# Planetary flyby

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{{short description|Sending a space probe past a planet or dwarf planet}}
[[File:Mariner 10's encounter with Venus (diagram).jpg|thumb|Plot of [Mariner 10](/source/Mariner_10) flyby of planet Venus in February 1974]]

A '''planetary flyby''' is the act of sending a [space probe](/source/space_probe) past a [planet](/source/planet) or a [dwarf planet](/source/dwarf_planet) close enough to record scientific data.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flyby|title=Flyby &#124; Define Flyby at Dictionary.com|accessdate=2015-07-15}}</ref> This is a subset of the overall concept of a [flyby](/source/Flyby_(spaceflight)) in spaceflight.

The first flyby of another planet with a functioning spacecraft took place on December 14, 1962, when [Mariner 2](/source/Mariner_2) zoomed by the planet [Venus](/source/Venus).<ref>{{cite web|title=First Planetary Flyby Occurred 50 Years Ago Today|website=[Space.com](/source/Space.com) |date=14 December 2012 |url=http://www.space.com/18913-nasa-mariner2-venus-flyby-anniversary.html|accessdate=2015-07-15}}</ref>

Planetary flybys are commonly used as [gravity assist](/source/gravity_assist) maneuvers to "slingshot" a space probe toward its primary target without expending fuel, but in some cases (such as with [New Horizons](/source/New_Horizons)), flybys are the primary objectives of a mission in of themselves. Flybys modify the direction of the probe and adds to its heliocentric velocity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=ANDERSON |first1=J |last2=CAMPBELL |first2=J |last3=NIETO |first3=M |date=July 2007 |title=The energy transfer process in planetary flybys |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newast.2006.11.004 |journal=New Astronomy |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=383–397 |doi=10.1016/j.newast.2006.11.004 |issn=1384-1076|arxiv=astro-ph/0608087 |bibcode=2007NewA...12..383A }}</ref>

A relatively recent example of a flyby spacecraft is ''[New Horizons](/source/New_Horizons),'' which performed flyby maneuvers of [Jupiter](/source/Jupiter), [Pluto](/source/Pluto) and [its moons](/source/Moons_of_Pluto) in the 21st century. The flyby of Jupiter, used as a gravity assist, allowed the craft to reach Pluto at high velocity without the complications of slowing down, after which it proceeded further into the [Kuiper Belt](/source/Kuiper_belt) on an escape trajectory out of the Solar System.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Talbert|first=Tricia|date=2015-03-25|title=New Horizons: The First Mission to the Pluto System and the Kuiper Belt|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/newhorizons/overview/index.html|access-date=2020-07-10|website=NASA}}</ref>

==List of planetary flybys==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1ex auto 1ex auto"
|-! class="sortable"   | number of spacecraft it was like the first spacecraft has the number one of if it was the first spacecraft that NASA has sent to space 
  ! class="sortable"   | Flyby date
  ! class="sortable"   | Launch date
  ! class="sortable"   | Operator
  ! class="sortable"   | Spacecraft
  ! class="unsortable" | Details
  ! class="unsortable" | Mission result
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 19 May 1961
  | 12 February 1961
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Venera 1](/source/Venera_1)
  | First [Venus](/source/Venus) flyby (contact lost before flyby)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-003A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 14&nbsp;December&nbsp;1962
  | 27 August 1962
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mariner 2](/source/Mariner_2)
  | '''First successful non-lunar planetary encounter and first successful Venus flyby'''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-041A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 19 June 1963
  | 1 November 1962
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Mars 1](/source/Mars_1)
  | First [Mars](/source/Mars) flyby (contact lost)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-061A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 19 July 1964
  | 2 April 1964
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Zond 1](/source/Zond_1)
  | Venus flyby (contact lost)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Zond 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-016D|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 15 July 1965
  | 28 November 1964
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mariner 4](/source/Mariner_4)
  | '''First successful Mars flyby'''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 4|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-077A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 6 August 1965
  | 30 November 1964
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Zond 2](/source/Zond_2)
  | Mars flyby (contact lost)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Zond 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-078C|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 27 February 1966
  | 12 November 1965
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Venera 2](/source/Venera_2)
  | Venus flyby (contact lost)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-091A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 19 October 1967
  | 14 June 1967
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mariner 5](/source/Mariner_5)
  | Venus flyby<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 5|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-060A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 31 July 1969
  | 25 February 1969
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mariner 6](/source/Mariner_6)
  | Mars flyby<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 6|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-014A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 5 August 1969
  | 27 March 1969
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mariner 7](/source/Mariner_7)
  | Mars flyby<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mariner 7|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-030A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 3 December 1973
  | 3 March 1972
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Pioneer 10](/source/Pioneer_10)
  | '''First [Jupiter](/source/Jupiter) flyby'''<ref>{{Cite web|title = Pioneer 10|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-012A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 5 February 1974
  | 4 November 1973
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mariner 10](/source/Mariner_10)
  | Venus flyby; first interplanetary [gravity assist](/source/gravity_assist)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Mariner 10|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-085A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 10 February 1974
  | 21 July 1973
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Mars 4](/source/Mars_4)
  | Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars 4|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-047A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 9 March 1974
  | 9 August 1973
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Mars 7](/source/Mars_7)
  | Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted [Mars lander](/source/Mars_lander))<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars 7|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-053A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 12 March 1974
  | 5 August 1973
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Mars 6](/source/Mars_6)
  | Mars flyby (flyby succeeded but lander failed)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars 6|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 29 March 1974
  | 4 November 1973
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mariner 10](/source/Mariner_10)
  | '''First [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(planet)) flyby'''<ref name=":0" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 21 September 1974
  | 4 November 1973
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mariner 10](/source/Mariner_10)
  | Mercury flyby<ref name=":0" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 3 December 1974
  | 5 April 1973
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Pioneer 11](/source/Pioneer_11)
  | Jupiter flyby<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Pioneer 11|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-019A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 16 March 1975
  | 4 November 1973
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mariner 10](/source/Mariner_10)
  | Mercury flyby<ref name=":0" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 19 December 1978
  | 14 September 1978
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Venera 12](/source/Venera_12)
  | Venus flyby and lander<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 12|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-086A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 25 December 1978
  | 9 September 1978
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Venera 11](/source/Venera_11)
  | Venus flyby and lander<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 11|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-084A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 5 March 1979
  | 5 September 1977
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Voyager 1](/source/Voyager_1)
  | Jupiter flyby<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title = Voyager 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-084A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 9 July 1979
  | 20 August 1977
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Voyager 2](/source/Voyager_2)
  | Jupiter flyby<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title = Voyager 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-076A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 1 September 1979
  | 5 April 1973
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Pioneer 11](/source/Pioneer_11)
  | '''First [Saturn](/source/Saturn) flyby'''<ref name=":1" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 12 November 1980
  | 5 September 1977
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Voyager 1](/source/Voyager_1)
  | Saturn flyby<ref name=":2" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 25 August 1981
  | 20 August 1977
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Voyager 2](/source/Voyager_2)
  | Saturn flyby<ref name=":3" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 1 March 1982
  | 30 October 1981
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Venera 13](/source/Venera_13)
  | Venus flyby and lander<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 13|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-106A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 5 March 1982
  | 4 November 1981
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Venera 14](/source/Venera_14)
  | Venus flyby and lander<ref>{{Cite web|title = Venera 14|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-110A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 11 June 1985
  | 15 December 1984
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Vega 1](/source/Vega_1)
  | Venus flyby, lander, and first balloon<ref>{{Cite web|title = Vega 1|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 15 June 1985
  | 21 December 1984
  | {{flagicon|Soviet Union}}
  | [Vega 2](/source/Vega_2)
  | Venus flyby, lander, and balloon<ref>{{Cite web|title = Vega 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-128A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 24 January 1986
  | 20 August 1977
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Voyager 2](/source/Voyager_2)
  | '''First and only [Uranus](/source/Uranus) flyby'''<ref name=":3" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 25 August 1989
  | 20 August 1977
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Voyager 2](/source/Voyager_2)
  | '''First and only [Neptune](/source/Neptune) flyby'''<ref name=":3" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 10 February 1990
  | 13 October 1989
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Galileo](/source/Galileo_(Spacecraft))
  | Venus flyby, first of three gravity assists to Jupiter<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title = Galileo - In Depth {{!}} Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration|url = http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/indepth|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160129221343/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/indepth|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2016-01-29|website = NASA Solar System Exploration|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 2 July 1990
  | 2 July 1985
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Giotto](/source/Giotto_(spacecraft))
  | '''First [Earth](/source/Earth) flyby''', gravity assist for extended mission to [26P/Grigg–Skjellerup](/source/26P%2FGrigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Giotto|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-056A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 8 October 1990
  | 13 October 1989
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Galileo](/source/Galileo_(Spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, second of three gravity assists to Jupiter<ref name=":4" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 8 January 1992
  | 7 January 1985
  | {{flagicon|Japan}}
  | [Sakigake](/source/Sakigake)
  | Earth flyby<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sakigake|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-001A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 8 February 1992
  | 6 October 1990
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Ulysses](/source/Ulysses_(spacecraft))
  | Jupiter flyby, inclination change gravity assist for solar mission<ref>{{Cite web|title = Ulysses - In Depth {{!}} Missions - NASA Solar System Exploration|url = http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ulysses/indepth|website = NASA Solar System Exploration|accessdate = 2015-12-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151218141225/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ulysses/indepth|archive-date = 2015-12-18|url-status = dead}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 8 December 1992
  | 13 October 1989
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Galileo](/source/Galileo_(Spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, last of three gravity assists to Jupiter<ref name=":4" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 24 August 1993
  | 25 September 1992
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mars Observer](/source/Mars_Observer)
  | Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mars Observer|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1992-063A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 23 January 1998
  | 17 February 1996
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [NEAR Shoemaker](/source/NEAR_Shoemaker)
  | Earth flyby, gravity assist to [433 Eros](/source/433_Eros)<ref>{{Cite web|title = NEAR Shoemaker|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-008A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 26 April 1998
  | 15 October 1997
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Cassini–Huygens](/source/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens)
  | Venus flyby, first of four gravity assists to Saturn<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cassini Completes First Venus Flyby|url = http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19980426/|website = Cassini Solstice Mission|accessdate = 2015-12-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430053936/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19980426/|archive-date = 2013-04-30|url-status = dead}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 24 June 1999
  | 15 October 1997
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Cassini–Huygens](/source/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens)
  | Venus flyby, second of four gravity assists to Saturn<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cassini Completes Second Venus Flyby|url = http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19990624/|website = Cassini Solstice Mission|accessdate = 2015-12-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120921023650/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19990624/|archive-date = 2012-09-21|url-status = dead}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 18 August 1999
  | 15 October 1997
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Cassini–Huygens](/source/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens)
  | Earth flyby, third of four gravity assists to Saturn<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cassini Completes Earth Flyby|url = http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19990817/|website = Cassini Solstice Mission|accessdate = 2015-12-23|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120921023656/http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease19990817/|archive-date = 2012-09-21|url-status = dead}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 30 December 2000
  | 15 October 1997
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}{{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Cassini–Huygens](/source/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens)
  | Jupiter flyby, last of four gravity assists to Saturn<ref>{{cite news|title=Press release: Cassini Celebrates 10 Years Since Jupiter Encounter|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/cassini20101229.html|work=NASA|date=December 29, 2010|language=en}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 15 January 2001
  | 27 February 1999
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Stardust](/source/Stardust_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, gravity assist to [81P/Wild](/source/81P%2FWild)<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title = Stardust/NExT|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-003A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 21 April 2002
  | 4 July 1998
  | {{flagicon|Japan}}
  | [Nozomi](/source/Nozomi_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, first of two gravity assists to Mars<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title = Nozomi|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-041A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 19 June 2003
  | 4 July 1998
  | {{flagicon|Japan}}
  | [Nozomi](/source/Nozomi_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, last of two gravity assists to Mars<ref name=":6" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 14 December 2003
  | 4 July 1998
  | {{flagicon|Japan}}
  | [Nozomi](/source/Nozomi_(spacecraft))
  | Mars flyby (inadvertent; planned Mars orbiter)<ref name=":6" />
  | Failure
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 19 May 2004
  | 9 May 2003
  | {{flagicon|Japan}}
  | [Hayabusa](/source/Hayabusa)
  | Earth flyby, gravity assist to [25143 Itokawa](/source/25143_Itokawa)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hayabusa|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-019A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 4 March 2005
  | 2 March 2004
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Rosetta](/source/Rosetta_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, first of four gravity assists to [67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko](/source/67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko)<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title = Rosetta|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-006A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 2 August 2005
  | 3 August 2004
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [MESSENGER](/source/MESSENGER)
  | Earth flyby, first gravity assist to Mercury<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title = MESSENGER|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-030A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 15 January 2006
  | 27 February 1999
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Stardust](/source/Stardust_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby and sample return capsule reentry<ref name=":5" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 24 October 2006
  | 3 August 2004
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [MESSENGER](/source/MESSENGER)
  | Venus flyby, second gravity assist to Mercury<ref name=":8" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 25 February 2007
  | 2 March 2004
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Rosetta](/source/Rosetta_(spacecraft))
  | Mars flyby, second of four gravity assists to [67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko](/source/67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko)<ref name=":7" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 28 February 2007
  | 19 January 2006
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [New Horizons](/source/New_Horizons)
  | Jupiter flyby, gravity assist to Pluto/Charon system
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 5 June 2007
  | 3 August 2004
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [MESSENGER](/source/MESSENGER)
  | Venus flyby, third gravity assist to Mercury. Also characterized the planet's atmosphere.<ref name=":8" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 13 November 2007
  | 2 March 2004
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Rosetta](/source/Rosetta_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, third of four gravity assists to [67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko](/source/67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko)<ref name=":7" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 31 December 2007
  | 12 January 2005
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Deep Impact](/source/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)) ([EPOXI](/source/EPOXI))
  | Earth flyby<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title = Deep Impact/EPOXI|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-001A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 14 January 2008
  | 3 August 2004
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [MESSENGER](/source/MESSENGER)
  | Mercury flyby, fourth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission<ref name=":8" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 6 October 2008
  | 3 August 2004
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [MESSENGER](/source/MESSENGER)
  | Mercury flyby, fifth gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission<ref name=":8" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 29 December 2008
  | 12 January 2005
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Deep Impact](/source/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)) ([EPOXI](/source/EPOXI))
  | Earth flyby<ref name=":9" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 14 January 2009
  | 27 February 1999
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Stardust](/source/Stardust_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, gravity assist to [9P/Tempel](/source/9P%2FTempel)<ref name=":5" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 18 February 2009
  | 27 September 2007
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Dawn](/source/Dawn_(spacecraft))
  | Mars flyby, gravity assist to [4 Vesta](/source/4_Vesta)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dawn|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-043A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 29 June 2009
  | 12 January 2005
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Deep Impact](/source/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)) ([EPOXI](/source/EPOXI))
  | Earth flyby (distant)<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title = NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission|url = http://epoxi.umd.edu/1mission/flybys.shtml|website = epoxi.umd.edu|accessdate = 2015-12-23|url-status = dead|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091214105059/http://epoxi.umd.edu/1mission/flybys.shtml|archivedate = 2009-12-14}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 29 September 2009
  | 3 August 2004
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [MESSENGER](/source/MESSENGER)
  | Mercury flyby, sixth and final gravity assist before orbital insertion and primary mission<ref name=":8" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 13 November 2009
  | 2 March 2004
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Rosetta](/source/Rosetta_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, last of four gravity assists to [67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko](/source/67P%2FChuryumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko)<ref name=":7" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 28 December 2009
  | 12 January 2005
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Deep Impact](/source/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)) ([EPOXI](/source/EPOXI))
  | Earth flyby (distant)<ref name=":10" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 27 June 2010
  | 12 January 2005
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Deep Impact](/source/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)) ([EPOXI](/source/EPOXI))
  | Earth flyby<ref name=":9" />
  | Success
|- style="background:#fbb;"
  | 6 December 2010
  | 20 May 2010
  | {{flagicon|Japan}}
  | [Akatsuki](/source/Akatsuki_(spacecraft))
  | Venus flyby (inadvertent; was intended to be orbit insertion; later successfully inserted into orbit in 2015)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Akatsuki|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2010-020D|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Failure
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  |8 December 2010
  |20 May 2010
  |{{Flagicon|Japan}}
  |[IKAROS](/source/IKAROS)
  |Venus flyby, probe was a technological demonstrator that launched with Akatsuki<ref>{{Cite web|title = IKAROS|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2010-020E|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2016-01-05}}</ref>
  |Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 9 October 2013
  | 5 August 2011
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Juno](/source/Juno_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby, gravity assist to Jupiter<ref>{{Cite web|title = Juno|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-040A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 14 July 2015
  | 19 January 2006
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [New Horizons](/source/New_Horizons)
  | '''First and only [Pluto](/source/Pluto)/[Charon](/source/Charon_(moon)) flyby'''<ref group="Note">The [International Astronomical Union](/source/International_Astronomical_Union) classifies Charon as a [moon](/source/natural_satellite). See [Charon (moon)#Classification](/source/Charon_(moon)) for details.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-001A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 3 December 2015
  | 3&nbsp;December&nbsp;2014
  | {{flagicon|Japan}}
  | [Hayabusa2](/source/Hayabusa2)
  | Earth flyby, gravity assist to [162173 Ryugu](/source/162173_Ryugu)<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hayabusa 2|url = https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2014-076A|website = nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate = 2015-12-23}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 22 September 2017
  | 8&nbsp;September&nbsp;2016
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [OSIRIS-REx](/source/OSIRIS-REx)
  | Earth flyby, gravity assist to [101955 Bennu](/source/101955_Bennu)
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 3 October 2018
  | 12&nbsp;August&nbsp;2018
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Parker Solar Probe](/source/Parker_Solar_Probe)
  | Venus flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 26 November 2018
  | 5&nbsp;May&nbsp;2018
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Mars Cube One](/source/Mars_Cube_One)
  | Mars flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 10 April 2020
  | 20 October 2018
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [BepiColombo](/source/BepiColombo)
  | [Earth](/source/Earth) flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 23 July 2020
  | ~10&nbsp;February&nbsp;2021
  | {{flagicon|China}}
  | [Tianwen 1](/source/Tianwen_1) deployable camera
  | Mars flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 15 October 2020
  | 20 October 2018
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [BepiColombo](/source/BepiColombo)
  | [Venus](/source/Venus) flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 5 December 2020
  | 3&nbsp;December&nbsp;2014
  | {{flagicon|Japan}}
  | [Hayabusa2](/source/Hayabusa2)
  | Earth flyby, gravity assist to [98943 Torifune](/source/98943_Torifune)
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 27 December 2020
  | 10 February 2020
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Solar Orbiter](/source/Solar_Orbiter)
  | [Venus](/source/Venus) flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 9 August 2021
  | 10 February 2020
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Solar Orbiter](/source/Solar_Orbiter)
  | [Venus](/source/Venus) flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 10 August 2021
  | 20 October 2018
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [BepiColombo](/source/BepiColombo)
  | [Venus](/source/Venus) flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 1 October 2021
  | 20 October 2018
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [BepiColombo](/source/BepiColombo)
  | [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(planet)) flyby #1
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 27 November 2021
  | 10 February 2020
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Solar Orbiter](/source/Solar_Orbiter)
  | [Earth](/source/Earth) flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 23 June 2022
  | 20 October 2018
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [BepiColombo](/source/BepiColombo)
  | [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(planet)) flyby #2
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 4 September 2022
  | 10 February 2020
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Solar Orbiter](/source/Solar_Orbiter)
  | [Venus](/source/Venus) flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 16 October 2022
  | 16 October 2021
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [Lucy](/source/Lucy_(spacecraft))
  | Earth flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 19 June 2023
  | 20 October 2018
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [BepiColombo](/source/BepiColombo)
  | [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(planet)) flyby #3
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 24 September 2023
  | 8&nbsp;September&nbsp;2016
  | {{flagicon|United States}}
  | [OSIRIS-REx](/source/OSIRIS-REx)/ApEx
  | Earth flyby, gravity assist to [99942 Apophis](/source/99942_Apophis)
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 19-20 August 2024
  | 14 April 2023
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [JUICE](/source/JUICE)
  | '''First double flyby and first Lunar-Earth flyby''' <ref>{{Cite web|title = Juice rerouted to Venus in world's first lunar-Earth flyby|url = https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice/Juice_rerouted_to_Venus_in_world_s_first_lunar-Earth_flyby|accessdate = 2025-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Juice's lunar-Earth flyby: all you need to know |url=https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice/Juice_s_lunar-Earth_flyby_all_you_need_to_know |website=ESA |access-date=2025-01-07}}</ref>
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 4 September 2024
  | 20 October 2018
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [BepiColombo](/source/BepiColombo)
  | [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(planet)) flyby #4 - '''Closest planetary flyby ever done''' (165 km altitude)
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 1 December 2024
  | 20 October 2018
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [BepiColombo](/source/BepiColombo)
  | [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(planet)) flyby #5
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 8 January 2025
  | 20 October 2018
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [BepiColombo](/source/BepiColombo)
  | [Mercury](/source/Mercury_(planet)) flyby #6
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 1 March 2025 
  | 14 October 2024
  | {{flagicon|USA}}
  | [Europa Clipper](/source/Europa_Clipper)
  | [Mars](/source/Mars) flyby
  | Success 
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 12 March 2025 
  | 7 October 2024
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [Hera](/source/Hera_(spacecraft))
  | [Mars](/source/Mars) flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 31 August 2025
  | 14 April 2023
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [JUICE](/source/JUICE)
  | [Venus](/source/Venus) flyby
  | Success
|- style="background:#cfc;"
  | 15 May 2026 
  | 13 October 2023
  | {{flagicon|USA}}
  | [Psyche](/source/Psyche_(spacecraft))
  | [Mars](/source/Mars) flyby
  | Success
|- 
  | September 2026
  | 14 April 2023
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [JUICE](/source/JUICE)
  | [Earth](/source/Earth) flyby
  | Planned
|- 
  | December 2026 
  | 14 October 2024
  | {{flagicon|USA}}
  | [Europa Clipper](/source/Europa_Clipper)
  | [Earth](/source/Earth) flyby
  | Planned 
|- 
  | January 2029
  | 14 April 2023
  | {{flagicon image|European_Space_Agency_logo.svg|link=European Space Agency}}
  | [JUICE](/source/JUICE)
  | [Earth](/source/Earth) flyby
  | Planned
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Galileo trajectory Ida.svg|The Galileo flybys featured both purely gravitational assists and scientific experiments.
</gallery>
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [Mariner program](/source/Mariner_program)
* [Mars program](/source/Mars_program)
* [Pioneer program](/source/Pioneer_program)
* [Vega program](/source/Vega_program)
* [Venera](/source/Venera)
* [Voyager program](/source/Voyager_program)
* [Zond program](/source/Zond_program)
* [List of Earth flybys](/source/List_of_Earth_flybys)
* [Mars flyby](/source/Mars_flyby)
* [Timeline of the Space Race](/source/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race)
* [Timeline of Solar System exploration](/source/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration)

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Category:Spaceflight
*

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Planetary flyby](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_flyby) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_flyby?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.