry'', New York: Routledge, 1993, p.&nbsp;134. {{ISBN|0-415-07057-0}}.</ref>

=== Notable post-romantic writers ===
*[Herman Melville](/source/Herman_Melville)<ref name=Milder>Robert Milder, ''Exiled Royalties: Melville and the Life We Imagine'', New York: Oxford University Press, 2006, p.&nbsp;41. {{ISBN|0-19-514232-2}}</ref>
*[Thomas Carlyle](/source/Thomas_Carlyle)<ref name=Milder />
*[Gustave Flaubert](/source/Gustave_Flaubert)<ref>Stephen Heath, ''Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992, p.&nbsp;13. {{ISBN|0-521-31483-6}}.</ref>

== In music ==
Post-romanticism in [music](/source/music) refers to composers who wrote classical symphonies, operas, and songs in transitional style that constituted a blend of late romantic and early modernist musical languages.
[Arthur Berger](/source/Arthur_Berger_(composer)) described the mysticism of [La Jeune France](/source/La_Jeune_France) as post-Romanticism rather than [neo-Romanticism](/source/Neoromanticism_(music)).<ref>[Virgil Thomson](/source/Virgil_Thomson). ''Virgil Thomson: A Reader: Selected Writings, 1924–1984'', edited by [Richard Kostelanetz](/source/Richard_Kostelanetz), New York: Routledge, 2002, p.&nbsp;268. {{ISBN|0-415-93795-7}}.</ref> 

Post-romantic composers created music that used traditional forms combined with advanced [harmony](/source/harmony). [Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji](/source/Kaikhosru_Shapurji_Sorabji) created post-romantic nocturnes that used unconventional harmonic language and [Béla Bartók](/source/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k), for example, "in such [Strauss](/source/Richard_Strauss)-influenced works as ''[Duke Bluebeard's Castle](/source/Duke_Bluebeard's_Castle)''", may be described as having still used "[dissonance](/source/consonance_and_dissonance) ['such intervals as fourths and sevenths'] in traditional forms of music for purposes of post-romantic expression, not simply always as an appeal to the primal art of sound".<ref>[Daniel Albright](/source/Daniel_Albright). ''Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources'',  Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, pp.&nbsp;243–244. {{ISBN|0-226-01267-0}}.</ref>

== Other notable post-romantic composers ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[Richard Wagner](/source/Richard_Wagner)<ref name=":0">[https://www.classicalarchives.com/period/7.html "Period: Late– Post-Romantic"], [Nolan Gasser](/source/Nolan_Gasser), Classical Archives</ref>
*[Giacomo Puccini](/source/Giacomo_Puccini)<ref name=":0" />
*[Richard Strauss](/source/Richard_Strauss)<ref name=":0" />
*[Gustav Mahler](/source/Gustav_Mahler)<ref name=":0" />
*[Jean Sibelius](/source/Jean_Sibelius)<ref name=":0" />
*[Alexander Scriabin](/source/Alexander_Scriabin)<ref name=":0" />
*[Sergei Rachmaninoff](/source/Sergei_Rachmaninoff)<ref name=":0" />
*[Modest Mussorgsky](/source/Modest_Mussorgsky)<ref name=":0" />
*[Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji](/source/Kaikhosru_Shapurji_Sorabji)<ref name=":0" />
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [Burkholder, J. Peter](/source/J._Peter_Burkholder), [Donald Jay Grout](/source/Donald_Jay_Grout), and [Claude V. Palisca](/source/Claude_V._Palisca). ''A History of Western Music'', 7th ed., New York: W. W. Norton, 2006.
* {{cite journal|last=Pappas|first=Sara|title=Review of [Claudia Moscovici](/source/Claudia_Moscovici), ''Romanticism and Postromanticism'' (Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books, 2007)|journal=[Nineteenth-Century French Studies](/source/Nineteenth-Century_French_Studies)|volume=36|number=3 & 4|date=Spring–Summer 2008|pages=335–337|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|doi=10.1353/ncf.0.0035|ref=none}}
* Tilby, Michael. Review of Claudia Moscovici, ''Romanticism and Postromanticism''. ''[French Studies: A Quarterly Review](/source/French_Studies%3A_A_Quarterly_Review)'', vol. 62, no. 4, October 2008, pp.&nbsp;486–487.

==See also==
* [https://neoclassicalmusic.gr/ Post-Romantic Classical Radio]
* [Aestheticism](/source/Aestheticism)
* [Arts and Crafts movement](/source/Arts_and_Crafts_movement)
* [Decadent movement](/source/Decadent_movement)
* [Düsseldorf School](/source/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School)
* [Modernism](/source/Modernism)
* [Musical nationalism](/source/Musical_nationalism)
* [Neoclassicism](/source/Neoclassicism)
* [Neoromanticism](/source/Neoromanticism_(music))
* [Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood](/source/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood)
* [Symbolist Movement](/source/Symbolism_(movement))
* [Vegetarianism and Romanticism](/source/Vegetarianism_and_Romanticism)

* [Victorian literature](/source/Victorian_literature)
* [Marxist-Leninist views on Romanticism](/source/Marxist-Leninist_views_on_Romanticism)
* [Underground culture](/source/Underground_culture)
{{Western art movements}}
{{Modernist music}}
{{Romantic music}}

Category:Art movements
+
Category:19th-century classical music
Category:20th-century classical music
Category:19th-century literature

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Post-romanticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-romanticism) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-romanticism?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.