# Popular Nasserist Organization

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Political party in Lebanon

Popular Nasserist Organization التنظيم الشعبي الناصري Abbreviation PNO Leader Osama Saad Founder Maarouf Saad Founded 1973 Headquarters Sidon Ideology Nasserism Arab socialism Arab nationalism Pan-Arabism Anti-Zionism Left-wing nationalism Political position Left-wing Regional affiliation PSOM (historical) Parliament of Lebanon 1 / 128 Cabinet of Lebanon 0 / 24 Party flag Politics of Lebanon Political parties Elections

Politics of Lebanon Member State of the Arab League Constitution Constitution of 1926 Human rights Executive President (list) Joseph Aoun Prime Minister (list) Nawaf Salam Cabinet Past Cabinets Legislature Parliament Speaker: Nabih Berri Subdivisions Governorates Districts Municipalities Elections Recent elections Presidential: 2008 2014–2016 2022–2025 General: 2018 2022 2026 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants Minister: Abdallah Bou Habib Diplomatic missions of / in Lebanon Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Lebanon portal Other countries v t e

The **Popular Nasserist Organization – PNO** ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): التنظيم الشعبي الناصري, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *Al-Tanzim al-Sha'aby al-Nassery*) is a [Sidon](/source/Sidon)-based [Nasserist](/source/Nasserism) party originally formed in 1973 by [Maarouf Saad](/source/Maarouf_Saad), a [Sunni Muslim](/source/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon) [pan-Arab](/source/Pan-Arabism) politician and member of Parliament (MP) later killed by the [Lebanese Army](/source/Lebanese_Armed_Forces) during a February 1975 dock strike held in that port city.[1]

## Military structure and organization

National Liberation Army جيش التحرير الوطني Headquarters Sidon Ideology Nasserism Arab socialism Arab nationalism Pan-Arabism Anti-Zionism Size 500–1,000 figthers

The PNO's military wing, the **National Liberation Army – NLA** (Arabic: جيش التحرير الوطني, romanized: *Jayish al-Tahrir al-Watani*) or **Armée de Liberation Nationale (ALN)** in [French](/source/French_language), was founded in March 1975 at Sidon by [Mustafa Saad](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Saad&action=edit&redlink=1), son of the late Maarouf. Secretly trained and armed by [Fatah](/source/Fatah), the NLA was initially financed by [Yasser Arafat](/source/Yasser_Arafat)'s organization and [Libya](/source/Libya), later replaced in the mid-1980s by the Sidon-born Saudi-Lebanese millionaire [Rafic Hariri](/source/Rafic_Hariri), in order to protect his business interests in the Sidon area.[2][3] A small but disciplined fighting force, predominately [Sunni Muslim](/source/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon) with some [Shia Muslims](/source/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon) and [Christians](/source/Christianity_in_Lebanon), the NLA comprised some 500-1,000 uniformed male and female fighters[4] organized into conventional '[Commando](/source/Commando)', [Infantry](/source/Infantry), [Signals](/source/Signals_(military)), and [Military Police](/source/Military_Police) branches.

### Weapons and equipment

Most of the NLA's own weapons and equipment were provided by the [PLO](/source/Palestine_Liberation_Organization), [Libya](/source/Libya) and [Syria](/source/Ba'athist_Syria) or pilfered from [Lebanese Armed Forces](/source/Lebanese_Armed_Forces) (LAF) and [Internal Security Forces](/source/Internal_Security_Forces) (ISF) reserves after their collapse in January 1976. Additional weaponry, vehicles and other, non-lethal military equipment were procured in the international [black market](/source/Black_market).

#### Small-arms

PNO/NLA infantry and 'Commando' units were provided with a variety of small arms, comprising [MAT-49](/source/MAT-49) and [PPSh-41](/source/PPSh-41)[5] submachine guns, [MAS-49](/source/MAS-49_rifle),[6] [M1 Garand](/source/M1_Garand) (or its Italian-produced copy, the Beretta Model 1952) and [SKS](/source/SKS)[6] [semi-automatic rifles](/source/Semi-automatic_rifle), [AMD-65](/source/AMD-65) assault carbines, [Heckler & Koch G3](/source/Heckler_%26_Koch_G3),[7][6] [FN FAL](/source/FN_FAL),[6] [M16A1](/source/M16_rifle),[6] [AK-47](/source/AK-47) and [AKM](/source/AKM) assault rifles[6] (other variants included the [Zastava M70](/source/Zastava_M70_(assault_rifle)), Chinese [Type 56](/source/Type_56_assault_rifle), Romanian [Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965](/source/Pistol_Mitralier%C4%83_model_1963%2F1965), Bulgarian AKK/AKKS and former East German MPi-KMS-72 assault rifles).

Several models of handguns were used, such as [Colt Cobra](/source/Colt_Cobra) .38 Special snub-nose revolvers, [Colt M1911A1](/source/M1911_pistol), [Tokarev TT-33](/source/TT_pistol), [Makarov PM](/source/Makarov_pistol), [CZ 75](/source/CZ_75), [FN P35](/source/Browning_Hi-Power) and [MAB PA-15 pistols](/source/MAB_PA-15_pistol). Squad weapons consisted of [RPK](/source/RPK), [RPD](/source/RPD_machine_gun), [PK/PKM](/source/PK_machine_gun), [FN MAG](/source/FN_MAG) and [M60 light machine guns](/source/M60_machine_gun), with heavier [Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal](/source/M1919_Browning_machine_gun), [Browning M2HB .50 Cal](/source/M2_Browning),[8] [SG-43/SGM Goryunov](/source/SG-43_Goryunov) and [DShKM](/source/DShK)[9] machine guns being employed as platoon and company weapons.

Grenade launchers and portable anti-tank weapons included [M203 grenade launchers](/source/M203_grenade_launcher), and [M72 LAW](/source/M72_LAW) and [RPG-7](/source/RPG-7) [rocket launchers](/source/Anti-tank_rocket), whilst crew-served and indirect fire weapons comprised [B-10 82mm](/source/B-10_recoilless_rifle),[10][11] [B-11 107mm](/source/B-11_recoilless_rifle) and [M40A1 106mm](/source/M40_recoilless_rifle)[12] [recoilless rifles](/source/Recoilless_rifle) (often mounted on [technicals](/source/Technical_(vehicle))).

#### Armoured and transport vehicles

Like other Lebanese militias, the NLA fielded a 'mechanized' corps provided with a single [UR-416](/source/Thyssen_Henschel_UR-416) [armoured car](/source/Armored_car_(military)) seized from the [Lebanese Forces](/source/Lebanese_Forces_(militia)) in 1985,[13][14][15] plus 40 [all-terrain vehicles](/source/All-terrain_vehicles) converted into [technicals](/source/Technical_(vehicle)). The latter consisted mostly of [Suzuki Jimny LJ20 1st generation](/source/Suzuki_Jimny) [off-road](/source/Off-road_vehicle) [mini SUVs](/source/Mini_SUV),[16] [Land-Rover series II-III](/source/Land_Rover_series),[17] [Toyota Land Cruiser (J43)](/source/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J40)),[18][19] [Toyota Land Cruiser (J70)](/source/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J70)), [Toyota Land Cruiser (J75)](/source/Toyota_Land_Cruiser_(J70)),[20] [GMC](/source/GMC_(automobile)) Sierra Custom K25/K30, [Datsun 620](/source/Datsun_Truck#Datsun_620)[21] and [Datsun 720 pickup trucks](/source/Datsun_Truck#Datsun/Nissan_720),[22] and [Dodge Fargo/Power Wagon W200 light trucks](/source/Dodge_Power_Wagon)[23] armed with [heavy machine-guns](/source/Heavy_machine-gun), [recoilless rifles](/source/Recoilless_rifle) and [anti-aircraft](/source/Anti-aircraft) [autocannons](/source/Autocannon).

#### Artillery

Soviet [ZPU-1 and ZPU-2 14.5mm](/source/ZPU)[24] and [ZU-23-2 23mm](/source/ZU-23-2) Anti-aircraft [autocannons](/source/Autocannon) (mostly mounted on [technicals](/source/Technical_(vehicle))) were employed in both [air defense](/source/Anti-aircraft_warfare) and direct fire supporting roles. In addition to AA autocannons, the NLA also fielded a few ex-PLO [BM-11 122mm](/source/BM-21_Grad) [multiple rocket launchers](/source/Multiple_rocket_launcher).[25]

### Uniforms and insignia

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding missing information. (May 2025)

## The PNO and NLA in the Civil War 1975–1990

A Syrian BTR-152 armoured personnel carrier patrols the streets of the Lebanese port city of Saida (Sidon), March 1978.

Closely allied with the [Al-Mourabitoun](/source/Al-Mourabitoun), the PNO/NLA joined the [Lebanese National Movement](/source/Lebanese_National_Movement) (LNM) in April 1975,[26] playing a somewhat significant role in the controversial siege of the [Christian](/source/Christianity_in_Lebanon) coastal town of [Damour](/source/Damour) alongside the Al-Mourabitoun, the PLO and [Palestine Liberation Army](/source/Palestine_Liberation_Army) units on 20–22 January 1976.[27][28] It later took part in the 'Spring offensive' held in March of that year on the [Mount Lebanon](/source/Mount_Lebanon) region.

Forced to go underground during the [June 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon](/source/1982_Lebanon_War) when the [Israel Defence Forces](/source/Israel_Defence_Forces) (IDF) occupied Sidon, in July 1983 the PNO/NLA joined the [Lebanese National Salvation Front](/source/Lebanese_National_Salvation_Front) (LNSF), a Palestinian- and Syrian-backed military coalition that rallied several Lebanese Muslim and Christian parties and militias opposed to the U.S.-sponsored [May 17 Agreement](/source/May_17_Agreement) with [Israel](/source/Israel). The NLA resurfaced in the wake of the Israeli pull-out from southern Lebanon in March–April 1985, and fought alongside the [Palestinians](/source/Palestinian_people) at the battles for [Kfar-Fallus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kfar-Fallus&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Jezzine](/source/Jezzine) against the Israeli-backed [South Lebanese Army](/source/South_Lebanese_Army) (SLA).

Simultaneously, during the [Coastal War](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_War&action=edit&redlink=1) they joined in another Syrian-backed coalition with the [Druze](/source/Druze_in_Lebanon) [Progressive Socialist Party](/source/Progressive_Socialist_Party) (PSP), the [Sunni](/source/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon) [Al-Mourabitoun](/source/Al-Mourabitoun) and the [Shi'ite](/source/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon) [Amal Movement](/source/Lebanese_Resistance_Regiments), which defeated the Christian [Lebanese Forces](/source/Lebanese_Forces_(militia)) (LF) attempts to establish bridgeheads at Damour and Sidon.[29]

## The post-war years

The PNO is led today by Osama Saad, who is an MP in the [Lebanese Parliament](/source/Parliament_of_Lebanon), and is active in the city of [Sidon](/source/Sidon). It was affiliated with the [March 8 Alliance](/source/March_8_Alliance) until the [2019 protests in Lebanon](/source/17_October_Revolution), which the party supports.

## See also

- [Arab Socialist Union (Lebanon)](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Socialist_Union_(Lebanon)&action=edit&redlink=1)

- [Al-Mourabitoun](/source/Al-Mourabitoun)

- [Damour massacre](/source/Damour_massacre)

- [Lebanese National Movement](/source/Lebanese_National_Movement)

- [Lebanese Civil War](/source/Lebanese_Civil_War)

- [List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War](/source/List_of_armed_groups_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War)

- [List of weapons of the Lebanese Civil War](/source/List_of_weapons_of_the_Lebanese_Civil_War)

- [Mountain War (Lebanon)](/source/Mountain_War_(Lebanon))

- [Nasserism](/source/Nasserism)

- [People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)](/source/People's_Liberation_Army_(Lebanon))

- [3rd Infantry Brigade (Lebanon)](/source/3rd_Infantry_Brigade_(Lebanon))

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Deeb, *The Lebanese Civil War* (1980), pp. 68–69.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Traboulsi, *Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux* (2007), parte III.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-gary2001july_3-0)** Gambill, Gary C.; Ziad K. Abdelnour (July 2001). ["Dossier: Rafiq Hariri"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140508004255/http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0107_ld1.htm). *[Middle East Intelligence Bulletin](/source/Middle_East_Intelligence_Bulletin)*. **3** (7). Archived from [the original](http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0107_ld1.htm) on 8 May 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Makdisi and Sadaka, *The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990* (2003), p. 44, Table 1: War Period Militias.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** McNab, *Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS* (2014), p. 68.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Scarlata_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Scarlata_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Scarlata_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Scarlata_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Scarlata_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Scarlata_6-5) Scarlata, Paul (July 2009). ["Military rifle cartridges of Lebanon Part 2: from independence to Hezbollah"](https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Military+rifle+cartridges+of+Lebanon+Part+2%3A+from+independence+to...-a0203540052). *[Shotgun News](/source/Shotgun_News)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Thompson, *The G3 Battle Rifle* (2019), p. 29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 62–63.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 25; 27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Zaloga, *Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2)* (2003), p. 52.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 32–35.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 28–31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Zaloga, *Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2)* (2003), p. 56.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Kassis, *30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon* (2003), p. 72.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 124–127.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Kassis, *30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon* (2003), p. 74.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 29–31; 47; 53.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Zaloga, *Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2)* (2003), p. 52.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), p. 27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 24–27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 77–79.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 55–57.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), p. 63.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks* (2008), pp. 33–39; 74–75.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Cooper & Sandler, *Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981* (2021), p. 58; Plate i.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** McGowan, Roberts, Abu Khalil, and Scott Mason, *Lebanon: a country study* (1989), p. 243.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Fisk, *Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War* (2001), pp. 99-100.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Labaki & Abou Rjeily, *Bilan des guerres du Liban (1975-1990)* (1993), p. 57.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** O'Ballance, *Civil War in Lebanon* (1998), p. 156.

## References

- Afaf Sabeh McGowan, John Roberts, As'ad Abu Khalil, and Robert Scott Mason, *Lebanon: a country study*, area handbook series, Headquarters, Department of the Army (DA Pam 550-24), Washington D.C. 1989. - [\[1\]](https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/le/lebanoncountryst00coll/lebanoncountryst00coll.pdf)

- Boutros Labaki & Khalil Abou Rjeily, *Bilan des guerres du Liban (1975-1990)*, Collection "Comprendre le Moyen-Orient", Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris 1993. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2738415257](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2738415257) (in [French](/source/French_language))

- Chris McNab, *20th Century Military Uniforms* (2nd ed.), Grange Books, Kent 2002. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84013-476-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84013-476-6)

- Chris McNab, *Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS*, Weapon series 33, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 2014. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-78200-794-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78200-794-4)

- Denise Ammoun, *Histoire du Liban contemporain: Tome 2 1943-1990*, Fayard, Paris 2005. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-213-61521-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-61521-9) (in [French](/source/French_language)) – [\[2\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=aGHk5M0CGcoC&pg=PT234)

- [Edgar O'Ballance](/source/Edgar_O'Ballance), *Civil War in Lebanon, 1975-92*, Palgrave Macmillan, London 1998. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-333-72975-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-72975-7)

- Fawwaz Traboulsi, *Identités et solidarités croisées dans les conflits du Liban contemporain; Chapitre 12: L'économie politique des milices: le phénomène mafieux*, Thèse de Doctorat d'Histoire – 1993, Université de Paris VIII, 2007. (in [French](/source/French_language)) – [\[3\]](http://www.111101.net/Writings/Author/Fawwaz_Traboulsi/)

- Joseph Hokayem, *L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985)*, Lulu.com, Beyrouth 2012. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781291036602](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781291036602), 1291036601 (in [French](/source/French_language)) – [\[4\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=ct_jAwAAQBAJ&dq=histoire+de+la+guerre+du+liban+jean+sarkis&pg=PA8)

- Marius Deeb, *The Lebanese Civil War*, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1980. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0030397011](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0030397011)

- Moustafa El-Assad, *Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks*, Blue Steel books, Sidon 2008. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9953-0-1256-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9953-0-1256-8) {{[isbn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Isbn)}}: ignored ISBN errors ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Ignored_ISBN_errors))

- [Mordechai Nisan](/source/Mordechai_Nisan), *The Conscience of Lebanon: A Political Biography of Etienne Sakr (Abu-Arz)*, Frank Cass Publishers, London 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7146-8378-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8378-2)

- Rex Brynen, *Sanctuary and Survival: the PLO in Lebanon*, Boulder: Westview Press, Oxford 1990. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0 86187 123 5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_86187_123_5) – [\[5\]](https://prrn.mcgill.ca/research/papers/brynen2.htm)

- [Robert Fisk](/source/Robert_Fisk), *Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War*, London: Oxford University Press, (3rd ed. 2001). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-280130-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280130-9) – [\[6\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=VrXpeELOUNsC&pg=PA145)

- Samer Kassis, *30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon*, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9953-0-0705-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9953-0-0705-5)

- Samir Makdisi and Richard Sadaka, *The Lebanese Civil War, 1975-1990*, American University of Beirut, Institute of Financial Economics, Lecture and Working Paper Series (2003 No.3), pp. 1–53. – [\[7\]](https://web.archive.org/web/20170810005110/http://www.aub.edu.lb/fas/ife/Documents/downloads/series3_2003.pdf)

- Steven J. Zaloga, *Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2): The wars of 1973 to the present*, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [962-361-613-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-361-613-9) – [\[8\]](https://archive.org/details/tankbattlesmidea00zalo_215)

- Tom Cooper & Efim Sandler, *Lebanese Civil War Volume 2: Quiet before the Storm, 1978-1981*, Middle East@War No. 41, Helion & Company Limited, Solihull UK 2021. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-914059-04-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-914059-04-9)

- Tom Najem and Roy C. Amore, *Historical Dictionary of Lebanon*, Second Edition, Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham, Boulder, New York & London 2021. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781538120439](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538120439), 1538120437

### Further reading

- Antoine J. Abraham, *The Lebanon war*, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport, Connecticut 1996. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780275953898](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275953898), 0275953890

- Dima de Clerck & Stéphane Malsagne, *Le Liban en guerre (1975-1990)*, Hors collection Histoire et géographie, Belin éditeur, Paris 2020. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9782410016987](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782410016987), 2410016987 (in [French](/source/French_language))

- Fawwaz Traboulsi, *A History of Modern Lebanon: Second Edition*, Pluto Press, London 2012. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0745332741](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745332741)

- Jean Sarkis, *Histoire de la guerre du Liban*, Presses Universitaires de France - PUF, Paris 1993. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-13-045801-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-045801-2) (in [French](/source/French_language))

- Samir Kassir, *La Guerre du Liban: De la dissension nationale au conflit régional*, Éditions Karthala/CERMOC, Paris 1994. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2865374991](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2865374991) (in [French](/source/French_language))

- Walid Khalidi, *Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East*, Cambridge, MA: Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1983. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0876740378](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0876740378), 0876740379

- William W. Harris, *Faces of Lebanon: Sects, Wars, and Global Extensions*, Princeton Series on the Middle East, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, New Jersey, 1997. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1558761155](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558761155), 1-55876-115-2

## External links

- [NLA militia camouflage patterns](https://www.camopedia.org/index.php?title=Lebanon)

v t e Political parties in Lebanon Ministers (24) March 8 Alliance (5) Amal Movement (2) Hezbollah (2) Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag) (1) March 14 Alliance (7) Lebanese Forces (4) Progressive Socialist Party (2) Kataeb Party (1) Others (12) PM's share (9) President's share (3) National Assembly (128) March 8 Alliance (60) Free Patriotic Movement (17) Amal Movement (14) Hezbollah (13) Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag) (3) Marada Movement (2) Al-Ahbash (2) Ba'ath Party (1) Dignity Movement (1) Popular Nasserist Organization (1) Union Party (1) Independent (5) March 14 Alliance (38) Lebanese Forces (19) Future Movement (8) Kataeb Party (4) Independence Movement (2) National Liberal Party (1) Islamic Group (1) Independent (3) 17 October Revolution (13) Taqaddom (2) Lebanese Communist Party (1) Beirut Tuqawem (1) Tahalof Watani (1) Khatt Ahmar (1) Lana (1) Osos Lebanon (1) ReLebanon (1) Others (10) Progressive Socialist Party (8) Popular Nasserist Organization (1) National Dialogue Party (1) Politics of Lebanon

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Popular Nasserist Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Nasserist_Organization?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.