# Podalyrieae

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The [tribe](/source/Tribe_(biology)) **Podalyrieae** is one of the subdivisions of the plant [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Fabaceae](/source/Fabaceae).

## Description

The Podalyrieae arose 30.5 ± 2.6 million years ago (in the [Oligocene](/source/Oligocene)) in the [fynbos](/source/Fynbos) ([Cape Floristic Region](/source/Cape_Floristic_Region)) of [South Africa](/source/South_Africa) and is still mostly found there.[3][4] All members of the tribe exhibit either nonsprouting or [sprouting](/source/Resprouter) fire survival strategies.[5] Many species are pollinated by insects, especially [carpenter bees](/source/Carpenter_bees),[6] while others are pollinated by [sunbirds](/source/Sunbirds) or [rodents](/source/Rodents).[3]

The members of this tribe consistently form a [monophyletic clade](/source/Monophyly) in [molecular phylogenetic analyses](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics).[1][6][3][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The tribe does not currently have a node-based definition, but several morphological [synapomorphies](/source/Synapomorphy) have been identified:

"imparipinnately compound leaves, axillary racemose [inflorescences](/source/Inflorescence), carboxylic acid esters of [quinolizidine alkaloids](/source/Quinolizidine#Quinolizidine_alkaloids), and the [isoflavone](/source/Isoflavone) [3′-hydroxydaidzein](/source/Daidzein) as a major seed [flavonoid](/source/Flavonoid)"[1][3][14] as well as "strongly reduced or absent bracteoles and the occurrence of persistent antipodals in the female gametophyte."[6]

## Subtribes and genera

### Subtribe Xiphothecinae

- *[Amphithalea](/source/Amphithalea)* Eckl. & Zeyh.

- *[Xiphotheca](/source/Xiphotheca)* Eckl. & Zeyh.

### Subtribe Podalyriinae

- *[Calpurnia](/source/Calpurnia_(plant))* E. Mey.
- *[Liparia](/source/Liparia_(plant))* L.
- *[Podalyria](/source/Podalyria)* Willd.

- *[Stirtonanthus](/source/Stirtonanthus)* B.-E. van Wyk & A. L. Schutte

- *[Virgilia](/source/Virgilia_(plant))* Poir.

### Unassigned

- *[Cadia](/source/Cadia_(plant))* Forssk.[3]
- *[Cyclopia](/source/Cyclopia_(plant))* Vent.[15]

## References

1. Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, Van Wyk BE, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". *[S Afr J Bot](/source/South_African_Journal_of_Botany)*. **89**: 58–75. [doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001). [hdl:10566/3193](https://hdl.handle.net/10566/3193)

1. Wojciechowski MF (2013). "Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature". *[S Afr J Bot](/source/South_African_Journal_of_Botany)*. **89**: 85–93. [doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017)

1. Boatwright JS; Savolainen V; Van Wyk B-E; Schutte-Vlok AL; Forest F; Van der Bank M (2008). "Systematic position of the anomalous genus *Cadia* and the phylogeny of the tribe Podalyrieae (Fabaceae)". *[Syst Bot](/source/Systematic_Botany)*. **33** (1): 133–147. [doi:10.1600/036364408783887500](https://doi.org/10.1600/036364408783887500)

1. Linder HP (2003). "The radiation of the Cape flora, southern Africa". *[Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc](/source/Cambridge_Philosophical_Society)*. **78** (4): 597–638. [doi:10.1017/S1464793103006171](https://doi.org/10.1017/S1464793103006171). [PMID 14700393](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14700393)

1. Schutte AL, Vlok JH, Van Wyk BE (1995). "Fire-survival strategy—a character of taxonomic, ecological and evolutionary importance in fynbos legumes". *[Pl Syst Evol](/source/Plant_Systematics_and_Evolution)*. **195** (3–4): 243–259. [Bibcode:1995PSyEv.195..243S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995PSyEv.195..243S). [doi:10.1007/BF00989299](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00989299)

1. Schutte AL; Van Wyk BE; Schutte-Vlok AL; Forest F.; Van der Bank M. (1998). "Evolutionary relationships in the Podalyrieae and Liparieae (Fabaceae) based on morphological, cytological, and chemical evidence". *[Pl Syst Evol](/source/Plant_Systematics_and_Evolution)*. **209** (1–2): 1–31. [Bibcode:1998PSyEv.209....1S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PSyEv.209....1S). [doi:10.1007/BF00991521](https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00991521)

1. Cardoso D, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, de Lima HC, Fonty É, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2012). "Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: new insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **99** (12): 1991–2013. [doi:10.3732/ajb.1200380](https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200380). [PMID 23221500](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23221500)

1. Käss E, Wink M (1996). "Molecular evolution of the Leguminosae: Phylogeny of the three subfamilies based on *rbcL*-sequences". *[Biochem Syst Ecol](/source/Biochemical_Systematics_and_Ecology)*. **24** (5): 365–378. [Bibcode:1996BioSE..24..365K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BioSE..24..365K). [doi:10.1016/0305-1978(96)00032-4](https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(96)00032-4)

1. Käss E, Wink M (1997). "Phylogenetic Relationships in the Papilionoideae (Family Leguminosae) Based on Nucleotide Sequences of cpDNA (*rbcL*) and ncDNA (ITS 1 and 2)". *[Mol Phylogenet Evol](/source/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution)*. **8** (1): 65–88. [Bibcode:1997MolPE...8...65K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997MolPE...8...65K). [doi:10.1006/mpev.1997.0410](https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1997.0410). [PMID 9242596](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9242596)

1. Doyle JJ, Doyle JL, Ballenger JA, Dickson EE, Kajita T, Ohashi H (1997). "A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene *rbcL* in the Leguminosae: taxonomic correlations and insights into the evolution of nodulation". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **84** (4): 541–554. [doi:10.2307/2446030](https://doi.org/10.2307/2446030). [JSTOR 2446030](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2446030). [PMID 21708606](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708606)

1. Wink M, Mohamed GI (2003). "Evolution of chemical defense traits in the Leguminosae: mapping of distribution patterns of secondary metabolites on a molecular phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of the *rbcL* gene". *[Biochem Syst Ecol](/source/Systematic_Biology)*. **31** (8): 897–917. [Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..897W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BioSE..31..897W). [doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1)

1. Crisp MD, Gilmore S, Van Wyk BE (2000). ["Molecular phylogeny of the genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140116180637/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=52). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 249–276. ISBN 978-1842460177. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=52) on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-02-25.

1. LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] (2013). ["Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades"](https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/78167/1/Taxon_2013_217-248.pdf). *[Taxon](/source/Taxon_(journal))*. **62** (2): 217–248. [doi:10.12705/622.8](https://doi.org/10.12705/622.8). [hdl:10566/3455](https://hdl.handle.net/10566/3455)

1. Van Wyk B-E. (2003). "The value of chemosystematics in clarifying relationships in the Genistoid tribes of papilionoid legumes". *[Biochem Syst Ecol](/source/Biochemical_Systematics_and_Ecology)*. **31** (8): 875–884. [Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..875V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BioSE..31..875V). [doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00083-8](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00083-8)

1. van der Bank M, Chase MW, van Wyk BE, Fay MF, van der Bank FH, Reeves G, Hulme A (2002). "Systematics of the tribe Podalyrieae (Fabaceae) based on DNA, morphological and chemical data". *[Bot J Linn Soc](/source/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society)*. **139** (2): 159–170. [doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00051.x](https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00051.x)

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