# Pomelo

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Citrus fruit from Southeast Asia

"Yòuzi" and "Nobap fruit" redirect here. For the smaller citrus fruit, see [Yuzu](/source/Yuzu). For the film, see [Nobap](/source/Nobap).

Pomelo Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Citrus Species: C. maxima Binomial name Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

The **pomelo** ([/ˈpɒmɪloʊ, ˈpʌm-/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*POM-il-oh, PUM-*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key);[2][3] or **pummelo**, ***Citrus maxima***), also known as a **shaddock**, is the largest [citrus](/source/Citrus) fruit. It is an ancestor of several cultivated citrus species, including the [bitter orange](/source/Bitter_orange) and the [grapefruit](/source/Grapefruit). It is a natural, non-hybrid citrus fruit, native to [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia). Similar in taste to a sweet grapefruit, the pomelo is commonly eaten and used for festive occasions throughout Southeast and East Asia. As with the grapefruit, [phytochemicals](/source/Phytochemical) in the pomelo have the [potential for drug interactions](/source/Grapefruit%E2%80%93drug_interactions).

## Description

The pomelo tree can be 5–15 metres (16–50 feet) tall, with a trunk, often rather crooked, that is 10–30 centimetres (4–12 inches) thick, and low-hanging, irregular branches. The [petioles](/source/Petiole_(botany)) (leaf stalks) are distinctly winged. The leaves are alternate, [ovate](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#ovate) or [elliptic](/source/Glossary_of_botanical_terms#E) in shape, and 5–20 cm (2–8 in) long; they are leathery and dull green above, hairy beneath. The flowers, produced singly or in clusters, are fragrant and yellow-white.[4]

The fruit is large, 10–30 cm (4–12 in) in diameter, round or somewhat pear-shaped.[4] Its weight varies by [cultivar](/source/Cultivar) from 0.26–1.95 kilograms (0.6–4.3 pounds).[5] It has thicker [peel](/source/Peel_(fruit)) than a grapefruit, and is divided into 11 to 18 segments.[4] The flesh is less acidic than that of the grapefruit.[4][6]

The pomelo has at least sixty cultivars.[7] The fruit generally contains a few, relatively large seeds, but some cultivars have numerous seeds.[4] The characteristics of pomelo vary widely across South Asia.[4]

The pomelo is native to [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia) and all of Malaysia.[4] The tree may have been introduced to [China](/source/China) around 100 BCE, and is now heavily cultivated in [Southern China](/source/Southern_China).[4] Seeds of the tree were first brought to the [Americas](/source/Americas) in the late 1600s.[4]

		- Seedling

		- Flowers

		- Tree

		- Fruit

## History

### Ancestral *Citrus* species

See also: [Citrus taxonomy](/source/Citrus_taxonomy)

Flowering and fruiting branch, [chromolithograph](/source/Chromolithography) by P. Depannemaeker, c. 1885

The pomelo is significant botanically as one of the three major wild ancestors of several cultivated [hybrid](/source/Hybrid_(biology)) *[Citrus](/source/Citrus)* species, including the [bitter orange](/source/Bitter_orange) and the [grapefruit](/source/Grapefruit); and less directly also of the [lemon](/source/Lemon), the [sweet orange](/source/Orange_(fruit)), and some types of [mandarin](/source/Mandarin_orange).[8][9] The bitter orange is a naturally occurring hybrid between the pomelo and the [mandarin](/source/Mandarin_orange).[9] The grapefruit is a hybrid between a pomelo and a sweet orange;[9] typically, 63% of the grapefruit's genome comes from the pomelo.[10] The bitter orange is a hybrid of wild type mandarin and pomelo; in turn, the lemon is a hybrid of bitter orange and [citron](/source/Citron), i.e. cultivated lemons have some pomelo ancestry.[9] In addition, there has been repeated introgression of pomelo [genes](/source/Genes) into both early cultivated hybrid mandarins and later mandarin varieties, these last also involving hybridisation with the sweet orange. Pomelo genes are thus included in many types of cultivated *Citrus*.[9]

The pomelo is one of the wild ancestors of cultivated *[Citrus](/source/Citrus)* species including the [bitter orange](/source/Bitter_orange) and the [grapefruit](/source/Grapefruit), and less directly also of the [lemon](/source/Lemon), the [sweet orange](/source/Orange_(fruit)), and some types of [mandarin](/source/Mandarin_orange).[9]

### Etymology

According to the [Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary), the [etymology](/source/Etymology) of the word "pomelo" is uncertain.[11] It may be derived from [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language) *pompelmoes*.[4] The Dutch name in turn has uncertain etymology, but is possibly derived from Dutch *pompel* ("swollen") or *pompoen* ("pumpkin"), combined with *limoes* ("[lemon](/source/Lemon), [citrus](/source/Citrus) fruit"), influenced by [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language) *limões* with the same meaning.[12] An alternative possibility is that the Dutch name derives from Portuguese *pomos limões* ("citrus fruit").[12] The [specific name](/source/Specific_name_(botany)) *maxima* is the feminine form of the Latin word meaning "biggest".[13]

One theory for the alternative English name "shaddock" is that it was adopted after the plant's introduction into [Barbados](/source/Barbados) by a "Captain Shaddock" of the [East India Company](/source/East_India_Company) (apparently Philip Chaddock, who visited the island in the late 1640s).[14][15] From there the name spread to [Jamaica](/source/Jamaica) in 1696.[16]

### Taxonomy

In his *[Herbarium Amboinense](/source/Herbarium_Amboinense)*, published posthumously in 1741, [Georg Eberhard Rumphius](/source/Georg_Eberhard_Rumphius) named it *Limo decumanus*.[17][18] In 1753, [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) mentioned the plant as a subspecies, *Citrus aurantium var grandis*.[17][19] In 1755, [Johannes Burman](/source/Johannes_Burman) validly described the species from the [type specimen](/source/Type_specimen), giving it the name *Aurantium maximum*, now considered a [basionym](/source/Basionym).[20] In 1757, [Pehr Osbeck](/source/Pehr_Osbeck) named it *Citrus grandis*.[17][21] Linnaeus revisited the taxonomy in 1767, renaming the species as *Citrus decumana*.[17][22] In 1917, [Elmer Drew Merrill](/source/Elmer_Drew_Merrill) revised and renamed it *Citrus maxima*.[20][17] [Aurantioideae](/source/Aurantioideae) remains as a [subfamily](/source/Subfamily).[23]

## As food

### Nutrition

Pomelo, raw Flesh of a pomelo Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 159 kJ (38 kcal) Carbohydrates 9.62 g Dietary fibre 1 g Fat 0.04 g Protein 0.76 g Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV† Thiamine (B1) 3% 0.034 mg Riboflavin (B2) 2% 0.027 mg Niacin (B3) 1% 0.22 mg Vitamin B6 2% 0.036 mg Vitamin C 68% 61 mg Minerals Quantity %DV† Iron 1% 0.11 mg Magnesium 1% 6 mg Manganese 1% 0.017 mg Phosphorus 1% 17 mg Potassium 7% 216 mg Sodium 0% 1 mg Zinc 1% 0.08 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 89 g Link to USDA Database entry †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[24] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[25]

Raw pomelo flesh is 89% water, 10% [carbohydrates](/source/Carbohydrate), 1% [protein](/source/Protein_(nutrient)), and contains negligible [fat](/source/Fat). A 100-gram reference amount provides 159 kilojoules (38 kilocalories) of [food energy](/source/Food_energy), and is rich in [vitamin C](/source/Vitamin_C) (68% of the [Daily Value](/source/Daily_Value)), with no other [micronutrients](/source/Micronutrient) in significant content (table).

### Culinary

The flesh and juice are edible, and the peel may be candied.[4] It is eaten as a dessert, or used in salads.[4] In the Philippines, a pink beverage is made from pomelo and [pineapple juice](/source/Pineapple_juice).[26]

In East Asia, especially in [Cantonese cuisine](/source/Cantonese_cuisine), braised pomelo pith is used to make dishes that are high in [fibre](/source/Fiber) and low in fat.[27]

		- [Ipoh](/source/Ipoh) pomelos on sale in Malaysia

		- *Tam som-o nam pu*: spicy Thai pomelo salad with crab extract

### Drug interactions

Main article: [Grapefruit–drug interactions](/source/Grapefruit%E2%80%93drug_interactions)

The pomelo, while not itself toxic, can cause adverse interactions similar to those caused by the grapefruit with a wide range of [prescription drugs](/source/Prescription_drug). These occur by the inhibition of [cytochrome P450](/source/Cytochrome_P450)-mediated metabolism of prescription drugs including for example some [anti-hypertensives](/source/Anti-hypertensive), some [anticoagulants](/source/Anticoagulant), some [anticancer agents](/source/Anticancer_agents), some [anti-infective agents](/source/Anti-infective_agent), some [statins](/source/Statin), and some [immunosuppressants](/source/Immunosuppressant).[28]

## Cultivation

The seeds of the pomelo are [monoembryonic](/source/Monoembryonic), producing seedlings with genes from both parents, so they do not breed true to type.[29] However, they are usually fairly similar to the tree they grow from and therefore in Asia, pomelos are typically grown from seed.[4] Seeds can be stored for 80 days at a temperature of 5 °C (41 °F) with moderate relative humidity.[4] Pomelos can be [propagated vegetatively](/source/Vegetative_reproduction) by [air-layering](/source/Air-layering), by taking cuttings, by [grafting](/source/Grafting), by [shield budding](/source/Shield_budding), or by [tissue culture](/source/Tissue_culture).[29]

		- Pomelos in [Fujian](/source/Fujian)

		- Orchard in Vietnam

## In culture

The pomelo features in cultural and spiritual festivals across Asia. In China, during the [Lunar New Year](/source/Chinese_New_Year) festival, the fruit is offered to ancestors. Its name is similar to the word for "to have" (有, *yǒu*), making it a symbol of prosperity and family unity.[30] In Thailand, pomelo is used in rituals such as the [Songkran festival](/source/Songkran_festival).[31] In the Hindu festival of [Chhath Puja](/source/Chhath_Puja), pomelo is used as an offering.[32]

		- [Chhat Puja](/source/Chhat_Puja) with pomelo, India

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0)** Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). ["*Citrus maxima*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62042732/147027490). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2019** e.T62042732A147027490. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T62042732A147027490.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T62042732A147027490.en). Retrieved 19 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** "pomelo". *The Chambers Dictionary* (9th ed.). Chambers. 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-550-10105-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-550-10105-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["pomelo"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pomelo). *[Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary](/source/Merriam-Webster)*. Merriam-Webster. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1032680871](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871). Retrieved 2021-01-25.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-Morton_1987_pummelo_4-13) Morton, Julia F. (1987). ["Pummelo: *Citrus maxima*"](http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/pummelo.html). *Fruits of warm climates*. NewCROP, New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. pp. 147–151. Retrieved 2020-01-31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Pan_Ali_Gong_2021_5-0)** Pan, Tengfei; Ali, Muhammad Moaaz; Gong, Jiangmei; She, Wenqin; Pan, Dongming; Guo, Zhixiong; Yu, Yuan; Chen, Faxing (2021-11-24). ["Fruit Physiology and Sugar-Acid Profile of 24 Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Cultivars Grown in Subtropical Region of China"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy11122393). *Agronomy*. **11** (12): 2393. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021Agron..11.2393P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Agron..11.2393P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/agronomy11122393](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fagronomy11122393). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2073-4395](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4395).

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Etym_NL_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Etym_NL_12-1) ["pompelmoes - (grote citrusvrucht (Citrus maxima))"](https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/pompelmoes). *Etymologiebank.nl*. Retrieved 1 November 2024.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-AGB_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-AGB_20-1) ["Taxon: Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr"](https://agb.amvmt.lt/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=10744). *Augalų Genų Bankas GRIN-Global*. Retrieved 1 March 2025.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Svasti, Pichaya (2013-08-15). ["Pomelo festival in Samut Songkhram"](https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/travel/364710/pomelo-festival-in-samut-songkhram). *[Bangkok Post](/source/Bangkok_Post)*. Retrieved 2025-02-04.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Yadav, Shikha (November 7, 2024). ["Markets bloom with traditional offerings"](https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/chhath-puja-2024-discover-traditional-offerings-and-festive-rituals-in-ranchis-markets/articleshow/115032350.cms). *[The Times of India](/source/The_Times_of_India)*.

v t e Citrus True species Australian and Papuan wild limes group Citron Ichang papeda Kaffir lime Kumquats group Mandarin orange Mangshanyegan Mountain citron Pomelo Ryukyu mandarin Major hybrids Grapefruit Lemon Lime Orange (sweet orange) True and hybrid cultivars Alemow Amanatsu Assam lemon Bergamot orange Bizzarria Bitter orange Blood lime Blood orange Byeonggyul Biasong Cam sành Cara Cara navel orange Citrange Citrumelo Citrus taiwanica Clementine Coorg orange Daidai Dekopon Encore Fairchild tangerine Florentine citron Forbidden fruit Ginger lime Haruka Hassaku Hebesu Heen naran Hyuganatsu Imperial lemon Indian wild orange Iyokan Jabara Jaffa orange Jamaican tangelo Kabbad Kabosu Kaji Nemu Kakadu lime Kalpi Kanpei Kawachi bankan Key lime Khasi papeda Kinkoji unshiu Kinnow Kishu mikan Kiyomi Kobayashi mikan Koji Komikan Laraha Lemonade fruit Limón de Pica Lumia Mandelo Mandora Melanesian papeda Melogold Meyer lemon Micrantha Midknight Valencia Orange Murcott Myrtle-leaved orange tree Nagpur orange Nasnaran New Zealand grapefruit Ōgonkan Orangelo/Chironja Oroblanco Palestinian sweet lime Persian lime Pixie mandarin Pompia Ponderosa lemon Ponkan Rangpur Reikou Rhobs el Arsa Rough lemon Samuyao Sanbokan Satsuma mandarin Setoka Shangjuan Shonan Gold Smith Red Valencia Sudachi Suruga yuko Sweet lemon Sweet limetta Tangelo Tangerine Tangor Tsunonozomi Valencia orange Variegated pink lemon Volkamer lemon Winged lime Xã Đoài orange Yūkō Yuzu Citrons Balady citron Corsican citron Diamante citron Fingered citron/Buddha's hand Greek citron Moroccan citron Yemenite citron Mandarin oranges Cleopatra mandarin Shīkwāsā Nanfengmiju Tachibana Willowleaf orange Papedas Celebes papeda Mountain "citron" Ichang papeda Pomelos Banpeiyu Dangyuja Kumquats group Kumquat species Hong Kong kumquat Meiwa kumquat Oval kumquat Round kumquat Jiangsu kumquat Malayan kumquat Kumquat hybrids (× Citrofortunella) Calamansi Citrangequat Limequat Mandarinquat Procimequat Sunquat Yuzuquat Australian and Papuan wild limes group Eromocitrus (former genera) Desert lime Microcitrus (former genera) New Guinea wild lime Australian round lime Russell River lime Maiden's wild lime Mount White lime Australian finger lime Brown River finger lime Clymenia (former genera) Clymenia platypoda Clymenia polyandra Oxanthera (former genera) Orange-flowered oxanthera Large-leaf oxanthera Wavy-leaf oxanthera Oxanthera brevipes Related genera (perhaps properly Citrus) Poncirus/Trifoliate orange Drinks Calamansi juice Chūhai Dried lime tea (noomi basra) Grapefruit juice Lemon liqueur Cedratine Curaçao Limoncello Lemonade Mint lemonade Swiss lemonade Lime cordial Limeade Orange juice Triple sec Yuja-hwachae Yuja tea Products Calcium citrate Citric acid Chenpi Dried lime Lemonene Limonene Marmalade Neroli Oleo saccharum Orange flower water Orange oil Orange oil tires Orangeat Pickled lime Chanh muối Preserved lemon Succade Zest Twist Diseases Black spot Canker CTV/Tristeza Exocortis Greening Mal secco Phytophthora citricola Citrus botanists Clara H. Hasse Robert Willard Hodgson Lena B. Smithers Hughes David Mabberley Clément Rodier Robert Soost Walter Tennyson Swingle Chōzaburō Tanaka Ikuro Takahashi Johann Christoph Volkamer Herbert John Webber Citrus production Citrus rootstock Kumquat production in China Lemon Capital of the World Lime production in Mexico Orange production in Brazil Related topics The Citrus Industry Citrus taxonomy Cold-hardy citrus Hesperidium Japanese citrus List of citrus fruits Mother Orange Tree Orangery University of California Citrus Experiment Station University of California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection Category Production Commons

Taxon identifiers Citrus maxima Wikidata: Q80024 Wikispecies: Citrus maxima APDB: 90373 APNI: 203535 BOLD: 210640 CoL: VMLB EoL: 488254 EPPO: CIDGR EUNIS: 181680 FNA: 242412666 FoAO2: Citrus maxima FoC: 242412666 GBIF: 3190160 GRIN: 10744 iNaturalist: 54299 IPNI: 30075266-2 IRMNG: 11011636 ITIS: 501574 IUCN: 62042732 MoBotPF: 286742 NCBI: 37334 NZOR: 189d53fa-1a15-433b-911b-a5266cd025f9 Open Tree of Life: 838646 Plant List: kew-2724206 PLANTS: CIMA5 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30075266-2 Tropicos: 28100003 WFO: wfo-0000608138 Aurantium maximum Wikidata: Q95965693 APDB: 180943 APNI: 208580 CoL: JTBK GBIF: 5593618 GRIN: 314306 IPNI: 771455-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:771455-1 Tropicos: 28101759 WFO: wfo-0000557040

Authority control databases International GND National United States Israel

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pomelo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomelo) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomelo?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.