# Polariton > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Polariton > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Polariton.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariton > Source revision: 1355337481 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling}} {{Distinguish|Polaron}} {{too technical|date=April 2018}} [[Image:Phonon polaritons.svg|thumb|270px|[Dispersion relation](/source/Dispersion_relation) of phonon polaritons in [GaP](/source/Gallium_phosphide). Red curves are the uncoupled phonon and photon dispersion relations, black curves are the result of coupling (from top to bottom: upper polariton, LO phonon, lower polariton).]] {{Condensed matter physics}} In [physics](/source/physics), '''polaritons''' {{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|l|ær|ᵻ|t|ɒ|n|z|,_|p|oʊ|-}}{{refn|{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Polariton |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117083254/https://www.lexico.com/definition/polariton |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-01-17 |title=Polariton |dictionary=[Lexico](/source/Lexico) UK English Dictionary |publisher=[Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press)}} }} are [boson](/source/boson)ic [quasiparticle](/source/quasiparticle)s resulting from strong coupling of [electromagnetic wave](/source/electromagnetic_wave)s (photon) with an [electric](/source/Electricity) or [magnetic](/source/Magnetism) [dipole](/source/dipole)-carrying [excitation](/source/Excitation_(magnetic)) (state) of solid or liquid matter (such as a [phonon](/source/phonon), [plasmon](/source/plasmon), or an [exciton](/source/exciton)).{{example needed|date=April 2018}} Polaritons describe the crossing of the [dispersion](/source/dispersion_(optics)) of light with any interacting [resonance](/source/resonance). They are an expression of [level repulsion](/source/level_repulsion) ([quantum](/source/Quantum_mechanics) phenomenon), also known as the [avoided crossing principle](/source/Avoided_crossing). To this extent polaritons can be thought of as the new [normal modes](/source/normal_modes) of a given material or structure arising from the strong coupling of the bare modes, which are the photon and the dipolar oscillation. [Boson](/source/Boson)ic quasiparticles are distinct from [polarons](/source/polaron) ([fermion](/source/fermion)ic quasiparticle), which is an electron plus an attached [phonon](/source/phonon) cloud. Polaritons violate the weak coupling limit and the associated photons do not propagate freely in crystals. Instead, propagation speed depends strongly on the [frequency](/source/frequency) of the photon. Significant experimental results on various aspects of [exciton-polaritons](/source/Exciton-polariton) have been gained in the case of [copper(I) oxide](/source/copper(I)_oxide). == History == Oscillations in ionized gases were observed by [Lewi Tonks](/source/Lewi_Tonks) and [Irving Langmuir](/source/Irving_Langmuir) in 1929.{{Cite journal|last1=Tonks|first1=Lewi|last2=Langmuir|first2=Irving|date=1929-02-01|title=Oscillations in Ionized Gases|journal=Physical Review|volume=33|issue=2|pages=195–210|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.33.195|pmid=16587379 |bibcode=1929PhRv...33..195T|pmc=1085653}} Polaritons were first considered theoretically by [Kirill Borisovich Tolpygo](/source/Kirill_Borisovich_Tolpygo).K.B. Tolpygo, "Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions", ''Zh. Eks.Teor. Fiz''. vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 497–509 (1950), English translation: ''Ukrainian Journal of Physics'', vol. 53, special issue (2008); {{cite web |url=http://ujp.bitp.kiev.ua/files/journals/53/si/53SI21p.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-10-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208052530/http://ujp.bitp.kiev.ua/files/journals/53/si/53SI21p.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 }} They were termed light-excitons in Soviet scientific literature. That name was suggested by [Solomon Isaakovich Pekar](/source/Solomon_Isaakovich_Pekar), but the term ''polariton,'' proposed by [John Hopfield](/source/John_Hopfield), was adopted. Coupled states of electromagnetic waves and phonons in ionic crystals and their dispersion relation, now known as phonon polaritons, were obtained by [Kirill Tolpygo](/source/Kirill_Tolpygo) in 1950{{Cite journal|title = Physical properties of a rock salt lattice made up of deformable ions|last = Tolpygo|first = K.B.|date = 1950|journal = Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoi I Teoreticheskoi Fiziki (J. Exp. Theor. Phys.)|volume = 20|issue = 6|pages = 497–509, in Russian}} and independently by [Huang Kun](/source/Huang_Kun) in 1951.{{Cite journal|title = Lattice vibrations and optical waves in ionic crystals|last = Huang|first = Kun|date = 1951|journal = Nature|doi = 10.1038/167779b0|volume = 167|issue = 4254|pages = 779–780|bibcode = 1951Natur.167..779H |s2cid = 30926099}}{{Cite journal|title = On the interaction between the radiation field and ionic crystals|last = Huang|first = Kun|date = 1951|journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of London|doi = 10.1098/rspa.1951.0166|volume = 208|issue = 1094|pages = 352–365|bibcode = 1951RSPSA.208..352H|s2cid = 97746500}} Collective interactions were published by [David Pines](/source/David_Pines) and [David Bohm](/source/David_Bohm) in 1952, and [plasmon](/source/plasmon)s were described in silver by [Herbert Fröhlich](/source/Herbert_Fr%C3%B6hlich) and H. Pelzer in 1955. R.H. Ritchie predicted surface plasmons in 1957, then Ritchie and H.B. Eldridge published experiments and predictions of emitted photons from irradiated metal foils in 1962. Otto first published on surface plasmon-polaritons in 1968.{{Cite journal|title = Excitation of nonradiative surface plasma waves in silver by the method of frustrated total reflection|last = Otto|first = A.|date = 1968|journal = Z. Phys.|doi = 10.1007/BF01391532|volume = 216|issue = 4|pages = 398–410|bibcode = 1968ZPhy..216..398O |s2cid = 119934323}} Room-temperature [superfluidity of polaritons](/source/polariton_superfluid) was observed in 2016 by Giovanni Lerario et al., at [CNR NANOTEC](/source/National_Research_Council_(Italy)) Institute of Nanotechnology, using an organic microcavity supporting stable [Frenkel exciton-polaritons](/source/Exciton) at room temperature.{{Cite journal|title = Room-temperature superfluidity in a polariton condensate|last1 = Lerario|first1 = Giovanni|first2 = Antonio|last2 = Fieramosca|first3 = Fábio|last3 = Barachati|first4 = Dario|last4 = Ballarini|first5 = Konstantinos S.|last5 = Daskalakis|first6 = Lorenzo|last6 = Dominici|first7 = Milena|last7 = De Giorgi|first8 = Stefan A.|last8 = Maier|first9 = Giuseppe|last9 = Gigli|first10 = Stéphane|last10 = Kéna-Cohen|first11 = Daniele|last11 = Sanvitto|year = 2017|journal = Nature Physics|doi = 10.1038/nphys4147|volume =13|issue = 9|pages = 837–841|bibcode =2017NatPh..13..837L |arxiv = 1609.03153|s2cid = 119298251}} In 2018, scientists reported the discovery of a new three-photon form of [light](/source/light), which may involve polaritons and could be useful in [quantum computer](/source/quantum_computer)s.{{cite web |last=Hignett |first=Katherine |title=Physics Creates New Form Of Light That Could Drive The Quantum Computing Revolution |url=http://www.newsweek.com/photons-light-physics-808862 |date=16 February 2018 |work=[Newsweek](/source/Newsweek) |access-date=17 February 2018 }}{{cite journal |author=Liang, Qi-Yu|display-authors=etal|title=Observation of three-photon bound states in a quantum nonlinear medium |date=16 February 2018 |journal=[Science](/source/Science_(journal)) |volume=359 |issue=6377 |pages=783–786 |doi=10.1126/science.aao7293 |arxiv=1709.01478 |bibcode=2018Sci...359..783L |pmid=29449489 |pmc=6467536 }} In 2024 researchers reported ultrastrong coupling of the [PEPI](/source/Pepi_(disambiguation)) layer in a Fabry-Pérot microcavity consisting of two partially reflective mirrors. The PEPI layer is a two-dimensional [perovskite](/source/perovskite) made of (PEA)2PbI4 (phenethylammonium [lead iodide](/source/lead_iodide)). Placing a PEPI layer within a [Fabry-Pérot microcavity](/source/Fabry%E2%80%93P%C3%A9rot_interferometer) forms polaritons and allows control of exciton-exciton annihilation, increasing solar cell efficiency and ED intensity.{{Cite web |last=Daugherty |first=Justin |date=2024-08-09 |title=Stronger Together: Coupling Excitons to Polaritons for Better Solar Cells & Higher Intensity LEDs |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2024/08/08/stronger-together-coupling-excitons-to-polaritons-for-better-solar-cells-higher-intensity-leds/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=CleanTechnica |publisher=US Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory |language=en-US}} ==Types== A polariton is the result of the combination of a [photon](/source/photon) with a polar excitation in a material. The following are types of polaritons: * [Phonon polaritons](/source/Phonon_polaritons) result from coupling of an [infrared](/source/infrared) photon with an optical [phonon](/source/phonon) * [Exciton polaritons](/source/Exciton-polaritons) result from coupling of [visible light](/source/visible_light) with an [exciton](/source/exciton) {{cite book |last=Fox |first=Mark |page=107 |date=2010 |title=Optical Properties of Solids |edition=2 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/optical-properties-of-solids-9780199573370?lang=en&cc=no |publisher=[Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press) |isbn=978-0199573370 }} * [Intersubband polariton](/source/Intersubband_polariton)s result from coupling of an [infrared](/source/infrared) or [terahertz](/source/Terahertz_radiation) photon with an [intersubband excitation](/source/intersubband_excitation) * [Surface plasmon polaritons](/source/Surface_plasmon_polaritons) result from coupling of [surface plasmon](/source/surface_plasmon)s with light (the wavelength depends on the substance and its geometry) * Bragg polaritons ("Braggoritons") result from coupling of [Bragg photon modes](/source/Photonic_crystal) with bulk [exciton](/source/exciton)s{{cite journal | last1 = Eradat | first1 = N. | display-authors = etal | year = 2002 | title = Evidence for braggoriton excitations in opal photonic crystals infiltrated with highly polarizable dyes | journal = Appl. Phys. Lett. | volume = 80 | issue = 19| page = 3491 | doi=10.1063/1.1479197| arxiv = cond-mat/0105205 | bibcode = 2002ApPhL..80.3491E | s2cid = 119077076 }} * [Plexciton](/source/Plexciton)s result from coupling [plasmon](/source/plasmon)s with excitons{{Cite journal|last1=Yuen-Zhou|first1=Joel|last2=Saikin|first2=Semion K.|last3=Zhu|first3=Tony|last4=Onbasli|first4=Mehmet C.|last5=Ross|first5=Caroline A.|last6=Bulovic|first6=Vladimir|last7=Baldo|first7=Marc A.|date=2016-06-09|title=Plexciton Dirac points and topological modes|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=7|article-number=11783|doi=10.1038/ncomms11783|issn=2041-1723|pmc=4906226|pmid=27278258|arxiv=1509.03687|bibcode=2016NatCo...711783Y}} * Magnon polaritons result from coupling of [magnon](/source/magnon) with light * Pi-tons result from coupling of alternating charge or spin fluctuations with light, distinctly different from magnon or exciton polaritons{{cite journal | last1 = Kauch | first1 = A. | display-authors = etal | year = 2020 | title = Generic Optical Excitations of Correlated Systems: pi-tons| journal = Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume = 124 | issue = 4| article-number = 047401 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.047401 | pmid = 32058776 | arxiv = 1902.09342 | bibcode = 2020PhRvL.124d7401K | s2cid = 119215630 }} * Cavity polaritons {{cite book |last= Klingshirn |first=Claus F. |date= 2012-07-06|title=Semiconductor Optics |edition=4 |url=https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783642283611 |publisher=Springer |page=105 |isbn=978-364228362-8 }} ==See also== *[Atomic coherence](/source/Atomic_coherence) *[Polariton laser](/source/Polariton_laser) *[Polariton superfluid](/source/Polariton_superfluid) *[Polaritonics](/source/Polaritonics) == References == {{Reflist|2}} ==Further reading== *{{cite journal|title=The Interaction of Radio-Frequency Fields With Dielectric Materials at Macroscopic to Mesoscopic Scales|first=J.|last=Baker-Jarvis|journal=[Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology](/source/Journal_of_Research_of_the_National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology)|volume=117|publisher=National Institute of Science and Technology|year=2012|pages=1–60|doi=10.6028/jres.117.001|pmc=4553869|pmid=26900513|author-link1=James Baker-Jarvis}} *{{cite journal |last=Fano |first=U. |year=1956 |title=Atomic Theory of Electromagnetic Interactions in Dense Materials |journal=Physical Review |volume=103 |issue=5 |pages=1202–1218 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.103.1202 |bibcode = 1956PhRv..103.1202F }} *{{cite journal |last=Hopfield |first=J. J. |year=1958 |title=Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals |journal=Physical Review |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=1555–1567 |doi=10.1103/PhysRev.112.1555 |bibcode = 1958PhRv..112.1555H }} *{{cite news|title=New type of supercomputer could be based on 'magic dust' combination of light and matter |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/new-type-of-supercomputer-could-be-based-on-magic-dust-combination-of-light-and-matter|access-date=28 September 2017|publisher=University of Cambridge|date=25 September 2017|language=en}} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sWmvZ0IGrsU YouTube animation explaining what is polariton in a semiconductor micro-resonator.] * [https://polaritonics.nanotec.cnr.it/ Description of the experimental research on polariton fluids at the Institute of Nanotechnologies.] {{particles}} {{Authority control}} Category:Quasiparticles * --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Polariton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariton) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariton?action=history)). 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