# Pinus densiflora

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Species of conifer

Pinus densiflora Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Gymnosperms Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Pinus Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus Section: P. sect. Pinus Subsection: P. subsect. Pinus Species: P. densiflora Binomial name Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zucc. Synonyms[2] Pinus funebris Kom. Pinus japonica Forbes nom. illeg. Pinus scopifera Miq.

***Pinus densiflora***, also called the **Japanese red pine**,[3] the **Japanese pine**,[4] or **Korean red pine**,[5] is a species of pine tree native to [East Asia](/source/East_Asia) and [Siberia](/source/Siberia).

## Distribution and habitat

*P. densiflora* has a home range that includes [Japan](/source/Japan), the [Korean peninsula](/source/Korean_Peninsula), northeastern [China](/source/China) ([Heilongjiang](/source/Heilongjiang), [Jilin](/source/Jilin), [Liaoning](/source/Liaoning), [Shandong](/source/Shandong) and northeastern [Jiangsu](/source/Jiangsu)) and the extreme southeast of [Russia](/source/Russia) (in [Siberia](/source/Siberia), southern [Primorsky Krai](/source/Primorsky_Krai)).

## Name

The tree is called "Akamatsu (アカマツ)" in Japanese. The etymology behind "Akamatsu" is a combination of "red" or "aka (赤/あか)", and "pine" or "matsu (松/まつ)". The meaning behind "aka" means "red", most likely alluding to the bark color whereas "matsu" is believed to have derived from the word "to wait (待つ/matsu)" as the tree was believed to have "waited for the arrival of the gods (*[kami](/source/Kami)*)" or "waited throughout winter".

In Korean, the tree is called "Sonamu (소나무)", meaning "So-tree". The meaning behind "so" is believed to be from "sol (솔)" an ancient word that means "pine", making "Sonamu/So-tree" mean "pine tree".

In China, the plant is known as "chì sōng (赤松)", sharing the characters and meaning of "red pine" with Japanese. It most likely adopted the name from the Japanese counterpart.

## Description

The [leaves](/source/Leaves) are needle-like, 8–12 centimetres (3–4+1⁄2 inches) long, with two per fascicle. The short leaves are 5–6 cm. There are [stomatal](/source/Stoma) lines on both sides of the leaf, two [vascular bundles](/source/Vascular_bundle), about three to nine [resin canals](/source/Resin_canal), and fine serrations on the edge of the leaf. Branchlets are covered with whitish powder. Male cones are light reddish yellow, clustered in the lower part of new branches. Female cones are light reddish purple and solitary or clustered into two to three cones. The cones are dark brown-yellow or light brown-yellow when mature and are dehiscent at maturity, with seed scales usually thin, and seeds winged. The bark is orange-red and cracked into irregular scale-like pieces. The heartwood is reddish-brown, and the sapwood light reddish-yellow. The height of the tree is 20–35 metres (66–115 feet). The crown can reach 30 metres (98 feet).[6][7][8]

"The distribution of *P. densiflora* in China has the following pattern of variation: the more northward it is distributed, the needles are relatively shorter, the white powder on the branchlets is sometimes less obvious or partly obvious, and the color of the cones is lighter. It is light brown yellow".[6]

The [cones](/source/Conifer_cone) are 4–7 cm (1+1⁄2–3 in) long. It is closely related to [Scots pine](/source/Scots_pine), differing in the longer, slenderer leaves which are mid-green without the glaucous-blue tone of Scots pine. This pine has become a popular ornamental and has several cultivars, but in the winter it becomes yellowish. The plant prefers full sun on well-drained, slightly [acidic soil](/source/Acidic_soil).

## Uses

Strong wind resistance, *P. densiflora* is an excellent tree species for afforestation in stony mountains, barren soil and sandy land. The timber can be used for construction, electric poles, sleepers, ore pillars, furniture, and wood fiber industrial raw materials. The trunk is rich in [resin](/source/Resin), from which [rosin](/source/Rosin) and [turpentine](/source/Turpentine) can be extracted. [Essential oil](/source/Essential_oil) can be extracted from the leaves. In northeast China, [matsutake](/source/Matsutake) relies on *P. densiflora* for growth. "[Jilin](/source/Jilin) Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve/Jilin Tianfozhishan National Nature Reserve" takes *Matsutake*, *P. densiflora* and [ecosystem](/source/Ecosystem) as the main protection objects. *P. densiflora* wood has natural anti-corrosion and anti-mildew properties, and natural preservatives and natural wood anti-mold agents can be extracted. *P. densiflora* has non-stinging needles and soft branches, making it easy to shape as a [penjing](/source/Penjing).[6][8]

## Gallery

		- Planted in a Japanese park

		- Cultivated Japanese Red Pine 'Pendula' in [Huntington Library](/source/Huntington_Library)'s Japanese Garden

		- Planted in [Japanese garden](/source/Japanese_garden)

		- Var. "Umbraculifera' "Tanyosho pine"

		- Planted in [New York Botanical Garden](/source/New_York_Botanical_Garden)

		- Pinus densiflora range map

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0)** Farjon, A. (2013). ["*Pinus densiflora*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42355/2974820). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2013** e.T42355A2974820. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42355A2974820.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42355A2974820.en). Retrieved 19 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [*The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species*](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2561880), retrieved 15 December 2015

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [NRCS](/source/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service). ["*Pinus densiflora*"](https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PIDE5). *PLANTS Database*. [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture) (USDA). Retrieved 31 January 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-BSBI07_4-0)** [*BSBI List 2007*](https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls) (xls). [Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland](/source/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland). Archived from [the original](https://bsbi.org/download/3542/) (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 17 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [*English Names for Korean Native Plants*](https://web.archive.org/web/20170525105020/http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf) (PDF). Pocheon: [Korea National Arboretum](/source/Korea_National_Arboretum). 2015. p. 575. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-89-97450-98-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-97450-98-5). Archived from [the original](http://www.forest.go.kr/kna/special/download/English_Names_for_Korean_Native_Plants.pdf) (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2016 – via [Korea Forest Service](/source/Korea_Forest_Service).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-赤松_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-赤松_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-赤松_6-2) ["赤松(chì sōng) Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc"](https://www.iplant.cn/info/Pinus%20densiflora?t=z) (in Chinese). www.iplant.cn. Retrieved 2023-02-08.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Pinus densiflora Siebold & Zuccarini"](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005331). www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2023-02-08.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-赤松赤胆_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-赤松赤胆_8-1) 刘玉波 (2022-12-12). ["赤松赤胆忠心松茸共生共荣"](http://www.forestry.gov.cn/main/5534/20221212/093147043964052.html) (in Chinese). www.forestry.gov.cn. Retrieved 2023-02-08.

## Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Pinus densiflora](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_densiflora).

- J. E., Aughanbaugh (1950). ["Japanese Red Pine_cabdirect"](http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19500600225.html;jsessionid=77671949CB72F05459224D89A6D0984E). *Pennsylvania Forests and Waters*. **2** (1): 10–11, 18.

Taxon identifiers Pinus densiflora Wikidata: Q1044186 Wikispecies: Pinus densiflora CoL: 4J25P Conifers.org: Pinus_densiflora EoL: 1033597 EPPO: PIUDE FNA: 200005331 FoC: 200005331 GBIF: 5285104 GRIN: 28441 iNaturalist: 135811 IPNI: 262894-1 ITIS: 822552 IUCN: 42355 MoBotPF: 284977 NBN: NBNSYS0000042159 NCBI: 77912 NZOR: f81f0774-0af5-4448-8ce4-6f4d46c631ca Observation.org: 120657 Open Tree of Life: 327708 PalDat: Pinus_densiflora PPE: pinus-densiflora Plant List: kew-2561880 PLANTS: PIDE5 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:262894-1 RHS: 13075 Tropicos: 24900108 WFO: wfo-0000481256

Authority control databases National United States Japan Israel Other Yale LUX

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