# Porapora languages

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{{short description|Members of the Ramu language family}}
{{Infobox language family
|name        = Porapora River
|altname     = core Grass<br>Porapora River
|region      = [East Sepik Province](/source/East_Sepik_Province) and [Madang Province](/source/Madang_Province), [Papua New Guinea](/source/Papua_New_Guinea)
|familycolor = Papuan
|fam1        = [Ramu](/source/Ramu_languages)
|fam2        = Ramu proper
|fam3        = Tamolan–Ataitan
|child1      = [Gorovu](/source/Gorovu_language)
|child2      = [Adjora](/source/Adjora_language)
|glotto      = agoa1234
|glottorefname = Agoan
}}

The '''Porapora languages''' (alternatively the '''core Grass''' or '''Porapora River''' languages) are a pair of closely related languages in the [Ramu](/source/Ramu_languages) language family, [Gorovu](/source/Gorovu_language) and [Adjora](/source/Adjora_language) (Abu), spoken along the border of [East Sepik Province](/source/East_Sepik_Province) and [Madang Province](/source/Madang_Province) in [Papua New Guinea](/source/Papua_New_Guinea). [Foley](/source/William_A._Foley) classifies them as part of the [Grass](/source/Grass_languages) group of languages, but Usher break up the Grass languages.
Foley (2018) included [Aion](/source/Aion_language) (Ambakich) as well,<ref name="Foley-Sepik">{{cite book |last=Foley |first=William A. |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=197–432 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
but it has since been shown to be one of the [Keram languages](/source/Keram_languages).

==Phonemes==
Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows:<ref name=ngw>[https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/keram-and-ramu-rivers/ramu-river/guam-and-moam-rivers/porapora-river New Guinea World, Porapora River]</ref>

:{| {{table}}
| *m || *n ||  || *ŋ
|-
| *p || *t || *s || *k 
|-
| *mb || *nd || [*ndz] || *ŋg 
|-
| *w || *ɾ || *j || *ɣ
|}
Vowels are *i *ʉ *u *a.

==Pronouns==
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:<ref name=ngw/>
:{| {{table}}
! !!singular!!dual!!plural
|-
!1st person
| *[ŋg]u || *aŋgʉ || *ani
|-
!2nd person
| *ŋu || *uŋgʉ || *uni
|-
!3rd person
| *mV || ? || *mV-nʉ
|}
Adjora has {{gcl|1SG}} ''na'', but that derives from an oblique form.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/keram-and-ramu-rivers/ramu-river/guam-and-moam-rivers/porapora-river Proto–Porapora River]

{{Ramu–Lower Sepik languages}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Porapora languages
Category:Tamolan–Ataitan languages
Category:Languages of Madang Province
Category:Languages of East Sepik Province

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Porapora languages](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porapora_languages) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porapora_languages?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.