# Podonectria

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***Podonectria*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) in the monotypic **Podonectriaceae** family of [fungi](/source/Fungi).[2] They are parasitic fungus on [scale insects](/source/Scale_insects), other fungi, or on substrates that had previously colonized by other fungi.

The family of Podonectriaceae was introduced to accommodate genus *Podonectria* by Dao et al. in 2016.[3] This was later confirmed by ITS and [LSU](/source/LSU) data.[4]

## Description

They generally have a sexual morph that has a byssoid (wispy, cottony or teased wool appearance) [stromata](/source/Stromata) which is well-developed or scant and white to brown or dark-brown. The ascomata is solitary or aggregated, superficial on or immersed in the stroma. It is globose to subglobose, obpyriform or ovoid in shape, cream white to light yellow, or brown to dark brown in colour and covered with hairs or absent. The hamathecium (i.e., all of the fungal hyphae or other tissues between asci) consists of numerous reticulate, filiform, septate and branched pseudoparaphyses. The [asci](/source/Ascus) is 8-spored, bitunicate (double walled) and long clavate to cylindric in shape. The ascospores are long clavate to long cylindric, or vermiform in shape. They are also multiseptate. The species in the genus also have an asexual morph that is tetracrium-like. The sporodochia is formed directly on cushion-shaped, white, orange, or brown, and hard stroma. The [conidiophores](/source/Conidiophores) are moniliform (bead-shaped). The [conidia](/source/Conidia) are usually 1–4 'arm-like', narrowed toward the apex, joined at the basal cell and multiseptate.[4]

## History

Genus *Podonectria* was introduced by Petch,[1] to accommodate species of *[Ophionectria](/source/Ophionectria)* (in the [Nectriaceae](/source/Nectriaceae) family), which are parasitic on [scale insects](/source/Scale_insects) and have thick-walled [asci](/source/Ascus), long, multiseptate [ascospores](/source/Ascospores), and a tetracrium-like conidial stage. The type species, *Podonectria coccicola* was transferred from *Ophionectria coccicola* and is associated with the scale insects of *[Aonidiella aurantia](/source/Aonidiella_aurantia)* , *[Aspidiotus perniciosus](/source/Aspidiotus_perniciosus)* , *[Chrysomphalus aonidum](/source/Chrysomphalus_aonidum)* , *[Lepidosaphes beckii](/source/Lepidosaphes_beckii)* , *[Lepidosaphes gloverii](/source/Lepidosaphes_gloverii)* , *[Leucapsis](/source/Leucapsis)* sp., *[Parlatoria pergandii](/source/Parlatoria_pergandii)* , *[Parlatoria ziziphi](/source/Parlatoria_ziziphi)* , and *[Unaspis citri](/source/Unaspis_citri)* which are all mainly found on *[Rutaceae](/source/Rutaceae)* species of plants.[5][6][3] Species *Puttemansia aurantii* , was initially found to be the type specimen of the asexual morph *Tetracrium aurantii* and is associated with scale insect *[Parlatoria ziziphi](/source/Parlatoria_ziziphi)* which feeds on *[Citrus aurantium](/source/Citrus_aurantium)* , was also transferred to the *Podonectria* genus as *Podonectria aurantii* .[1] A new species collected from *[Lepidosaphes](/source/Lepidosaphes)* sp. on *[Citrus nobilis](/source/Citrus_nobilis)* was named as *Podonectria echinata*.[1] Additionally, two new species, *Podonectria gahnia* and *Podonectria novae-zelandiae* , were reported by [J.M. Dingley](/source/Joan_Dingley) in 1954 from scale insects in New Zealand,[5] they were later followed by a new fungus *Podonectria tenuispora* collected from *[Lepidosaphes ulmi](/source/Lepidosaphes_ulmi)* found on *[Calluna vulgaris](/source/Calluna_vulgaris)* .[7] Subsequently, Rossman transferred species *Ophionectria coccorum* , associated with *[Fiorinia juniperi](/source/Fiorinia_juniperi)* , and also *Lasiosphaeria larvaespora* on an undetermined scale insect also to *Podonectria*, viz. *Podonectria coccorum* and *Podonectria larvaespora* .[8] The fungal species *Trichonectria bambusicola* was referred as *Podonectria bambusicola* on account of it having scolecosporous ascospores (having very long worm-like spores) and tetracrium-like conidia by Pirozynski.[9] However, *Podonectria bambusicola* was excluded because of its occurrence on living leaves of bamboo rather than scale insects and remained an unclassified [loculoascomycete](/source/Loculoascomycetes) (class of fungi with bitunicate Ascomycota).[6] Rossman then published a [monograph](/source/Monograph) on *Podonectria* and accepted eight species in 1978.[6] A later examination of the type specimen of *Trichonectria bambusicola* further revealed that this was a synonym of *Uredinophila erinaceae* .[10] The genus *Podonectria* was characterized by having fleshy, white to brown, uninoculated ascomata with bitunicate asci and long, multiseptated ascospores and also being associated with scale insects.[6] Spatafora et al. transferred the previously reported species *Podonectria cicadellidicola* and *Podonectria citrina* to genus *[Ophiocordyceps](/source/Ophiocordyceps)* (family [Ophiocordycipitaceae](/source/Ophiocordycipitaceae), Order [Hypocreales](/source/Hypocreales)),[11] supported by the previous phylogenetic analyses presented in Quandt et al in 2014.[12] In 2019, Yang et al. found *Podonectria sichuanensis* parasitic around the ascomata of fungus *[Neostagonosporella sichuanensis](/source/Neostagonosporella_sichuanensis)* (in the [Phaeosphaeriaceae](/source/Phaeosphaeriaceae) family) on (water bamboo) *[Phyllostachys heteroclada](/source/Phyllostachys_heteroclada)* in China.[13] In 2021, 3 fungi were associated with *[Kuwanaspis howardi](/source/Kuwanaspis_howardi)*, a scale insect on *Phyllostachys heteroclada* (fishscale bamboo) and *[Pleioblastus amarus](/source/Pleioblastus_amarus)* (bitter bamboo) in China. New species *Podonectria kuwanaspidis* sp. nov. and *Podonectria novae-zelandiae* , as well as *[Microcera kuwanaspidis](/source/Microcera_kuwanaspidis)* sp. nov. ([Nectriaceae](/source/Nectriaceae) family, [Hypocreales](/source/Hypocreales) order),[4]

## Species

As accepted by [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum);[14]

- *[Podonectria aurantii](/source/Podonectria_aurantii)*
- *[Podonectria bambusicola](/source/Podonectria_bambusicola)*
- *[Podonectria coccicola](/source/Podonectria_coccicola)*
- *[Podonectria coccorum](/source/Podonectria_coccorum)*
- *[Podonectria echinata](/source/Podonectria_echinata)*
- *[Podonectria gahnia](/source/Podonectria_gahnia)* [5]
- *[Podonectria larvispora](/source/Podonectria_larvispora)*
- *[Podonectria novae-zelandiae](/source/Podonectria_novae-zelandiae)* [5]
- *[Podonectria sichuanensis](/source/Podonectria_sichuanensis)*
- *[Podonectria tenuispora](/source/Podonectria_tenuispora)* [7]

Former species;[14]

- *P. cicadellidicola* = *[Ophiocordyceps cicadellidicola](/source/Ophiocordyceps_cicadellidicola)*, [Ophiocordycipitaceae](/source/Ophiocordycipitaceae)
- *P. citrina* = *[Ophiocordyceps citrina](/source/Ophiocordyceps_citrina)*, Ophiocordycipitaceae

## References

1. Petch, Studies in entomogenous fungi. The Nectriae parasitic on scale insects. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 7(3): 146 (1921).

1. Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). ["Outline of Ascomycota – 2007"](http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp). *Myconet*. **13**: 1–58. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany.

1. Dao, H.T.; Beattie, G.A.C.; Rossman, A.Y.; Burgess, L.W.; Holford, P. (2016). "Four putative entomopathogenic fungi of armoured scale insects on Citrus in Australia.". *Mycol. Prog.*. **15** (5): 47. [Bibcode:2016MycPr..15...47D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MycPr..15...47D). [doi:10.1007/s11557-016-1188-6](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-016-1188-6)

1. Xu, Xiu-Lan; Zeng, Qian; Lv, Yi-Cong; Jeewon, Rajesh; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S.N.; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Xiao, Qian-Gang; Liu, Ying-Gao; Yang, Chun-Lin (2021). "Insight into the Systematics of Novel Entomopathogenic Fungi Associated with Armored Scale Insect, *Kuwanaspis howardi* (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in China". *J. Fungi*. **7** (8): 628. [doi:10.3390/jof7080628](https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7080628). [PMC 8401669](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8401669). [PMID 34436167](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34436167)

1. Dingley, J.M. (1954). "The Hypocreales of new zealand VI. The genera *Hypocrella*, *Barya*, *Claviceps* and *Podonectria*.". *Trans. R. Soc. N. Z.*. **81**: 489–499.

1. Rossman, A.Y. (1978). "*Podonectria*, a genus in the Pleosporales on scale insects.". *Mycotaxon*. **7**: 163–182.

1. Dennis, R.W.G. (1957). "New British fungi.". *Kew Bull.*. **12** (3): 399–404. [Bibcode:1957KewBu..12..399D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1957KewBu..12..399D). [doi:10.2307/4113704](https://doi.org/10.2307/4113704). [JSTOR 4113704](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4113704)

1. Rossman, A.Y. (1977). "The genus Ophionectria (Euascomycetes, Hypocreales).". *Mycologia*. **69** (2): 355–391. [doi:10.1080/00275514.1977.12020067](https://doi.org/10.1080/00275514.1977.12020067)

1. Pirozynski, K.A. (1977). "Notes on Hyperparasitic Sphaeriales, Hypocreales and 'Hypocreoid Dothideales'.". *Kew Bull.*. **31** (3): 595–610. [Bibcode:1977KewBu..31..595P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977KewBu..31..595P). [doi:10.2307/4119409](https://doi.org/10.2307/4119409). [JSTOR 4119409](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4119409)

1. Rossman, A.Y. (1987). *The Tubeufiaceae and Similar Loculoascomycetes*. Farnham Royal, UK: C.A.B. International. p. 43.

1. Spatafora, J.W.; Quandt, C.A.; Kepler, R.M.; Sung, G.H.; Shrestha, B.; Hywel-Jones, N.L.; Luangsa-ard, J.J. (2015). "New 1F1N species Combinations in *Ophiocordycipitaceae* (Hypocreales).". *IMA Fungus*. **6** (2): 357–362. [doi:10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.07](https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2015.06.02.07). [PMC 4681259](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681259). [PMID 26734546](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26734546)

1. Quandt, C.A.; Kepler, R.M.; Gams, W.; Araújo, J.P.M.; Ban, S.; Evans, H.C.; Hughes, D.; Humber, R.; Hywel-Jones, N.; Li, Z.Z.; Luangsa-Ard, J.J. (2014). "Phylogenetic-based nomenclatural proposals for Ophiocordycipitaceae (Hypocreales) with new combinations in *Tolypocladium*.". *IMA Fungus*. **5** (1): 121–134. [doi:10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.01.12](https://doi.org/10.5598/imafungus.2014.05.01.12). [PMC 4107890](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4107890). [PMID 25083412](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25083412)

1. Yang, C.L.; Xu, X.L.; Liu, Y.G. (2019). "*Podonectria sichuanensis*, a potentially mycopathogenic fungus from Sichuan Province in China.". *Phytotaxa*. **402** (5): 219–231. [doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.402.5.1](https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.402.5.1)

1. ["Species Fungorum - Search Page - Podonectria"](https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp). *www.speciesfungorum.org*. Retrieved 11 August 2023.

## External links

- *[Podonectria](http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=4280)* at [Index Fungorum](/source/Index_Fungorum)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Podonectria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podonectria) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podonectria?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.