# Polypedates

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"Whipping frog" redirects here. For other uses, see [Whipping frog (disambiguation)](/source/Whipping_frog_(disambiguation)).

***Polypedates*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [frogs](/source/Frog) in the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Rhacophoridae](/source/Rhacophoridae), the shrub frogs and Paleotropic [tree frogs](/source/Tree_frog). They belong to [subfamily](/source/Subfamily) [Rhacophorinae](/source/Rhacophorinae). Members of this genus are collectively known as **whipping frogs**. They occur in eastern and southern Asia.[1]

The delimitation of *Polypedates* versus the related *[Rhacophorus](/source/Rhacophorus)* has been difficult. In former times, the present genus was often entirely included in *Rhacophorus*. However, [molecular phylogenetic](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) studies support the recognition of both genera. *Polypedates* + *[Taruga](/source/Taruga_(frog))* are considered to be the [sister taxon](/source/Sister_taxon) of *[Feihyla](/source/Feihyla)* + *[Rhacophorus](/source/Rhacophorus)*.[1][2]

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus *Polypedates*, with new species still being described on a regular basis:[1]

- *[Polypedates assamensis](/source/Polypedates_assamensis)* Mathew & Sen, 2009
- *[Polypedates bengalensis](/source/Polypedates_bengalensis)* Purkayastha et al., 2019[3]
- *[Polypedates braueri](/source/Polypedates_braueri)* (Vogt, 1911) – White-lipped treefrog or Java treefrog
- *[Polypedates colletti](/source/Polypedates_colletti)* (Boulenger, 1890) – Collett's whipping frog, black-spotted tree frog, or Collett's tree frog
- *[Polypedates cruciger](/source/Polypedates_cruciger)* Blyth, 1852 – Sri Lanka whipping frog or common hour-glass tree-frog
- *[Polypedates discantus](/source/Polypedates_discantus)* Rujirawan, Stuart, and Aowphol, 2013 – Malayan slender treefrog
- *[Polypedates hecticus](/source/Polypedates_hecticus)* Peters, 1863 – Samara flying frog
- *[Polypedates himalayensis](/source/Polypedates_himalayensis)* (Annandale, 1912) – Himalayan tree frog
- *[Polypedates impresus](/source/Polypedates_impresus)* Yang, 2008
- *[Polypedates insularis](/source/Polypedates_insularis)* Das, 2005 – Nicobarese tree frog
- *[Polypedates iskandari](/source/Polypedates_iskandari)* Riyanto, Mumpuni & McGuire, 2011
- *[Polypedates leucomystax](/source/Polypedates_leucomystax)* (Gravenhorst, 1829) – common tree frog, four-lined tree frog, striped tree frog, "[white-lipped tree frog](/source/White-lipped_tree_frog)" (formerly often in *P. maculatus*)
- *[Polypedates macrotis](/source/Polypedates_macrotis)* (Boulenger, 1891) – Bongao tree frog
- *[Polypedates maculatus](/source/Polypedates_maculatus)* (Gray, 1830) – common Indian tree frog, Chunam tree frog
- *[Polypedates megacephalus](/source/Polypedates_megacephalus)* Hallowell, 1861 – spot-legged tree frog, Hong Kong whipping frog, "[brown tree frog](/source/Brown_tree_frog)"
- *[Polypedates mutus](/source/Polypedates_mutus)* (Smith, 1940) – northern treefrog
- *[Polypedates occidentalis](/source/Polypedates_occidentalis)* Das and Dutta, 2006 – western tree frog
- *[Polypedates otilophus](/source/Polypedates_otilophus)* (Boulenger, 1893) – file-eared tree frog, Borneo eared frog
- *[Polypedates pseudocruciger](/source/Polypedates_pseudocruciger)* Das and Ravichandran, 1998 – false hour-glass tree frog or yellow tree frog
- *[Polypedates pseudotilophus](/source/Polypedates_pseudotilophus)* Matsui, Hamidy, and Kuraishi, 2014
- *[Polypedates ranwellai](/source/Polypedates_ranwellai)* Wickramasingha, Munindradasa, and Fernando, 2012 – Ranwella's spined tree frog
- *[Polypedates subansiriensis](/source/Polypedates_subansiriensis)* Mathew & Sen, 2009 – Subansiri's tree frog
- *[Polypedates taeniatus](/source/Polypedates_taeniatus)* (Boulenger, 1906) – Bengal whipping frog, Bengal whipping tree frog, or Terai tree frog
- *[Polypedates teraiensis](/source/Polypedates_teraiensis)* (Dubois, 1987) – common tree frog, six-lined tree frog, Terai tree frog, or Perching frog
- *[Polypedates zed](/source/Polypedates_zed)* (Dubois, 1987) – Nepalese tree frog or Narayanghat whipping frog

The recently described *Polypedates bijui*[4] has now been renamed as *[Beddomixalus bijui](/source/Beddomixalus_bijui)*, the only species in its genus.

## Phylogeny

The following phylogeny of *Polypedates* is from Pyron & Wiens (2011).[5] 8 species are included. *Polypedates* is a [sister group](/source/Sister_group) of *[Feihyla](/source/Feihyla)*. Together, *Polypedates* and *Feihyla* form a [sister group](/source/Sister_group) to *[Rhacophorus](/source/Rhacophorus)*.[5]

Kuraishi, et al. (2013) gives the following phylogeny of *Polypedates*.[6] *Polypedates* and *[Rhacophorus](/source/Rhacophorus)* are estimated to have split off from their [most recent common ancestor](/source/Most_recent_common_ancestor) 26.6 million years ago during the [Oligocene](/source/Oligocene). Furthermore, the genus *[Taruga](/source/Taruga)* has been separated as a separate genus endemic to Sri Lanka.

## References

1. Frost, Darrel R. (2014). ["*Polypedates* Tschudi, 1838"](http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Polypedates). *Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0*. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 9 December 2014.

1. Li, Jiatang; Dingqi Rao; Robert W. Murphy; Yaping Zhang (2011). ["The systematic status of rhacophorid frogs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131203064057/http://210.75.237.14/bitstream/351003/23370/1/2011e0121z.pdf). *Asian Herpetological Research*. **2**: 1–11. [doi:10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00001](https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1245.2011.00001). Archived from [the original](http://210.75.237.14/bitstream/351003/23370/1/2011e0121z.pdf) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-11-20.

1. Purkayastha, Jayaditya; Das, Madhurima; Mondal, Kingshuk; Mitra, Shibajee; Chaudhuri, Anirban; Das, Indraneil (2019). "**A new species of *Polypedates* Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from West Bengal State, Eastern India**". *Zootaxa*. **4691** (5): 525–540. [doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4691.5.6](https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4691.5.6). [PMID 31719380](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31719380). [S2CID 207936668](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207936668)

1. Zachariah, Dinesh, Kunhikrishnan, Das, Raju, Radhakrishnan, Palot & Kalesh, 2011

1. R. Alexander Pyron & John J. Wiens (2011). "A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians". *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **61** (2): 543–583. [doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.06.012). [PMID 21723399](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21723399)

1. KURAISHI, N., MATSUI, M., HAMIDY, A., BELABUT, D. M., AHMAD, N., PANHA, S., SUDIN, A., YONG, H. S., JIANG, J.-P., OTA, H., THONG, H. T. and NISHIKAWA, K. (2013), Phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships of the Polypedates leucomystax complex (Amphibia). Zoologica Scripta, 42: 54–70. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00562.x

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Polypedates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypedates) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypedates?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.