# Pontederiaceae

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{{Short description|Family of aquatic plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = IMG 2365.jpg
|image_caption = ''[Pontederia crassipes](/source/Pontederia_crassipes)''
|taxon = Pontederiaceae
|authority = [Kunth](/source/Carl_Sigismund_Kunth)<ref name="APGIII2009" />
|subdivision_ranks = Genera
|subdivision = See text
}}

'''Pontederiaceae''' is a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) of [flowering plant](/source/flowering_plant)s.
[[File:Monochoria vaginalis in Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|''[Pontederia plantaginea](/source/Pontederia_plantaginea)'' in [Kerala](/source/Kerala)]]

The [APG IV system](/source/APG_IV_system) of 2016 (unchanged from the [APG III system](/source/APG_III_system) of 2009, the [APG II system](/source/APG_II_system) of 2003 and the [APG system](/source/APG_system) of 1998) places the family in the order [Commelinales](/source/Commelinales), in the [commelinid](/source/commelinid) [clade](/source/clade), in the [monocots](/source/Monocotyledon).<ref name="APGIII2009" /><ref name="APGIV2016" /> It is a small family of [heterostylous](/source/heterostyly) [aquatic plant](/source/aquatic_plant)s, occurring in [tropical](/source/Tropics) and [subtropical](/source/Subtropics) waters. [Charles Darwin](/source/Charles_Darwin) was interested in the specialized form of [heterostyly](/source/heterostyly) found in the family, known as tristyly. Not all of the species are heterostylous. The family contains two genera with around 40 known species.<ref name="Pellegrini-Horn2017" /><ref name="Pellegrini-etal2018" />

It is best known for the water hyacinth (''[Pontederia crassipes](/source/Eichhornia_crassipes)''), which is an [invasive species](/source/invasive_species) in many waterways. The highly modified ''[Heteranthera gardneri](/source/Hydrothrix_gardneri)'' is a submerged aquatic with a two-flowered [pseudanthium](/source/pseudanthium).

==Taxonomy==
The two genera within this family are:<ref name="Pellegrini-etal2018" /><ref name="Pellegrini2017" />

*''[Heteranthera](/source/Heteranthera)'' <small>[Ruiz & Pav.](/source/Ruiz_y_Pav%C3%B3n)</small> (including ''[Eurystemon](/source/Heteranthera)'', ''[Hydrothrix](/source/Hydrothrix)'', ''[Scholleropsis](/source/Heteranthera)'', and ''[Zosterella](/source/Heteranthera)'')
*''[Pontederia](/source/Pontederia)'' <small>[L.](/source/Carl_Linnaeus)</small> (including ''[Eichhornia](/source/Eichhornia)'', ''[Monochoria](/source/Monochoria)'', and ''[Reussia](/source/Pontederia)'')

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="APGIII2009">{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="APGIV2016">{{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |issn=0024-4074 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Pellegrini2017">{{cite journal |author=Pellegrini, M. O. O. |year=2017 |title=Two new synonyms in ''Heteranthera'' (Pontederiaceae, Commelinales) |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=124–128 |doi=10.1111/njb.01152 |doi-access=|bibcode=2017NorJB..35..124D }}</ref>

<ref name="Pellegrini-Horn2017">{{cite journal |author1=Pellegrini, M. O. O. |author2=Horn, C. N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=Two peculiar new species of Heteranthera Ruiz & Pavón (Pontederiaceae) from Brazil, with notes on inflorescence architecture in the family |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=82 |pages=35–56 |url=https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=13752 |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.82.13752 |pmid=28794681 |pmc=5546388 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017PhytK..82...35P }}</ref>

<ref name="Pellegrini-etal2018">{{cite journal |author1=Pellegrini, M. O. O. |author2=Horn, C. N. |author3=Alemida, R. F. |name-list-style=amp |year=2018 |title=Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L. |journal=PhytoKeys |issue=108 |pages=25–83 |url=https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/27652/ |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652 |pmid=30275733 |pmc=6160854 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2018PhytK.108...25P }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline}}
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Pontederiaceae links at CSDL]

{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q725748}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Pontederiaceae
Category:Commelinid families
Category:Aquatic plants

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pontederiaceae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontederiaceae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontederiaceae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.