# Planh

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> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planh
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{{italic title}}
{{redirect|Planch|the botanist|Jules Émile Planchon|the similarly-sounding word|Planche}}
[[File:BnF_ms._854_fol._133_-_Cercamon_(2).jpg|thumb|[Cercamon](/source/Cercamon), [troubadour](/source/troubadour) and author of the earliest known ''planh'']]
A [genre](/source/Literary_genre) of the [troubadour](/source/troubadour)s, the '''{{lang|pro|planh}}''' or '''{{lang|pro|plaing}}''' ({{IPA|pro|ˈplaɲ|label=Old Occitan:}}; "lament") is a funeral [lament](/source/lament) for "a great personage, a protector, a friend or relative, or a lady."<ref name=Schulze>Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker, "Topoi", in F. R. P. Akehurst and Judith M. Davis, eds., ''A Handbook of the Troubadours'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 421–440.</ref> Its main elements are expression of grief, praise of the deceased ([eulogy](/source/eulogy)) and prayer for his or her soul.<ref name=Schulze/><ref name=Stäblein>Patricia Harris Stäblein, "New Views on an Old Problem: The Dynamics of Death in the {{lang|pro|Planh}}", ''Romance Philology'' '''35''', 1 (1981): 223–234.</ref> It is descended from the medieval [Latin](/source/Latin) {{lang|la|[planctus](/source/planctus)}}.<ref name=Paden>William D. Paden, "Planh/Complainte", in W. W. Kibler and G. A. Zinn, eds., ''Medieval France: An Encyclopedia'' (New York: Garland, 1995), pp. 1400–1401.</ref>

The {{lang|pro|planh}} is similar to the {{lang|pro|[sirventes](/source/sirventes)}} in that both were typically [contrafacta](/source/contrafacta). They made use of existing melodies, often imitating the original song even down to the rhymes. The most famous {{lang|pro|planh}} of all, however, [Gaucelm Faidit](/source/Gaucelm_Faidit)'s lament on the death of King [Richard the Lionheart](/source/Richard_the_Lionheart) in 1199, was set to original music.<ref>John Stevens, [https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000021905 "Planctus"], ''Grove Music Online'' (2001). Retrieved 21 August 2019.</ref>

Elisabeth Schulze-Busacker identifies three types of {{lang|pro|planh}}: "the moralizing {{lang|pro|planh}}", in which the expression of grief is a point of departure for social criticism; "the true lament", in which personal grief is central; and "the courtly {{lang|pro|planh}}", in which the impact of the death on the court is emphasised.<ref name=Schulze/> [Alfred Jeanroy](/source/Alfred_Jeanroy) considered that the common denunciation of the evils of the present age was a feature that distinguished the {{lang|pro|planh}} from the {{lang|la|planctus}}.<ref>Stephen Manning, "Chaucer's Good Fair White: Woman and Symbol", ''Comparative Literature'' '''10''', 2 (1958): 97–105.</ref> In the conventions of the genre, the subject's death is announced by the simple words {{lang|pro|es mortz}} ("is dead"). By the 13th century, the placement of these words within the poem was fixed: it occurred in the seventh or eighth line of the first stanza.<ref name=Schulze/> It is perhaps an indication of the sincerity of their grief that the troubadours rarely praised the successors of their patrons in the {{lang|pro|planh}}.<ref name=Paden/>

There are at least forty-four surviving {{lang|pro|planhz}}.<ref name=Schulze/><ref>Élisabeth Schulze-Busacker, 'La Complainte des morts dans la littérature occitane' in Claude Sutto (ed.), ''Le Sentiment de la mort au moyen âge: Études présentées au Cinquième colloque de l'Institut d'études médiévales de l'Université de Montréal'' (Montréal: Aurore, 1979), 230–48.</ref> The earliest {{lang|pro|planh}} is that by [Cercamon](/source/Cercamon) on the death of Duke [William X of Aquitaine](/source/William_X_of_Aquitaine) in 1137. The latest is an anonymous lament on the death of King [Robert of Naples](/source/Robert_of_Naples) in 1343. The {{lang|pro|planh}} was regarded by contemporaries as a distinct genre and is mentioned in the {{lang|pro|[Doctrina de compondre dictatz](/source/Doctrina_de_compondre_dictatz)}} (1290s) and the {{lang|pro|[Leys d'amors](/source/Leys_d'amors)}} (1341).<ref name=Paden/>

==Chronological table of {{lang|pro|planhz}}==
The following table lists 45 {{lang|pro|planhz}}.

{{legend2|#E6E6AA|great person or patron|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#AACC99|other troubadour|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#CCEEFF|lady|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}<br>
{{legend2|#FFB6B6|friend|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|- 
!Composer
!PC<ref>The song's number in Alfred Pillet and Henry Carstens, ''Bibliographie der Troubadours'' (1933).</ref>
![Incipit](/source/Incipit) (i.e. title)
!Date
!Mourned
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Cercamon](/source/Cercamon)
|112,2a
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/cercamon/cmn6.php Lo plaing comens iradamen]''
|[1137](/source/1137_in_poetry)
|[William X of Aquitaine](/source/William_X_of_Aquitaine)
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|[Giraut de Borneil](/source/Giraut_de_Borneil)
|242,65
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/giraut_de_bornelh/poem76.php S'anc jorn aqui joi e solaz]''
|[1173](/source/1173_in_poetry)
|[Raimbaut d'Aurenga](/source/Raimbaut_d'Aurenga)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Guillem de Berguedà](/source/Guillem_de_Bergued%C3%A0)
|210,9
|''Cousiros chan e planh e plor''
|[1180](/source/1180_in_poetry)
|[Pons de Mataplana](/source/Pons_de_Mataplana)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Bertran de Born](/source/Bertran_de_Born) ?
|80,26
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem48.php Si tuit li dol el plor el marrimen]''
|[1183](/source/1183_in_poetry)
|[Henry the Young King](/source/Henry_the_Young_King)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Bertran de Born
|80,41
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem15.php Mon chan fenisc el dol et ab maltraire]''
|1183
|Henry the Young King
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Bertran de Born
|80,6a
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bertran_de_born/poem31.php A totz dic qe ja mais non voil]''
|1186
|[Geoffrey of Brittany](/source/Geoffrey_II%2C_Duke_of_Brittany)
|- style="background:#CCEEFF"
|[Raimbaut de Vaqueiras](/source/Raimbaut_de_Vaqueiras)
|392,4a
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras/raimbaut_de_vaqueiras_31.php Ar pren camgat per tostemps de xantar]''
|c. 1190
|anonymous lady
|- style="background:#FFB6B6"
|[Guilhem de Saint-Leidier](/source/Guilhem_de_Saint-Leidier)
|234,15a
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/st_didier/gsd10.php Lo plus iraz remaing d'autres chatius]''
|c. 1190
|Badoc
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Folquet de Marselha](/source/Folquet_de_Marselha)
|155,20
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/folquet/folma17.php Si com cel qu'es tan greujat]''
|[1192](/source/1192_in_poetry)
|[Barral of Marseille](/source/Barral_of_Marseille)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Gaucelm Faidit](/source/Gaucelm_Faidit)
|167,22
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/gaucelm_faidit/poem50.php Fortz causa es que tot lo major dan]''
|[1199](/source/1199_in_poetry)
|[Richard the Lion-Hearted](/source/Richard_the_Lion-Hearted)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Giraut de Borneil](/source/Giraut_de_Borneil)
|242,56
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/giraut_de_bornelh/poem77.php Planh e sospir e plor e chan]''
|1199
|[Aimar V of Limoges](/source/Aimar_V_of_Limoges)
|- style="background:#CCEEFF"
|[Pons de Capduelh](/source/Pons_de_Capduelh)
|375,7
|''De totz caitius sui eu aicel que plus''
|????
|Azalais, wife of [Ozil de Mercœur](/source/Ozil_de_Merc%C5%93ur)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Guillem Augier Novella](/source/Guillem_Augier_Novella)
|205,2
|''Cascus plor e planh son damnatge''
|[1209](/source/1209_in_poetry)
|[Raymond Roger Trencavel](/source/Raymond_Roger_Trencavel)
|- style="background:#CCEEFF"
|[Lanfranc Cigala](/source/Lanfranc_Cigala)
|282,7
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/lanfranc_cigala/poem25.php Eu non chan ges pes talan de chantar]''
|1210s
|Berlenda
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Giraut de Calanso](/source/Giraut_de_Calanso)
|243,6
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/guiraut/gucal11.php Bels senher Deus, quo pot esser sofritz]''
|[1211](/source/1211_in_poetry)
|[Ferdinand, ''infante'' of Castile](/source/Ferdinand_of_Castile_(died_1211))
|- style="background:#CCEEFF"
|[Gavaudan](/source/Gavaudan)
|174,3
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/gavaudan/gavaudan03.php Crezens fis verais et entiers]''
|[1212](/source/1212_in_poetry)
|his anonymous lady
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Aimeric de Peguilhan](/source/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan)
|10,30
|''Ja no cugei quem pogues oblidar''
|1212
|[Azzo VI of Este](/source/Azzo_VI_of_Este) and [Boniface of Verona](/source/Boniface%2C_Count_of_Verona)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Aimeric de Peguilhan
|10,48
|''S'eu chantei alegres ni jauzens''
|1212
|Azzo VI of Este and Boniface of Verona
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|[Daude de Pradas](/source/Daude_de_Pradas)
|124,4
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/daude_de_pradas/poem17.php Be deu esser solatz marritz]''
|[1220](/source/1220_in_poetry)–[30](/source/1230_in_poetry)
|[Uc Brunet](/source/Uc_Brunet)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Aimeric de Peguilhan](/source/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan)
|10,10
|''Ara par be que Valors se desfai''
|[1220](/source/1220_in_poetry)
|[Guglielmo Malaspina](/source/Guglielmo_Malaspina)
|- style="background:#CCEEFF"
|Aimeric de Peguilhan
|10,22
|''De tot en tot es ar de mi partitz''
|????
|''bona comtessa Biatritz''
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|[Sordel](/source/Sordel)
|437,24
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/sordel/sg26.php Planher vol En Blacatz en aquest leugier so]''
|[1237](/source/1237_in_poetry)
|[Blacatz](/source/Blacatz)
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|[Bertran d'Alamanon](/source/Bertran_d'Alamanon)
|76,12
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/alamano/ba15.php Mout m'es greu d'En Sordel quar l'es faillitz sos sens]''
|1237
|Blacatz
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|[Peire Bremon Ricas Novas](/source/Peire_Bremon_Ricas_Novas)
|330,14
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/bremon/poem20.php Pus partit an lo cor En Sordel e'n Bertrans]''
|1237
|Blacatz
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Aimeric de Belenoi](/source/Aimeric_de_Belenoi)
|9,1
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/aimeric_de_belenoi/aibel12.php Ailas, per que viu lonjamen ni dura]''
|[1242](/source/1242_in_poetry)
|[Nuño Sánchez](/source/Nu%C3%B1o_S%C3%A1nchez)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Aimeric de Peguilhan](/source/Aimeric_de_Peguilhan) ?
|10,1=330,1a
|''Ab marrimen angoissos et ab plor''
|[1245](/source/1245_in_poetry)
|[Raymond Berengar IV of Provence](/source/Raymond_Berengar_IV_of_Provence)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Rigaut de Berbezilh](/source/Rigaut_de_Berbezilh) attr.
|421,5a
|''En chantan (ieu) plaing e sospir''
|1245
|Raymond Berengar IV of Provence
|- style="background:#CCEEFF"
|[Bonifaci Calvo](/source/Bonifaci_Calvo)
|102,12
|''S'ieu ai perdut, no s'en podon jauzir''
|[1250](/source/1250_in_poetry)–[65](/source/1265_in_poetry)
|his anonymous lady
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|[Bertran Carbonel](/source/Bertran_Carbonel)
|82,15
|''S'ieu anc nulh tems chantei alegramen''
|[1252](/source/1252_in_poetry)–[65](/source/1265_in_poetry)
|P. G. (prob. [Peire Guilhem de Tolosa](/source/Peire_Guilhem_de_Tolosa))
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|[Pons Santolh](/source/Pons_Santolh)
|380,1
|''Marritz com hom malsabens ab frachura''
|[1260](/source/1260_in_poetry)
|[Guilhem de Montanhagol](/source/Guilhem_de_Montanhagol)
|- style="background:#FFB6B6"
|[Raimon Gaucelm](/source/Raimon_Gaucelm)
|401,7
|''Cascus planh lo sieu damnatge''
|[1262](/source/1262_in_poetry)
|Guiraut d'Alanhan, burgess of Béziers
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Anonymous
|461,234
|''Totas honors e tug fag benestan''
|[1266](/source/1266_in_poetry)
|[Manfred of Sicily](/source/Manfred_of_Sicily)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Bertolome Zorzi](/source/Bertolome_Zorzi)
|74,16
|''Sil mons fondes a meravilha gran''
|[1268](/source/1268_in_poetry)
|[Conradin](/source/Conradin) and [Frederick I of Baden](/source/Frederick_I%2C_Margrave_of_Baden)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Paulet de Marselha](/source/Paulet_de_Marselha)
|319,7
|''[http://trobar.org/troubadours/paulet_de_marselha/poem6.php Razos no nes que hom deja cantar]''
|1268
|[Barral of Baux](/source/Barral_of_Baux)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Anonymous
|461,107
|''En chantan m'aven a retraire''
|[1269](/source/1269_in_poetry)
|[Gregorio di Montelongo](/source/Gregorio_di_Montelongo)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Guilhem d'Autpol](/source/Guilhem_d'Autpol) ?
|206,2
|''Fortz tristors es e salvatj'a retraire''
|[1270](/source/1270_in_poetry)
|[Louis IX of France](/source/Louis_IX_of_France)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Guiraut Riquier](/source/Guiraut_Riquier)
|248,63
|''Ples de tristor, marritz e doloiros''
|1270
|[Amalric IV of Narbonne](/source/Amalric_IV_of_Narbonne)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Joan Esteve](/source/Joan_Esteve)
|266,1
|''Aissi quol malanans''
|1270
|Amalric IV of Narbonne
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Mahieu de Quercy](/source/Mahieu_de_Quercy)
|299,1
|''Tan sui marritz que nom puesc alegrar''
|[1276](/source/1276_in_poetry)
|[James the Conqueror](/source/James_I_of_Aragon)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Cerverí de Girona](/source/Cerver%C3%AD_de_Girona)
|434a,62
|''Si per tristor per dol ni per cossire''
|1276
|James the Conqueror
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Cerverí de Girona
|434,7e
|''Joys ni solatz, pascors, abrils ni mais''
|1276
|[Raimon de Cardona](/source/Raimon_de_Cardona)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Joan Esteve](/source/Joan_Esteve)
|266,10
|''Planhen ploran ab desplazer''
|[1289](/source/1289_in_poetry)
|[Guilhem de Lodeva](/source/Guilhem_de_Lodeva)
|- style="background:#FFB6B6"
|[Raimon Menudet](/source/Raimon_Menudet)
|405,1
|''Ab grans dolors et ab grans merrimens''
|????
|Daude de Bossaguas
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|[Raimon de Cornet](/source/Raimon_de_Cornet)
| -
|''Aras quan vey de bos homes fraytura''
|[1324](/source/1324_in_poetry)
|[Amanieu VII of Albret](/source/Amanieu_VII_of_Albret)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Anonymous
|461,133b
|''Glorios Dieus, don totz bens ha creysensa''
|[1343](/source/1343_in_poetry)
|[Robert the Peace-Maker](/source/Robert_of_Naples)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[Jeanroy, Alfred](/source/Alfred_Jeanroy). {{lang|fr|La poésie lyrique des troubadours}}. Toulouse: Privat, 1934. 

{{Western medieval lyric forms}}

Category:Western medieval lyric forms
Category:Occitan literary genres

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Planh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planh) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planh?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.