# Politics of Cuba

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Politics_of_Cuba
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Politics_of_Cuba.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba
> Source revision: 1351497525
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Politics of Cuba Constitution Law Communist Party 8th term Congress Rules Central Committee (8th) First Secretary Miguel Díaz-Canel Politburo (8th) Secretariat (8th) National Assembly 9th term President Esteban Lazo Hernández Vice President Ana María Marí Machado Secretary Homero Acosta Álvarez Council of State (9th) President Esteban Lazo Hernández Vice President Ana María Marí Machado Secretary Homero Acosta Álvarez Presidency (9th) President (list) Miguel Díaz-Canel Vice President Salvador Valdés Mesa Council of Ministers (9th—list) Prime Minister (list) Manuel Marrero Cruz Deputy Prime Minister Ramiro Valdés Menéndez Jorge Luis Perdomo Di-Lella Jorge Luis Tapia Fonseca Inés María Chapman Waugh Ricardo Cabrisas Ruiz Alejandro Gil Fernández Secretary José Amado Ricardo Guerra Judiciary People's Supreme Court (9th) President Ruben Remigio Ferro Vice President Maricela Sosa Ravelo Farah Saucedo Perez Yamir Rodriguez Tamayo Filiberto Caballero Tamayo Office of the Attorney General (9th) Attorney General Yamila Peña Ojeda Office of the Comptroller General (9th) Comptroller General Gladys María Bejerano Portela Elections and referendums Recent elections Parliamentary: 2023 2028 Referendums: 2019 2022 Administrative divisions Provinces Municipalities Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla Diplomatic missions of / in Cuba Passports Visa requirements Visa policy Related topics Censorship Human rights LGBT rights Foreign interventions Internationalism: Military Medical Cuba portal Other countries v t e

[Cuba](/source/Cuba) is a [communist](/source/Communism) country and has had a [socialist](/source/Socialism) political system since 1961 based on the "[one state, one party](/source/One-party_state)" principle. Cuba is constitutionally defined as a [unitary](/source/Unitary_state)[4] one-party [Marxist–Leninist](/source/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism) [socialist republic](/source/Socialist_state). The present [Constitution of Cuba](/source/Constitution_of_Cuba), approved in [a referendum](/source/2019_Cuban_constitutional_referendum) on 24 February 2019,[5] also describes the role of the [Communist Party of Cuba](/source/Communist_Party_of_Cuba) to be the "leading force of society and of the state"[6] and as having the capability of setting national policy,[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] and the [first secretary of the Communist Party](/source/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba) is the most powerful position in Cuba.[7] The 2019 Constitution of Cuba states it is guided by the examples of Cuban independence hero [José Martí](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD) and revolutionary leader [Fidel Castro](/source/Fidel_Castro) and the ideals of [Marx](/source/Karl_Marx), [Engels](/source/Friedrich_Engels), and [Lenin](/source/Vladimir_Lenin).[8]

The [president of Cuba](/source/President_of_Cuba) is [Miguel Díaz-Canel](/source/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel), who succeeded [Raúl Castro](/source/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro) as first secretary of the Communist Party in 2021.[9] [Executive power](/source/Executive_(government)) is exercised by the government, which is represented by the [Council of Ministers](/source/Council_of_Ministers_(Cuba)), headed by the [prime minister of Cuba](/source/Prime_minister_of_Cuba). [Legislative power](/source/Legislative_power) is exercised through the [unicameral](/source/Unicameral) [National Assembly of People's Power](/source/National_Assembly_of_People's_Power), which is constituted as the maximum authority of the state. With effect from 10 October 2019, [Miguel Díaz-Canel](/source/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel) is the president and [Manuel Marrero](/source/Manuel_Marrero) is the prime minister of Cuba. The previous president of the [State Council](/source/Council_of_State_(Cuba)) was Raúl Castro, brother of former leader Fidel Castro; Raúl Castro remained [First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba](/source/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba), and commander-in-chief of the [Revolutionary Armed Forces](/source/Military_of_Cuba) until 19 April 2021. Fidel Castro ruled from 1959 to 2006, before illness forced him to hand power to his brother. [Esteban Lazo Hernández](/source/Esteban_Lazo_Hern%C3%A1ndez) is the president of the National Assembly.

Political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as a single-party [authoritarian](/source/Authoritarian) regime where political opposition is not permitted.[10][11][12] There are [elections](/source/Elections_in_Cuba), but they are not considered democratic.[13][14] According to the [V-Dem Democracy Indices](/source/V-Dem_Democracy_Indices), Cuba is the [second least democratic country in Latin America](/source/Democracy_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean).[15]

[Censorship of information](/source/Censorship_in_Cuba) (including limits to internet access) is extensive,[16][17][18] and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba;[19] [Reporters Without Borders](/source/Reporters_Without_Borders) has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom.[20][21]

## Executive

[Executive power](/source/Executive_power) in the Cuban government is exercised by the Council of Ministers.[22]: 38 From February 1959 until February 2008, Cuba was led by revolutionary leader [Fidel Castro](/source/Fidel_Castro), who was [head of state](/source/Head_of_state), [head of government](/source/Head_of_government), [first secretary of the Communist Party](/source/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Cuba), and [commander-in-chief](/source/Commander-in-chief) of the [Cuban armed forces](/source/Cuban_armed_forces). The [Ministry of Interior](/source/Ministry_of_Interior) is the principal organ of state security and control.

According to the article 94 of the [constitution](/source/Constitution_of_Cuba), the first vice president of the Council of State assumes presidential duties upon the illness or death of the president. On July 31, 2006, during the [2006 Cuban transfer of duties](/source/2006_Cuban_transfer_of_duties), Fidel Castro delegated his duties as president of the [Council of State](/source/Council_of_State_of_Cuba), first secretary of the Communist Party, and the post of [commander in chief](/source/Commander_in_chief) of the armed forces to first vice president [Raúl Castro](/source/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro). Since 2019, the president of Cuba is also limited to two five year terms.[23][24][25][26][27]

## Legislature

Voter turnout: Cuba parliamentary elections (1993–2018).

[El Capitolio](/source/El_Capitolio), former seat of the [National Assembly of People's Power](/source/National_Assembly_of_People's_Power).

Cuba has an elected national [legislature](/source/Legislature), the [National Assembly of People's Power](/source/National_Assembly_of_People's_Power) (*Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular*),[22]: 38 which has 612 members, elected every 5 years and holds brief sessions to ratify decisions by the executive branch. The National Assembly convenes twice a year in ordinary periods of sessions. However, it has permanent commissions to look after issues of legislative interest. Among its permanent or temporary commissions are those in charge of issues concerning the economy, sugar industry, industries, transportation and communications, constructions, foreign affairs, public health, defense and interior order. The National Assembly also has permanent departments that oversee the work of the Commissions, Local Assemblies of the People's Power, International Relations, Judicial Affairs and the Administration.[28]

Article 88(h) of the [Constitution of Cuba](/source/Constitution_of_Cuba), adopted in 1976, provides for citizen proposals of law, prerequisite that the proposal be made by at least 10,000 citizens who are eligible to vote. In 2002 supporters of a movement known as the [Varela Project](/source/Varela_Project) submitted a citizen proposal of law with 11,000 signatures calling for a national referendum on political and economic reforms. The Government response was to collect 8.1 million signatures to request that Cuba's National Assembly enact a constitutional amendment making socialism an unalterable feature of Cuban government.[29]

## Committees for the Defense of the Revolution

A CDR in Old Havana on Paseo de Martí facing Parque Central

The [Committees for the Defense of the Revolution](/source/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution) is a network of neighborhood organizations across Cuba of which most Cubans are members.[30] The organizations are designed to put medical, educational or other campaigns into national effect, and to report "counter-revolutionary" activity. It is the duty of the CDR officials to know the political activities of each person in their respective blocks.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

## Political parties and elections

Main articles: [List of political parties in Cuba](/source/List_of_political_parties_in_Cuba) and [Elections in Cuba](/source/Elections_in_Cuba)

### Suffrage

Suffrage is automatically afforded to Cuban citizens who have resided in Cuba for at least two years and are at least sixteen years old. Those legally declared "mentally handicapped" or who are serving time in prison cannot exercise this right. Cubans who live abroad for personal reasons for more than 24 consecutive months lose their right to vote.[31][32][33]: 156-157 The national elections for the 470 members[34] of the National Assembly of People's Power are held according to this system and the precepts of the 1976 [Constitution](/source/Constitution_of_Cuba).

### Elections

General elections consist of two phases: municipal elections and elections to ANPP (National Assembly of People's Power, or Parliament).[35] They are usually called in July and are held every five years. After elections are called, Council of State designates members of CEN (National Electoral Commission). The CEN oversees elections, but does not participate in them. It is responsible for surveying and inspecting the election procedure and ensure it conforms with the Constitution and electoral law. The CEN appoints CEP (Provincial Electoral Commission), which in turn appoints CEM (Municipal Electoral Commission). The latter lead formation of electoral commissions at the grassroots. There are roughly 1450 people in each of these *circunscripcións*.[33]: 154-156

### Candidates

For the purpose of Municipal elections, each *circunscripción* is further divided into two to eight areas with the goal of allowing nomination meetings to be very compressed and based on the grassroots. The number of nomination areas is determined by the population in the *circunscripción*. In rural areas, extension of territory is also taken into consideration. People have the right to participate, nominate and vote only in the area in which they live. Nomination area assembly meetings are normally held in public areas at eight o'clock in the evening on weekdays or during the day on the weekend. Each assembly is presided over by the local electoral commission. Individuals have the right to propose anyone who lives in their *circunscripción* as long as the person has indicated they are willing to be nominated. The person nominating must provide a reason for nomination. Others have the right to argue against a nomination. When this is done, a show-of-hands vote is taken and counted by the electoral commission. The person with the most votes becomes the candidate for that nomination area. In order to ensure the law is being followed, members of CEP make surprise visits to nomination meetings.[33]: 157-159[36]

Once candidates have been nominated, the local electoral commission obtains a short biographical profile and a photo from them. These are posted in local public spaces for easy access to voters. This is the only publicity permitted under the electoral law. Voters are expected to read the profiles in order to make their choice. Campaigning is not permitted.[37] Duharte Díaz, professor at University of Havana, is of the opinion that posting profiles is insufficient and that more should be done to present the candidates.[38]

### Local elections

Municipal elections are usually held in October. On the day of the vote, held always on a Sunday, voters confirm their voting eligibility by presenting their identification cards and are then handed a ballot with names of candidates nominated in their *circunscripción*. Voting is secret. To win, a candidate must receive at least 50% plus one of the vote. If this does not happen, the candidate who placed last is eliminated and voting is repeated with remaining candidates.[33]: 162-163

Candidates elected in municipal elections carry out their functions on a voluntary basis after their regular work hours. Once municipal assemblies are constituted, they elect their presidents and vice-presidents from among themselves. These individuals are the only ones who are full-time, earning the same salary as they received at their place of work.[33]: 146-147

### Parliamentary elections

Second phase, elections to ANPP (Parliament), is different from municipal elections. Up to half of the members of parliament are nominated from individuals elected in municipal election. The rest are nominated by mass organisations. These are [Workers' Central Union of Cuba](/source/Workers'_Central_Union_of_Cuba), [Federation of Cuban Women](/source/Federation_of_Cuban_Women), [National Association of Small Farmers](/source/National_Association_of_Small_Farmers), Federation of University Students, Federation of Pre-University Students and [Committees for the Defense of the Revolution](/source/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution). To propose candidates for elections each of the six mass organisations assembles at all three levels in plenary sessions to propose candidates from the population. The goal is to obtain a pool of potential candidates representing a wide cross-section of the population. Because of this, each of the mass organisations at all three levels (municipal, provincial, national) has the right to propose at least three times the number of candidates needed for each municipality to be represented in the parliament. The proposals are sent to CCN (National Candidacies Commission) which then reduces the list down to the number of seats.[33]: 167–171

Before elections (that usually happen in January), meetings between candidates and workers are held in places of work and in the neighbourhoods. Similarly to municipal elections, the only publicity allowed is a short biography and a photo. Elections happen on a Sunday. Voters are given a ballot with the names of candidates chosen by the CCN to represent their municipality. They can choose to vote for all, some or none of the candidates. To be elected, a candidate must receive at least 50% plus one of the valid votes. If they do not, a new candidate is chosen for the seat and voting repeated.[33]: 174–175[39]

## State leaders

### Communist Party of Cuba

Main article: [Communist Party of Cuba](/source/Communist_Party_of_Cuba)

The organization of Cuba's political system reflects the Marxist–Leninist principle of [democratic centralism](/source/Democratic_centralism).[22]: 38

- First Secretary: [Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez](/source/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel_Berm%C3%BAdez)

- Second Secretary: [Jose Ramon Machado Ventura](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Machado_Ventura)

- Members of Politburo: [Miguel Mario Díaz-Canel Bermúdez](/source/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel), [Juan Esteban Lazo Hernández](/source/Esteban_Lazo_Hern%C3%A1ndez), [Salvador Valdés Mesa](/source/Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa), [José Ramón Machado Ventura](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Machado_Ventura), [Roberto Morales Ojeda](/source/Roberto_Morales_Ojeda), [Álvaro López Miera](/source/%C3%81lvaro_L%C3%B3pez_Miera), [Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla](/source/Bruno_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Parrilla), Abelardo Álvarez Gil, Ulises Guilarte de Nacimiento, Teresa María Amarelle Bué, Marta Ayala Ávila, [Manuel Marrero Cruz](/source/Manuel_Marrero_Cruz), [José Amado Ricardo Guerra](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Amado_Ricardo_Guerra), Luis Alberto Rodríguez López-Calleja, Lázaro Alberto Álvarez Casas, Gladys Martínez Verdecia.

- Members of Secretariat: [Miguel Díaz-Canel](/source/Miguel_D%C3%ADaz-Canel), [Jose Ramon Machado Ventura](/source/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Machado_Ventura), Abelardo Álvarez Gil, [Roberto Morales Ojeda](/source/Roberto_Morales_Ojeda), Rogelio Polanco Fuentes, Joel Queipo Ruiz, José Ramón Monteagudo Ruiz, Félix Duarte Ortega, Jorge Luis Broche Lorenzo.

Ministry of the Interior building on the [Plaza de la Revolución](/source/Plaza_de_la_Revoluci%C3%B3n), Havana

### Council of Ministers

- Prime Minister: [Manuel Marrero](/source/Manuel_Marrero)

- First Deputy Prime Minister: [Salvador Valdés Mesa](/source/Salvador_Vald%C3%A9s_Mesa)

- Deputy Prime Ministers: [Marino Alberto Murillo Jorge](/source/Marino_Alberto_Murillo_Jorge), [Ulises Rosales del Toro](/source/Ulises_Rosales_del_Toro), [Ramiro Valdés Menéndez](/source/Ramiro_Vald%C3%A9s_Men%C3%A9ndez), [Ricardo Cabrisas Ruíz](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Cabrisas_Ru%C3%ADz&action=edit&redlink=1), [Antonio Enrique Lussón Batlle](/source/Antonio_Enrique_Luss%C3%B3n_Batlle)

- Minister of Interior: [Lázaro Alberto Álvarez Casas](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1zaro_Alberto_%C3%81lvarez_Casas&action=edit&redlink=1)

- Minister of the Armed Forces: [Álvaro López Miera](/source/%C3%81lvaro_L%C3%B3pez_Miera)

### Council of State and National Assembly of People's Power

- President: [Esteban Lazo Hernández](/source/Esteban_Lazo_Hern%C3%A1ndez)[40]

- Vice President: [Ana María Mari Machado](/source/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Mari_Machado)[41]

- Secretary: [Homero Acosta Álvarez](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homero_Acosta_%C3%81lvarez&action=edit&redlink=1)[42]

## Foreign relations

[Vladimir Putin](/source/Vladimir_Putin) and [Fidel Castro](/source/Fidel_Castro) in 2001.

Main article: [Foreign relations of Cuba](/source/Foreign_relations_of_Cuba)

[Cuba](/source/Cuba)'s foreign policy has been scaled back and redirected as a result of [economic hardship](/source/Economy_of_Cuba) after the collapse of the [Soviet bloc](/source/Soviet_bloc). Without massive Soviet subsidies and its primary [trading](/source/Trade) partner Cuba was comparatively isolated in the 1990s, but has since entered bilateral co-operation with several South American countries, most notably [Venezuela](/source/Venezuela) and [Bolivia](/source/Bolivia). Cuba has normal diplomatic and economic relations with every country in the Western hemisphere except the United States.[43] The [United States](/source/United_States) continues an embargo "so long as [Cuba] continues to refuse to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights."[44] The [European Union](/source/European_Union) accuses Cuba of ["continuing flagrant violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms"](/source/Human_rights_in_Cuba), but also "Reiterates its condemnation of the US embargo on Cuba, and calls for it to be lifted forthwith, as the UN General Assembly has repeatedly demanded."[45]

Cuba has developed a growing relationship with the [People's Republic of China](/source/People's_Republic_of_China) and [Russia](/source/Russia). In all, Cuba continues to have formal relations with 160 nations, and provided civilian assistance workers – principally medical – in more than 20 nations.[46] More than [two million exiles](/source/Cuban_exiles) have escaped to foreign countries.[47][48][49][50][51][52][53] Cuba's present [Minister of Foreign Affairs](/source/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Cuba)) is [Bruno Rodríguez Parrilla](/source/Bruno_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Parrilla).

Poster urging citizens to vote to make the socialist system permanent and irrevocable by amending the constitution

Candidates of the 2008 elections of the [national](/source/National_Assembly_of_People's_Power) and provincial parliaments in [Santiago de Cuba](/source/Santiago_de_Cuba)

## Authoritarianism

Main article: [Cuba and democracy](/source/Cuba_and_democracy)

See also: [Grassroots dictatorship](/source/Grassroots_dictatorship) and [International rankings of Cuba](/source/International_rankings_of_Cuba)

Some political scientists characterize the political system of Cuba as non-democratic and authoritarian,[54][55][56][57][58][59] while others challenge this characterization.[33]: 146-149 It is a single-party state where political opposition is not permitted.[57][60] The function of the party is different to that in liberal democracies. It does not propose candidates and is not allowed to influence elections.[33]: 159-160 Candidates are instead nominated directly by citizens with a show of hands in *circunscripciones* (very small districts).[33]: 146-149 Critics challenge whether this is democratic.[61][62] Censorship of information (including limits to internet access) is extensive,[17][63] and independent journalism is repressed in Cuba;[64] [Reporters Without Borders](/source/Reporters_Without_Borders) has characterized Cuba as one of the worst countries in the world for press freedom.[65][66]

Officially, Cuba frames itself as a "[people's democracy](/source/People's_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism))", as opposed to the "[liberal democracy](/source/Liberal_democracy)" of Western states. Cuba thus rejects criticism of its political system as a lack of appreciation for different forms of democracy other than those in capitalist states.[67] It alludes to the grass roots elements in the nomination of candidates at neighborhood level (in the so-called *circunscripciónes*).[68]

Opposition groups inside and outside the country as well as a summary published by Human Rights Watch[69] and certain foreign governments have described the Cuban political system as undemocratic. On the other hand, Cuba is a member of organisations [ALBA](/source/ALBA) and [CELAC](/source/CELAC), that consider themselves democratic.[70] The [United States Government](/source/United_States_Government) has initiated various policy measures ostensibly designed to urge Cuba to undertake political change towards a multi-party electoral system. These plans have been condemned by the Cuban Government, who accuses the United States of meddling in Cuba's affairs.[71]

## Human rights

Main article: [Human rights in Cuba](/source/Human_rights_in_Cuba)

According to [Human Rights Watch](/source/Human_Rights_Watch), Castro constructed a "repressive machinery" that continues to deprive Cubans of their basic rights.[72] The Cuban government has been accused of numerous [human rights abuses](/source/Human_rights_abuse), including [torture](/source/Torture), arbitrary imprisonment, unfair trials, and extrajudicial executions (a.k.a. *"El Paredón"*).[73] Human Rights Watch reports that the government represses nearly all forms of political dissent.[72]

The country's first ever transgender municipal delegate was elected in the province of [Villa Clara](/source/Villa_Clara_Province) in early 2013. [Adela Hernández](/source/Adela_Hern%C3%A1ndez) is a resident of the town of [Caibarién](/source/Caibari%C3%A9n) and works as a nurse electrocardiogram specialist. In Cuba, delegates are not professional politicians and, therefore, do not receive a government salary.[74]

In 2022, the Family Code constitutional amendment passed. This followed hundreds of painstaking assembly discussions within communities and institutions across the island. This Code ensures the protection of rights of adoption, surrogacy, transgender-affirmation, same-sex marriages and the legitimacy of intergenerational households.

## Corruption

Main article: [Corruption in Cuba](/source/Corruption_in_Cuba)

The 2012 Transparency International [Corruption Perceptions Index](/source/Corruption_Perceptions_Index) ranked [Cuba](/source/Cuba) 58th out of 176 countries, tied with [Jordan](/source/Jordan) and [Namibia](/source/Namibia).[75] and has lower levels than most of the other countries in the Caribbean and Central America. In 2006, it was ranked in 112th place, tied with India.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Julio Antonio Fernández Estrada (April 17, 2018). ["What is the Cuban's system of government?"](https://oncubanews.com/en/advertorial/what-is-the-cubans-system-of-government/). On Cuba News. The Cuban State is also recognized as unitary, which is evident given that Cuba does not function as a federation

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** J C Guanche Zaldívar; E C Díaz Galán; H Bertot Triana. ["Cuba: Legal Response to Covid-19"](https://oxcon.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law-occ19/law-occ19-e42?d=%2F10.1093%2Flaw-occ19%2Flaw-occ19-e42&p=emailAcPL1TOjat9lg). Oxford Constitutional Law. Cuba is a unitary republic with a sui generis system of government

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Cuba"](https://plataformaurbana.cepal.org/en/countries/cuba). Urban and Cities Platform of Latin America and the Caribbean. Cuba is a unitary republic with a centrally planned economy that is divided into provinces and municipalities.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [1][2][3]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Gies, Heather (February 27, 2019). ["Cubans approve a new Constitution: What does the vote mean?"](https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/2/27/cubans-approve-a-new-constitution-what-does-the-vote-mean). Retrieved April 28, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Molina, Julio Martínez (April 8, 2021). ["El mejor heredero de la fuerza heroica de la unidad cubana (+Video)"](https://www.granma.cu/octavo-congreso-pcc/2021-04-08/el-mejor-heredero-de-la-fuerza-heroica-de-la-unidad-cubana-08-04-2021-21-04-09) [The Best Heir to the Heroic Force of Cuban Unity (+Video)]. *[Granma](/source/Granma_(newspaper))* (in Spanish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240207115524/https://www.granma.cu/octavo-congreso-pcc/2021-04-08/el-mejor-heredero-de-la-fuerza-heroica-de-la-unidad-cubana-08-04-2021-21-04-09) from the original on February 7, 2024. Retrieved February 7, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Sesin, Carmen; Matos, Orlando (April 16, 2021). ["Cuba's Raul Castro confirms he's stepping down, says he's 'fulfilled his mission'"](https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/cubas-raul-castro-confirms-stepping-head-communist-party-rcna689). *NBC News*. Retrieved April 28, 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Baer, James A. (April 11, 2019). ["Cuban Constitution of 2019"](http://www.coha.org/cuban-constitution-of-2019/). Op-Ed. *Council on Hemispheric Affairs*. Retrieved January 9, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Oppmann, Patrick (April 19, 2021). ["Meet the new leader of Cuba's Communist Party"](https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/19/americas/cuba-castro-diaz-canel-intl-latam/). *CNN*. Retrieved May 19, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (August 16, 2010). [*Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–363. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-139-49148-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49148-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Lachapelle, Jean; Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A.; Casey, Adam E. (2020). ["Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/social-revolution-and-authoritarian-durability/B62A931E63978E8B8466225EC123D2A9). *World Politics*. **72** (4): 557–600. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0043887120000106](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043887120000106). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0043-8871](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8871). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [225096277](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225096277).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Hawkins, Darren (2001). ["Democratization Theory and Nontransitions: Insights from Cuba"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/422443). *Comparative Politics*. **33** (4): 441–461. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/422443](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F422443). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0010-4159](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4159). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [422443](https://www.jstor.org/stable/422443).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (October 3, 2019). ["Who wins the most when everybody wins? Predicting candidate performance in an authoritarian election"](https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1629420). *Democratization*. **26** (7): 1278–1298. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/13510347.2019.1629420](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2019.1629420). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1351-0347](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0347). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [197727359](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197727359).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Domínguez, Jorge I.; Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2017). ["Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions: Election Day Outcomes in Cuba"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-politics-and-society/article/abs/authoritarian-regimes-and-their-permitted-oppositions-election-day-outcomes-in-cuba/3F9E5B1A4EB059A316A9AB2BB0628216). *Latin American Politics and Society*. **59** (2): 27–52. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/laps.12017](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flaps.12017). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1531-426X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-426X). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [157677498](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157677498).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-vdem_dataset_15-0)** V-Dem Institute (2023). ["The V-Dem Dataset"](https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/). Retrieved October 14, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Stein, Elizabeth Ann (2016). ["Information and Civil Unrest in Dictatorships"](https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-35). *Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.35](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190228637.013.35). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-022863-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022863-7).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-HRW-Cuba-III-19993_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-HRW-Cuba-III-19993_17-1) "Impediments to Human Rights in Cuban Law (Part III)". [*Cuba's Repressive Machinery: Human Rights Forty Years After the Revolution*](https://archive.org/details/cubasrepressivem00huma). Human Rights Watch. June 1999. pp. 27–68. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-56432-234-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-234-3). Retrieved August 7, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Michael_C._Moynihan3_18-0)** Moynihan, Michael C. (February 22, 2008). ["Still Stuck on Castro - How the press handled a tyrant's farewell"](http://www.reason.com/news/show/125095.html). Retrieved March 25, 2009.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["62nd General Assembly Reports: Cuba"](http://www.sipiapa.com/v4/det_informe.php?asamblea=3&infoid=62&idioma=us). Inter American Press Association. October 3, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Press_Freedom_Index_20153_20-0)** ["Press Freedom Index 2015"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150212093137if_/http://index.rsf.org/#!/), Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 12 November 2015

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["Press Freedom Index 2008"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221403/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf) (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf) (PDF) on March 3, 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:02_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:02_22-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:02_22-2) Cederlöf, Gustav (2023). *The Low-Carbon Contradiction: Energy Transition, Geopolitics, and the Infrastructural State in Cuba*. Critical environments: nature, science, and politics. Oakland, California: [University of California Press](/source/University_of_California_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-520-39313-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-39313-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Cuba sets out new constitutional reforms"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-44836358). *BBC News*. July 15, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Marc Frank (February 21, 2019). ["Explainer: What is old and new in Cuba's proposed constitution"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cuba-constitution-explainer/explainer-what-is-old-and-new-in-cubas-proposed-constitution-idUSKCN1QA273). *Reuters*. Retrieved January 9, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Antonio Recio (August 21, 2018). ["Some Traps in Cuba's New Constitution"](https://havanatimes.org/?p=139909). The Havana Times.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Cuba expands rights but rejects radical change in updated constitution"](https://www.upi.com/Cuba-expands-rights-but-rejects-radical-change-in-updated-constitution/1601551276671/). *UPI*. Retrieved January 9, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Mega, Emiliano Rodríguez (March 8, 2019). ["Cuba acknowledges climate change threats in its constitution"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00760-3). *Nature*. **567** (7747): 155. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019Natur.567..155M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.567..155M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/d41586-019-00760-3](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-00760-3). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [30862928](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30862928).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [Cuban Political system](http://www.hellocuba.ca/political_system.php#Cuban_Political_System) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191224112550/http://www.hellocuba.ca/political_system.php#Cuban_Political_System) 2019-12-24 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Cuba education tools.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Cuba's Parliament Seeks to Approve Constitutional Change Ratifying Socialism"](https://www.foxnews.com/story/cubas-parliament-seeks-to-approve-constitutional-change-ratifying-socialism/). Associated Press. June 21, 2002. Retrieved January 21, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["AFP: Cuba's neighborhood watches: 50 years of eyes, ears"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130410190428/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gq3GU2QzFyRWT84_YNvI3mgOy7tg?docId=CNG.cd0ab416a2c7901c0abb23f392c5057d.ad1). April 10, 2013. Archived from [the original](http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gq3GU2QzFyRWT84_YNvI3mgOy7tg?docId=CNG.cd0ab416a2c7901c0abb23f392c5057d.ad1) on April 10, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Cuba's Constitution of 2019"](https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Cuba_2019.pdf?lang=en) (PDF). *Constitute Project*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Querido, Leandro (September 21, 2022). ["The Cuban referendum and the right to vote"](https://latinoamerica21.com/en/the-cuban-referendum-and-the-right-to-vote/). *Latinoamérica 21*. Retrieved April 6, 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-august2013_33-9) August, Arnold (2013). [*Cuba and Its Neighbours: Democracy in Motion*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BGcOywAACAAJ). Zed books ltd. pp. 146–175. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781848138667](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848138667).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Elecciones nacionales en Cuba con alta participación popular"](https://www.granma.cu/elecciones-cuba-2022-2023/2023-03-27/elecciones-nacionales-en-cuba-con-alta-participacion-popular). *Granma.cu* (in Spanish). Retrieved March 28, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** [El sistema político y electoral cubano](http://www.cubasocialista.com/democracia1.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090130090254/http://cubasocialista.com/democracia1.htm) 2009-01-30 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Cubasocialista.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["Ley No. 127, Artículo 93.1"](http://www.bnjm.cu/secc/home/ley-electoral.pdf) (PDF). August 19, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Ley No. 72, Artículo 171"](https://oncubanews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Ley-Electoral-2017-18.pdf) (PDF). April 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Emilio Antonio Duharte Díaz (Winter 2018). ["The Cuban Political System: Current Status and Possible Reforms for an Integral and Democratic Participative Transformation"](https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fintejcubastud.10.2.0175). *International Journal of Cuban Studies*. **10** (2): 175–208. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.13169/intejcubastud.10.2.0175](https://doi.org/10.13169%2Fintejcubastud.10.2.0175). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [10.13169/intejcubastud.10.2.0175](https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13169/intejcubastud.10.2.0175).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Cuban Solidarity Campaign. ["Cuban Democracy Fact Sheet"](https://cuba-solidarity.org.uk/resources/democracyfactsheet2015.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved June 27, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** ["Sesión constitutiva de la Asamblea Nacional del Poder Popular para su X Legislatura minuto a minuto"](https://www.radiotrinidad.icrt.cu/2023/04/19/sesion-constitutiva-de-la-asamblea-nacional-del-poder-popular-para-su-x-legislatura-minuto-a-minuto/). *radiotrinidad.icky.cu* (in Spanish). April 19, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["ana-maria-mari-machado"](https://www.parlamentocubano.gob.cu/ana-maria-mari-machado). *National Assembly of People's Power* (in Spanish). Retrieved August 9, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["homero-acosta-alvarez"](https://www.parlamentocubano.gob.cu/homero-acosta-alvarez). *National Assembly of People's Power* (in Spanish). Retrieved August 9, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["US Lawmakers Say Normalize Cuba Relations"](http://www.lataminfo.org/post/?php=1218) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090903231300/http://www.lataminfo.org/post/?php=1218) 2009-09-03 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), lataminfo.org, April 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Cuban Democracy Act of 1992"](https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/wha/cuba/democ_act_1992.html). State Department.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["EU-Cuba relations"](http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2004:076E:0384:0386:EN:PDF). *Official Journal of the European Union*. September 4, 2003.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [Cuba (09/01)](https://2001-2009.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/c/13238.htm) US Department of State report

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Pedraza, Silvia (September 2007). [*Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus*](https://web.archive.org/web/20210204085722/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/315e/9c08d134f324c22b8c33df60901bc7a381d4.pdf) (PDF). Cambridge University Press. [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [152534369](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152534369). Archived from [the original](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/315e/9c08d134f324c22b8c33df60901bc7a381d4.pdf) (PDF) on February 4, 2021. Retrieved January 30, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Pedraza, Silvia (1998). ["Cuba's Revolution and Exodus"](https://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jii/4750978.0005.204/--cuba-s-revolution-and-exodus?rgn=main;view=fulltext). *The Journal of the International Institute*. **5** (2). Retrieved January 30, 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** [*Radio Broadcasting to Cuba Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, Second Session · Parts 1-2*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MeFJAQAAIAAJ&dq=cuban+exodus&pg=PA532). US Government Printing Office. 1983. p. 532.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Powell, John (2005). ["Cuban immigration"](https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&q=%22cubans+are+usually+considered+to+be+the+most+successful%22&pg=PA68). *Encyclopedia of North American Immigration*. Facts on File. pp. 68–71. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781438110127](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110127). Retrieved December 22, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** ["Cuban Exiles in America"](https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/castro-cuban-exiles-america/). *[PBS](/source/PBS)*. 2005.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** Vicent, Mauricio (December 15, 2022). ["The Cuban migration crisis: Biggest exodus in history holds key to Havana-Washington relations"](https://english.elpais.com/international/2022-12-15/the-cuban-migration-crisis-biggest-exodus-in-history-holds-key-to-havana-washington-relations.html). *[El País English](/source/El_Pa%C3%ADs)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** Duany, Jorge (July 3, 2017). ["Cuban Migration: A Postrevolution Exodus Ebbs and Flows"](https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/cuban-migration-postrevolution-exodus-ebbs-and-flows). *[Migration Policy Institute](/source/Migration_Policy_Institute)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Hoffmann, Bert (October 1, 2015). ["The international dimension of authoritarian regime legitimation: insights from the Cuban case"](https://doi.org/10.1057/jird.2014.9). *Journal of International Relations and Development*. **18** (4): 556–574. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1057/jird.2014.9](https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fjird.2014.9). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1581-1980](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1581-1980). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [144107918](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144107918).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A. (August 16, 2010). [*Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War*](https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC). Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–363. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-139-49148-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49148-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** Lachapelle, Jean; Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan A.; Casey, Adam E. (2020). ["Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/social-revolution-and-authoritarian-durability/B62A931E63978E8B8466225EC123D2A9). *World Politics*. **72** (4): 557–600. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0043887120000106](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0043887120000106). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0043-8871](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8871). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [225096277](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225096277).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_57-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_57-1) Miller, Nicola (January 1, 2003). ["The Absolution of History: Uses of the Past in Castro's Cuba"](https://doi.org/10.1177/0022009403038001969). *Journal of Contemporary History*. **38** (1): 147–162. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0022009403038001969](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009403038001969). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0022-0094](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [153348631](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153348631).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** Geoffray, Marie Laure (2015). ["Transnational Dynamics of Contention in Contemporary Cuba"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022216X15000048/type/journal_article). *Journal of Latin American Studies*. **47** (2): 223–249. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0022216X15000048](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022216X15000048). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0022-216X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-216X). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [146318186](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146318186).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** Hawkins, Darren (2001). ["Democratization Theory and Nontransitions: Insights from Cuba"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/422443). *Comparative Politics*. **33** (4): 441–461. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/422443](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F422443). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0010-4159](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4159). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [422443](https://www.jstor.org/stable/422443).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:2_60-0)** Schedler, Andreas; Hoffmann, Bert (2015). ["Communicating authoritarian elite cohesion"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13510347.2015.1095181). *Democratization*. **23**: 93–117. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/13510347.2015.1095181](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2015.1095181). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1351-0347](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0347). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [146645252](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146645252).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (October 3, 2019). ["Who wins the most when everybody wins? Predicting candidate performance in an authoritarian election"](https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2019.1629420). *Democratization*. **26** (7): 1278–1298. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/13510347.2019.1629420](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13510347.2019.1629420). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1351-0347](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1351-0347). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [197727359](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197727359).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** Domínguez, Jorge I.; Galvis, Ángela Fonseca; Superti, Chiara (2017). ["Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions: Election Day Outcomes in Cuba"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-politics-and-society/article/abs/authoritarian-regimes-and-their-permitted-oppositions-election-day-outcomes-in-cuba/3F9E5B1A4EB059A316A9AB2BB0628216). *Latin American Politics and Society*. **59** (2): 27–52. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/laps.12017](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Flaps.12017). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1531-426X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-426X). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [157677498](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157677498).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Michael_C._Moynihan_63-0)** Moynihan, Michael C. (February 22, 2008). ["Still Stuck on Castro - How the press handled a tyrant's farewell"](http://www.reason.com/news/show/125095.html). Retrieved March 25, 2009.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** ["62nd General Assembly Reports: Cuba"](http://www.sipiapa.com/v4/det_informe.php?asamblea=3&infoid=62&idioma=us). Inter American Press Association. October 3, 2006. Retrieved August 6, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Press_Freedom_Index_2015_65-0)** ["Press Freedom Index 2015"](http://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details/CUB) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150827202105/http://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details/CUB) 2015-08-27 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 12 November 2015

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** ["Press Freedom Index 2008"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090303221403/http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf) (PDF). Reporters Without Borders. 2008. Archived from [the original](http://www.rsf.org/IMG/pdf/cl_en_2008.pdf) (PDF) on March 3, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** Roman, Peter. ["Electing Cuba's National Assembly Deputies: Proposals, Selections, Nominations, and Campaigns"](http://www.cedla.uva.nl/50_publications/pdf/revista/82RevistaEuropea/82-Roman-ISSN-0924-0608.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved January 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** Mendoza, Juan. ["Elecciones en Cuba - un proceso democrático"](http://www.cubadebate.cu/noticias/2012/12/24/elecciones-en-cuba-un-proceso-democratico/#.VKaxbXsWDZ0). *Cubadebate*. Retrieved January 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** Human Rights Watch. ["Country Summary: Cuba"](https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k6/pdf/cuba.pdf) (PDF). *Human Rights Watch*. Retrieved January 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** August, Arnold (April 2012). ["CELAC Defines Democracy and Cuba Is Fully Involved"](https://www.democracyintheus.com/CELAC_Defines_Democracy_and_Cuba_Is_Fully_Involved.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved May 1, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-TVNZ_787408_71-0)** ["Cuban official discounts US action"](http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411319/787408). *[Television New Zealand](/source/Television_New_Zealand)*. [Reuters](/source/Reuters). July 14, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-hrw_72-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-hrw_72-1) ["Cuba: Fidel Castro's Abusive Machinery Remains Intact"](https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2008/02/18/cuba-fidel-castro-s-abusive-machinery-remains-intact). Human Rights Watch. February 18, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** ["Information about human rights in Cuba"](http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Cuba67sp/indice.htm) (in Spanish). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. April 7, 1967. Retrieved July 9, 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Havana_74-0)** Fernando Ravsberg (January 8, 2014). ["Cuba's First Transsexual Politician"](http://www.havanatimes.org/?p=101090). *Havana Times*. Retrieved January 9, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** ["Transparency International - the global coalition against corruption"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131129013918/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/#CountryResults). Transparency International. 2012. Archived from [the original](http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/results/#CountryResults) on November 29, 2013. Retrieved March 24, 2012.

## Notes

## Further reading

- Erikson, Daniel P. (2005). "Charting Castro's Possible Successors". *SAIS Review 25.1*, 89–103.

- Evenson, Debra (1994). *Revolution in the balance: Law and society in contemporary Cuba.* Westview Press, Boulder. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8133-8466-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-8466-4).

- Grenier, Yvon (2017), *Culture and the Cuban State; Participation, Recognition, and Dissonance under Communism* (Lexington Books)

- (fr) [Danielle Bleitrach](/source/Danielle_Bleitrach) and Jean-François Bonaldi, *Cuba, Fidel et le Che ou l'aventure du socialisme*, Editions *Le Temps des Cerises*, 2009 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-2-8410-9671-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8410-9671-8).

## External links

- [Cuba portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cuba)

- [Cubaweb – Official Cuban Web Portal](http://www.cubaweb.cu) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20050713080042/http://www.cubaweb.cu/) 2005-07-13 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Gobierno de la República de Cuba – Government of the Republic of Cuba](http://www.cubagov.cu/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070408060930/http://www.cubagov.cu/) 2007-04-08 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Cuban Parliament](http://www.parlamentocubano.cu/)

- [People's Supreme Court](http://www.tsp.cu/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130630041003/http://www.tsp.cu/) 2013-06-30 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

v t e Cuba articles History Pre-Revolution Timeline Colonial governors Slavery Ten Years' War Little War Cuban War of Independence Sinking of USS Maine Spanish–American War Platt Amendment Republic World War I 1932 hurricane World War II Cuban Revolution Attack on the Moncada Barracks Landing of the Granma United States embargo against Cuba Triumph of the Revolution Post-Revolution Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution San Juan Hill massacre Revolution first, elections later Agrarian reforms in Cuba Huber Matos affair Golden exile Escambray rebellion La Coubre explosion Operation Peter Pan Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban literacy campaign P.M. affair Four Year Plan (Cuba) Night of the Three Ps Escalante affair Cuban Missile Crisis Great Debate (Cuba) Freedom Flights Revolutionary Offensive Grey years Padilla affair Institutionalization process Sovietization of Cuba Cuban intervention in Angola Mariel boatlift Peruvian Havana Embassy Crisis of 1980 Rectification process Special Period Dollarization of Cuba Maleconazo 1994 Cuban rafter crisis Battle of Ideas Elian Gonzalez affair Energy Revolution Fidel's transfer of power Cuban thaw 2026 Cuban crisis Cities History of Havana Timeline Other cities Timelines: Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Guantánamo, Holguín, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba Geography Cities Municipalities Provinces Islands Earthquakes Hurricanes Rivers World Heritage Sites Politics Constitution Corruption Council of Ministers Council of State Elections Exodus Foreign relations Human rights Censorship Human trafficking LGBT Law Political parties Cuban Communist Party First Secretary National Assembly of People's Power President Propaganda President of Cuba list Vice President of Cuba Prime Minister of Cuba list Military Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR) Revolutionary Army Revolutionary Navy Air Force Territorial Troops Militia National Army (defunct) Law enforcement National Revolutionary Police Force Intelligence Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Dirección General de Inteligencia Military Counterintelligence Directorate Economy Agriculture Agrarian reform Cooperatives Central bank Dual economy of Cuba Peso (currency) Convertible peso International rankings Telecommunications Tourism Transport airline Culture Society Art Architecture Cinema Cigars Cuisine Dance Education Universities Health Healthcare Hospitals Internet Censorship Language Literature Media Newspapers TV Music Musical theater Festivals Public holidays Radio Rationing Religion Scouting and Guiding Sociolismo Sport Association Football Baseball Boxing Women Demographics Cubans Afro-Cuban American Cape Verdean Chinese Ciboney Filipino French Haitian Isleños Italian Japanese Jewish Korean Lebanese Mexican Spanish White By occupation Architects Artists Athletes Baseball players Painters abstract Writers women Category Outline

v t e Politics of the Americas Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands U.S. Virgin Islands North America Central America Caribbean South America

Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Politics of Cuba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cuba?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.