# Polybotus

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{{Short description|City in the Roman province of Phrygia Salutaris}}
'''Polybotus''' or '''Polybotos''' ({{langx|el|Πολύβοτος}}) was a city in the [Roman province](/source/Roman_province) of [Phrygia Salutaris](/source/Phrygia_Salutaris). Its site is located {{convert|3|miles}} southwest of [Bolvadin](/source/Bolvadin) in [Asiatic Turkey](/source/Anatolia).<ref>{{Barrington Atlas|page=62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite DARE|30907}}</ref>

==History==
This town is mentioned in the 6th century by [Hierocles](/source/Hierocles_(author_of_Synecdemus)) in his ''[Synecdemus](/source/Synecdemus)''.<ref>{{cite Hierocles|677, 10.}}</ref>

[[File:Asia Minor ca 842 AD.svg|thumb|right|400px|A map of Byzantine Anatolia with Polybotus located in the [Anatolic Theme](/source/Anatolic_Theme)]]

Due to the wide-ranging grasslands, the area was used as a mustering place (e.g. possibly by emperor [Romanos IV Diogenes](/source/Romanos_IV_Diogenes))<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Trobley |first1=Frank R. |last2=Tougher |first2=Shaun |title=The Emperor at War - Duties and Ideals |journal=The Emperor in the Byzantine World Papers from the Forty-Seventh Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies |date=March 2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=viiNDwAAQBAJ |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |doi=10.4324/9780429060984-10 |isbn=9780429590467 |s2cid=166381063 |language=English|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and one of the ''metata'' (imperial stock-raising farm) was situated nearby between Polybotus, [Dokimion](/source/Dokimion) and [Synnada](/source/Synnada) (though it was moved to Europe after the [Seljuk invasions](/source/Byzantine%E2%80%93Seljuk_wars) in the 11th century).<ref>{{cite journal |author1=John Haldon |author1-link=John Haldon |editor1-last=Stephenson |editor1-first=Paul |title=The army and military logistics |journal=The Byzantine World |date=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmerAgAAQBAJ |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781136727863 |language=English}}</ref> The city was sacked in 838 by retreating Arab troops under caliph [Al-Mu'tasim](/source/Al-Mu'tasim) according to the [vita](/source/Hagiography) of John of Polybotus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Signes Codoñer |first1=Juan |title=The Emperor Theophilos and the East, 829–842 Court and Frontier in Byzantium During the Last Phase of Iconoclasm |date=March 2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317034261 |page=299 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-jOCwAAQBAJ |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>

The [Seljuks](/source/Seljuk_dynasty) first occupied Polybotus some time after the [Battle of Manzikert](/source/Battle_of_Manzikert), but the town was reconquered in the aftermath of the [First Crusade](/source/First_Crusade) by Emperor [Alexios I Komnenos](/source/Alexios_I_Komnenos) and his general [John Doukas](/source/John_Doukas_(megas_doux)), as is recounted in the [Alexiad](/source/Alexiad).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mullett |first1=Margaret |title=Letters, Literacy and Literature in Byzantium |date=June 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000941647 |page=244}}</ref> To retake the city, John Doukas fought against the Emir Monolycus and his army, which contained [mixovarvaroi](/source/Mixobarbaroi) who spoke [Greek](/source/Greek_language).<ref>[Vryonis, Speros](/source/Speros_Vryonis) (1971). [The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamisation from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century. Berkeley: California University Press.](/source/iarchive%3Adeclineofmedieva0000vryo) p. 176</ref> The town became part of a contested area between the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire) and the [Sultanate of Rum](/source/Sultanate_of_Rum), with neither being able to exert durable control in the early 12th century, until it was lost to the Seljuks later that century.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Daniel Beihammer |editor1-last=Nilsson |editor1-first=Ingela |editor2-last=Veikou |editor2-first=Myrto |title=Spatial Concept and Administrative Structures in the Byzantine-Turkish Frontier of the Twelfth-Century Asia Minor |journal=Spatialities of Byzantine Culture from the Human Body to the Universe |date=14 November 2022 |page=413 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpScEAAAQBAJ |access-date=25 September 2023 |publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004523005 }}</ref>

==Ecclesiastical history==
thumb|John, Bishop of Polybotum (Menologion of Basil II)
The earliest Greek ''[Notitia Episcopatuum](/source/Notitia_Episcopatuum)'' of the 7th century places the see among the suffragans of [Synnada](/source/Synnada_in_Phrygia). After Amorium became a metropolitan see in the 9th century, Polybotus became a suffragan of [Amorium](/source/Amorium) until its disappearance as a residential see.<ref>See the "Basilii Notitia" in {{cite book|author=[Heinrich Gelzer](/source/Heinrich_Gelzer)|title=Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani|location=Leipzig|year=1890|page=26}}</ref>

[Le Quien](/source/Michel_Le_Quien) mentions two bishops:<ref>{{cite book|author=Michel Lequien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0agp0mJFG_sC|title=Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus| year=1740 |publisher=Parigi 1740, Tomus I, coll. 841-844}}</ref>

*Strategius, present at the [Council of Chalcedon](/source/Council_of_Chalcedon) (451);
*St. John the Thaumaturgus, whose feast is celebrated on 5 December and who lived under [Leo the Isaurian](/source/Leo_the_Isaurian).

At the [Second Council of Nicaea](/source/Second_Council_of_Nicaea) (787), the see was represented by the priest Gregory.

The bishopric is included in the [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church)'s list of [titular see](/source/titular_see)s.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annuario Pontificio 2013|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana|year=2013|isbn=978-88-209-9070-1|page=954}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
;Attribution
*{{Catholic|wstitle=Polybotus}}

{{coord|38.712642|N|31.048534|E|display=title|format=dms|source:http://dare.ht.lu.se/places/30907}}

{{Ancient settlements in Turkey}}

Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire
Category:Populated places in Phrygia
Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia
Category:Roman towns and cities in Turkey
Category:History of Afyonkarahisar Province
Category:Bolvadin District

{{Bolvadin-geo-stub}}
{{AncientPhrygia-geo-stub}}
{{Byzantine-geo-stub}}
{{Asia-RC-titularsee-stub}}

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Polybotus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybotus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybotus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.