# Popeye (missile)

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{{Short description|Family of Israeli air-to-surface missiles}}
{{Infobox weapon
| is_missile         = yes
| name               = Popeye
| image              = Popey missile.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = The "Popeye" standoff missile
| origin             = Israel<!-- For weapons infobox, please do not change to flag icon such as {{ISR}}. -->
| type               = [Air-to-surface missile](/source/Air-to-surface_missile)<br>[SLCM](/source/SLCM)
| used_by            = See ''Operators''
| designer           = [Rafael Advanced Defense Systems](/source/Rafael_Advanced_Defense_Systems)
| manufacturer       = Rafael Advanced Defense Systems <br>
[Lockheed Martin](/source/Lockheed_Martin)
| unit_cost          = 
| propellant         = 
| production_date    = 
| service            = 1985–present
| engine             = Single-stage [Solid-fuel rocket](/source/Solid-fuel_rocket)
| engine_power       = 
| weight             = {{cvt|1,360|kg|lb}}
| length             = {{cvt|4.82|m|ftin}}
| height             = 
| diameter           = {{cvt|533|mm|in}}
| wingspan           = {{cvt|198|cm|in}}
| speed              = 
| vehicle_range      = {{cvt|78|km|miles}}
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| filling            = {{cvt|340|kg|lb}} blast fragmentation or {{cvt|360|kg|lb}} I-800 penetrating
| guidance           = Inertial plus [IIR](/source/imaging_infrared) or TV
| detonation         = 
| launch_platform    = Fixed-wing aircraft, Dolphin class submarine (Popeye Turbo SLCM)
}}

The '''Popeye''' ([Hebrew](/source/Modern_Hebrew): פופאי) is a family of [air-to-surface missile](/source/air-to-surface_missile)s developed and in use by Israel, of which several types have been developed for Israeli and export users. A long-range [submarine-launched cruise missile](/source/submarine-launched_cruise_missile) variant of the Popeye Turbo has been speculated as being employed in Israel's submarine-based nuclear forces.<ref name= "fas">[https://fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/missile/popeye-t.htm Israeli missile]. FAS</ref> The United States operated the Popeye under a different designation according to US naming conventions as the '''AGM-142 Have Nap'''.

==Design==
The Popeye is designed for precision attack against large targets from [stand off](/source/standoff_(missile)) ranges. The standard Popeye and smaller Popeye-Lite are powered by a single-stage [solid rocket](/source/solid_rocket).  [Rafael Advanced Defense Systems](/source/Rafael_Advanced_Defense_Systems) offered a Popeye Turbo air launched variant featuring a jet engine and folding wings for a UK competition specifying a cruise missile with range of at least {{cvt|320|km}} in 1994; publicly exposing a lowest possible maximum range for that variant.<ref>{{Citation | url= http://nti.org/ | title = NTI}}.</ref>{{Page needed | date = May 2022}} An [inertial guidance system](/source/inertial_guidance_system) pilots the missile towards the target; for terminal homing the pilot can control the missile directly via an INS and [data link](/source/data_link), aiming via either a [television](/source/television) or imaging infrared seeker depending on the missile model. It is not necessary for the launching aircraft to direct the missile—control can be passed to another platform while the firing aircraft escapes the area. There are two choices of warhead for the export versions, a {{cvt|340|kg}} blast/fragmentation or {{cvt|360|kg}} penetrator.

The alleged Israeli [submarine-launched cruise missile](/source/submarine-launched_cruise_missile) variant is reported to be jet powered and nuclear armed with a greatly increased range, though according to the [Federation of American Scientists](/source/Federation_of_American_Scientists) "open literature provides little information on this system" but in a May 2000 test launch was tracked for {{cvt|1500|km}}.<ref name=fas/>

===Air launched variants===
* '''Popeye''' (also known as ''Have Nap'')— standard solid-rocket–powered stand off missile, {{cvt|4.82|m|ftin}} long and weighing {{cvt|1360|kg}} with a {{cvt|340|kg}} blast fragmentation or {{cvt|360|kg}} I-800 penetrating warhead, inertial and imaging infrared or TV guidance.<ref name= "mt" />
* '''Popeye II''' or ''Popeye Lite'' (also known as ''Have Lite'')— reduced size (shortened to {{cvt|4.24|m|ftin|disp=sqbr}}) and weight version (weight is now {{cvt|1125|kg|disp=sqbr}}) of the Popeye to give light aircraft such as the [F-16I Sufa](/source/F-16_Fighting_Falcon_variants) a precision standoff strike capability.<ref name = mt>{{cite web |url= http://missilethreat.com/cruise/id.30/cruise_detail.asp |title= Cruise |access-date=2012-08-25 |url-status=dead | work = Missile threat |archive-url= http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091014085519/http%3A//missilethreat%2Ecom/cruise/id%2E30/cruise_detail%2Easp |archive-date=2009-10-14 | via = [Portuguese Web Archive](/source/Portuguese_Web_Archive)}}</ref>
* '''Popeye Turbo ALCM'''—The Popeye Turbo [air-launched cruise missile](/source/air-launched_cruise_missile), which uses a jet engine and liquid fuel, is approx {{cvt|6.25|m|ftin}} long; it is reported to have a range of more than {{convert|320|km|mi|abbr= on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cpc-pubs/kiziah.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20010305015131/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cpc-pubs/kiziah.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= March 5, 2001 | publisher =USAF Counterproliferation Center | title = Emerging Biocruise Threat|website= AF}}</ref>
*'''Crystal Maze''' or Raptor was developed in 2003–2004 to be lighter than Popeye for India, with a range of {{cvt|100|km}}, weighting {{cvt|1100|kg}} and carrying an {{cvt|80|kg}} warhead.<ref>{{Cite web | publisher = CSIS |url= https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/popeye/ |title= Popeye |website=Missile Threat|language=en-US |access-date= 2020-03-19}}</ref> 
*'''Crystal Maze II''' or ROCKS is an improved version of Crystal Maze with an enhanced range of {{cvt|250|km}}. The missile was first test launched in April 2024 from [Sukhoi Su-30MKI](/source/Sukhoi_Su-30MKI) under [Andaman and Nicobar Command](/source/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Command). The missile will be mass manufactured in India for [Indian Air Force](/source/Indian_Air_Force). The missile has the capability to target long range radars and air defence systems in [GPS](/source/Global_Positioning_System) denied environments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=India successfully tests new 250 km strike range air-launched ballistic missile |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/crystal-maze-2-iaf-tests-new-250-km-strike-range-air-launched-ballistic-missile-2530847-2024-04-23 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-23 |title=IAF successfully tests air-launched ballistic missile in Andamans, significantly boosts stand-off capabilities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-successfully-tests-air-launched-ballistic-missile-in-andamans-significantly-boosts-stand-off-capabilities/articleshow/109538609.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=India successfully tests Crystal Maze-2 missile capable of striking targets up to 250 kilometres away |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-successfully-tests-crystal-maze-2-missile-capable-of-striking-targets-up-to-250-kilometres-away-714322 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> 
* '''Have Rain'''—A 2004 report indicated that Rafael was developing a new anti-ship version known as the “Have Rain.” The new missile is believed to have a launch weight of {{cvt|900|kg}}, for deployment aboard [Lockheed P-3 Orion](/source/Lockheed_P-3_Orion).<ref>{{cite web | work = Global security |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/agm-142.htm|title=AGM-142 Raptor / Have Nap / Popeye - Smart Weapons | first =John | last = Pike|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>
* ['''Spice'''](/source/Spice_(bomb)): In 2000, Rafael promoted a "Smart Precise Impact Cost Effective" (Spice) add-on "smart bomb" guidance kit for Mk 84 bombs, this system was based on the Popeye seekers.<ref name="mt"/>

== Popeye Turbo ==
{{Israel and nuclear weapons}}

{{main|Submarine-launched cruise missile|Nuclear triad|Second strike}}
The Popeye Turbo SLCM is a reportedly stretched version of the Popeye Turbo developed for use as a [submarine-launched cruise missile](/source/submarine-launched_cruise_missile) (SLCM), which was widely reported—in a US Navy-observed 2002 test in the Indian Ocean—to have hit a target {{cvt|1500|km}} away. It is reasonable to assume that the weapon's range has been extended to the point where it can launch against Tehran and even more Iranian cities from a relatively safe location.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | work = National interest |url= http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/israel-has-submarine-could-destroy-entire-nations-armed-23520?page=2 |title=Israel Has a Submarine That Could Destroy Entire Nations (Armed with Nuclear Weapons)|first=Kyle|last= Mizokami |date=6 December 2017}}</ref> It can allegedly carry a 200&nbsp;[kiloton](/source/kiloton) [nuclear warhead](/source/nuclear_warhead).<ref name= "auto"/> It is believed that the stretched Popeye Turbo is the primary [strategic second strike](/source/Second_strike) [nuclear deterrent](/source/nuclear_deterrent) weapon that can be fired from the {{cvt|650|mm|in}} secondary torpedo tubes of the Israeli [''Dolphin''-class submarine](/source/Dolphin-class_submarine)s.<ref name=fas/> It is believed that the SLCM version of the Popeye was developed by Israel after the US Clinton administration refused an Israeli request in 2000 to purchase [Tomahawk](/source/Tomahawk_(missile_family)) long range [SLCM](/source/submarine-launched_cruise_missiles) because of international [MTCR](/source/Missile_Technology_Control_Regime) proliferation rules.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nti.org/db/submarines/israel/ |archive-url= https://archive.today/20070704194800/http://www.nti.org/db/submarines/israel/|title=Submarine Proliferation - Israel Current Capabilities |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|url-status=dead |archive-date=July 4, 2007 |access-date=July 29, 2017 }}</ref> While the standard Popeye is {{cvt|533|mm|in}} the ''Dolphin'' class submarines have four {{cvt|650|mm}} torpedo tubes in addition to the six standard {{cvt|533|mm}} tubes allowing for the possibility that a SLCM Popeye derivative may be a larger diameter.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/dolphin/|title=SSK Dolphin Class Submarine | work = Naval Technology|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

==Overview==
The Popeye is compatible with a variety of aircraft from tactical fighters to heavy bombers.<ref name="fas1">{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/agm-142.htm|title=AGM-142 Raptor / Have Nap / Popeye - Smart Weapons|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

Since their inception, the missiles have gone through a variety of improvement programs designed to increase reliability and reduce costs. These efforts have included changes in the materials and manufacturing processes of the wings, fins and rocket motor, new components in the inertial guidance unit, an upgraded processor, and an improved imaging infrared seeker.

Israel is thought to be using the airframe and avionics to produce a long-range submarine-launched cruise missile with a liquid-fueled jet engine similar to the Popeye Turbo rather than a rocket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/israel/popeye-t.htm|title=Popeye Turbo|author=John Pike|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

In US use, the Popeye designated as the AGM-142 Have Nap<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lockheed Martin, Rafael roll out first AGM-142 missile {{!}} Aviation Week Network |url=https://aviationweek.com/lockheed-martin-rafael-roll-out-first-agm-142-missile |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=aviationweek.com}}</ref> is intended primarily to equip the [B-52H](/source/B-52_Stratofortress), allowing it to attack fixed targets of high value at sufficient range to provide protection from defences. The missile represented the first precision guided munition to be carried by the B-52H.

The London ''Sunday Times'' newspaper reported that on 5 July 2013, Israeli Dolphin submarines fired long-range cruise missiles at stores of Russian-made [P-800 Oniks](/source/P-800_Oniks) anti-ship missiles kept at the Syrian port of [Latakia](/source/Latakia), contradicting an earlier CNN report it had been an air strike.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 2013 |author=Ben Hartman |title=Report: Israeli submarine strike hit Syrian arms depot |agency=Reuters |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Report-Israeli-submarine-strike-hit-Syrian-arms-depot-319756 |access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref> Israel also deploys sub-Harpoon missiles capable of land attack on its Dolphin class submarines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/agm-84.htm|title=AGM-84 Harpoon/SLAM - Smart Weapons|author=John Pike|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>

In the afternoon of 7 December 2014, two formations composed by two Israeli Air Force [F-15I](/source/Strike_eagle)s each, fired Popeye missiles against two separate target sites in Syria. Syrian air defense [Buk-M2](/source/Buk_missile_system) missile batteries fired two missiles at the incoming attack planes, both were [jammed](/source/Electronic_countermeasures) and two [Pechora 2M](/source/S-125_Neva%2FPechora) missiles were hastily launched at the four incoming Popeye missiles, shooting one down.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/four-israeli-f-15s-dodged-syrian-missile-fire-to-attack-urgent-targets-a28cff11323d|title=Four Israeli F-15s Dodged Syrian Missile Fire to Attack Urgent Targets — War Is Boring|author=War Is Boring|work=Medium|date=12 December 2014 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2014}}

In the early hours of 30 November 2016, Israeli planes launched air-to-surface Popeye missiles from Lebanese airspace at targets at Sabboura, north-east of Damascus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria conflict:Israeli jets strike outside Damascus|work=BBC News |date=30 November 2016 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-38155933|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

In 19 December 2024, the IAF conducted [airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen](/source/December_2024_Israeli_airstrikes_in_Yemen) targeting ports and energy infrastructure at [Sanaa](/source/Sanaa). Popeye missiles were carried on F-15s while the newer [Rampage](/source/Rampage_(missile)) missiles were carried on F-16s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Newdick |first1=Thomas |title=Israeli Air Force Strikes Yemen With Popeye And Rampage Standoff Missiles |url=https://www.twz.com/air/israeli-air-force-strikes-yemen-with-popeye-and-rampage-standoff-missiles |access-date=25 December 2024 |work=The War Zone |date=19 December 2024}}</ref>

===Deployment===
[[File:Turkish Air Force F4E Phantom II MOD 45157794.jpg|thumb|A Turkish Air Force F-4E Phantom II aircraft armed with Popeye missiles takes off from Third Air Force Base [Konya](/source/Konya), Turkey, during [Exercise Anatolian Eagle](/source/Anatolian_Eagle).]]
First developed for use by the [Israeli Air Force](/source/Israeli_Air_Force), it has been in service since 1985.

The United States Air Force first bought a batch of 154 missiles in 1989 followed by a second batch of 54 missiles in 1996.

The [Royal Australian Air Force](/source/Royal_Australian_Air_Force) purchased a number of Popeye missiles in the late 1990s for use by the RAAF's [F-111](/source/General_Dynamics_F-111) bombers. The F-111 was taken out of Australian service in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/raaf-puts-f-111-out-to-pasture/story-e6frg8yo-1225965159612 |first=Mark |last=Dodd |title=RAAF puts F-111 out to pasture |date=3 December 2010 |work=The Australian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203055632/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/defence/raaf-puts-f-111-out-to-pasture/story-e6frg8yo-1225965159612 |archive-date=December 3, 2010 }}</ref> It proved difficult to integrate the missiles onto the F-111s and costs were much higher than expected.<ref>{{cite news |last1=La Franchi |first1=Peter |title=Missile costs blow out to $395m |url=https://www.afr.com/companies/manufacturing/missile-costs-blow-out-to-395m-20000519-k9fj0 |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=Australian Financial Review |date=19 May 2000 |language=en}}</ref>

Currently, the [Turkish Air Force](/source/Turkish_Air_Force)'s [F-4 2020 Terminator](/source/F-4_Phantom_II_operators) aircraft (which were extensively upgraded by [IAI](/source/Israel_Aerospace_Industries)) and the TuAF F-16 CCIP are armed with a Turkish License production version of the Popeye.

===Israel and Turkey co-production===
In May 1997, Israel and Turkey signed an agreement valued in excess of [US$](/source/United_States_Dollars)500 million for the establishment of a joint-venture between Israel's Rafael and Turkey's [Turkish Aerospace Industries](/source/Turkish_Aerospace_Industries) for the co-production of Popeye I and Popeye II missiles in Turkey.<ref name=fas1 />

==Operators==
thumb|400px|Map with Popeye operators in blue
thumb|300px|Popeye Standoff Missile
There have been reports that Israel has exported Popeye and its variants to various countries:<ref name="NTI">{{cite news|title=Israel|url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/israel/delivery-systems/|access-date=25 August 2012|newspaper=NTI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209203744/http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/israel/delivery-systems/|archive-date=9 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Mthreat">{{cite web|title=Popeye-2 |url=http://missilethreat.com/cruise/id.30/cruise_detail.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813023118/http://www.missilethreat.com/cruise/id.30/cruise_detail.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2007 |publisher=Missile threat |access-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref>

* {{Flagu|Australia}}: [Royal Australian Air Force](/source/Royal_Australian_Air_Force)
* {{Flagu|India}}: 30 for [Indian Air Force](/source/Indian_Air_Force)
* {{Flagu|Israel}}: [Israeli Air Force](/source/Israeli_Air_Force), [Israeli Navy](/source/Israeli_Navy)
* {{Flagu|South Korea}}: [Republic of Korea Air Force](/source/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force) (retired in 2024), produced in the United States jointly by Rafael and Lockheed Martin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Korea selects the Popeye |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/south-korea-selects-the-popeye/12421.article |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Flight Global |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Flagu|Turkey}}: [Turkish Air Force](/source/Turkish_Air_Force)
* {{Flagu|United States}}: [United States Air Force](/source/United_States_Air_Force) (retired in 2004)

==Specifications==
* '''Weight :''' {{cvt|1360|kg}}
* '''Length:''' {{cvt|4.82|m|ftin}} 
* '''Diameter:''' {{cvt|533|mm|in}}
* '''Wingspan:''' {{cvt|1.98|m|ftin}}
* '''Guidance:''' Inertial plus imaging infrared or TV
* '''Engine:''' Single-stage solid rocket
* '''Range:''' {{convert|78|km|mi|abbr=on}}
* '''Warhead:''' {{cvt|340|kg}} blast fragmentation, or {{cvt|360|kg}} I-800 penetrating

==See also==
{{div col}}
* {{lwc|Delilah (missile)}}
* {{lwc|BrahMos}}
* {{lwc|Hatf-VIII (Ra'ad)|Ra'ad}}
* {{lwc|Ra'ad-II}}
* {{lwc|SOM (missile)|Roketsan SOM}}
* {{lwc|Bina (missile)|Bina}}
* {{lwc|Ya-Ali (missile)|Ya-Ali}}
* {{lwc|Ghassed|Ghassed-3}}
* {{lwc|Zoobin}}
* {{lwc|Sadid-1}}
* {{lwc|Jask-2}}
{{div col end}}

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bonds |first=Ray and David Miller |title=Illustrated Directory of Modern American Weapons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfpBbuIlfV0C&q=Illustrated+Directory+of+Modern+American+Weapons |publisher=Zenith Imprint |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-7603-1346-6 |ref={{SfnRef|Bonds|Miller|2002}} }}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Popeye (missile)}}
* [http://www.rafael.co.il/Marketing/332-892-en/Marketing.aspx Popeye on Rafael's official site]
* [http://www.ausairpower.net/TE-AGM-142-SOW.html AGM-142 The RAAF's New Standoff Weapon]
* [https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/smart/agm-142.htm Federation of American Scientist section page on Popeye]
* [http://www.jinsa.org/articles/index.html/function/view/categoryid/102/documentid/413/history/3,2360,102,413 Excerpts from www.jinsa.org]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Rafael Advanced Defense Systems}}
{{US missiles}}
{{USAF system codes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agm-142 Have Nap}}
Category:Rafael Advanced Defense Systems
Category:Guided missiles of Israel
Category:Submarine-launched cruise missiles
Category:Lockheed Martin
Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1985

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Popeye (missile)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_(missile)) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popeye_(missile)?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.