# Pinus contorta

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Species of plant

Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta subsp. contorta in Anacortes Community Forest Lands, Washington Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Secure (NatureServe)[2] Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Gymnosperms Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Pinus Subgenus: P. subg. Pinus Section: P. sect. Trifoliae Subsection: P. subsect. Contortae Species: P. contorta Binomial name Pinus contorta Douglas Subspecies 4, see text Distribution map: Pinus contorta subsp. contorta P. contorta subsp. latifolia P. contorta subsp. murrayana

***Pinus contorta***, with the common names **lodgepole pine**, **shore pine**, **twisted pine**,[3] and **contorta pine**,[3] is an [evergreen](/source/Evergreen) species of [conifer](/source/Conifer) tree. It is a common [pine](/source/Pine) in western [North America](/source/North_America), found near the ocean shore and in dry [montane forests](/source/Montane_forests) to the [subalpine](/source/Subalpine_zone), but is rare in lowland [rain forests](/source/Temperate_rainforest).

## Description

Depending on subspecies, *Pinus contorta* grows as an [evergreen](/source/Evergreen) shrub or tree. The shrub form is [krummholz](/source/Krummholz) and is approximately 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 ft) high. The thin and narrow-crowned tree can grow 40 to 50 m (130 to 160 ft) high and achieve up to 2 m (7 ft) in diameter at chest height.[4] The *murrayana* subspecies is the tallest. The [crown](/source/Crown_(botany)) is rounded and the top of the tree is flattened. In dense forests, the tree has a slim, conical crown. The formation of twin trees is common in some populations in [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia). The elastic branches stand upright or overhang and are difficult to break. The branches are covered with short shoots that are easy to remove.[5][6][7]

The species name is *contorta* because of the twisted, bent pines (shore pine)[8] found at coastal areas and the tree's twisted [needles](/source/Pine_needle).[9][10][11] *Pinus contorta* is occasionally known under several English names: black pine, scrub pine, and coast pine.[12][13] *P. contorta* subsp. *latifolia* will hybridise with the closely related [jack pine](/source/Jack_pine) (*P. banksiana*).

The bark of lodgepole pine is thin, scaly and grayish brown.[8] Shore pine bark is somewhat thick and corky, fissuring into a checkered pattern.[8] Some lodgepole pines have been reported in low elevations with features closer to those of the shore pine, including the bark.[8]

Tamarack pine can grow up to centuries old and lodgepole pines in [Yellowstone Park](/source/Yellowstone_National_Park) have survived over 300 years.[8]

Lodgepole pine being trained as [bonsai](/source/Bonsai). Notice the use of wire to position the branches of the tree. This is a yamadori (wild collected specimen) and has been styled by American bonsai artist [Bjorn Bjorholm](/source/Bjorn_Bjorholm).

### Foliage

The needles are 4 to 8 cm (1+1⁄2 to 3 in) long in fascicles of two, alternate on twigs. The female cones are 3 to 7 cm (1 to 3 in) long with sharp-tipped scales.

The egg-shaped growth [buds](/source/Bud) are reddish-brown and between 20 and 30 millimeters (3⁄4 and 1+1⁄4 in) long. They are short pointed, slightly rotated, and very resinous. Spring growth starts in beginning of April and the annual growth is completed by early July. The dark and mostly shiny needles are pointed and 4 to 8 centimeters (1+1⁄2 to 3 in) long and 0.9 to 2 mm (1⁄32 to 3⁄32 in) wide. The needle edge is weakly to strongly serrated. The needles are in pairs on [short shoots](/source/Fascicle_(botany)) and rotated about the shoots' longitudinal axes. In [Alberta](/source/Alberta) above 2,000 m (6,600 ft), 1 to 5 needles occur per short shoot. A population with a high proportion of three-needled short shoots occurs in the Yukon. Needles live an average of four to six years, with a maximum of 13 years.[6] The foliage of lodgepole pine is yellow-green as compared to shore pine, which is dark green.[8]

### Cones

The [cones](/source/Conifer_cone) of lodgepole and shore pine begin to be produced when the trees are about ten years old.[8] The cones are 3–7 cm (1–3 in) long, with prickles on the scales.[8]

Many populations of the [Rocky Mountain](/source/Rocky_Mountain) subspecies, *P. contorta* subsp. *latifolia*, have [serotinous](/source/Serotinous) cones. This means that the cones are closed and must be exposed to high temperatures, such as from forest fires, in order to open and release their seeds.[14] The variation in their serotiny has been correlated with [wildfires](/source/Wildfires) and [mountain pine beetle](/source/Mountain_pine_beetle) attacks.[15] The cones of the coastal Pacific subspecies, *P. contorta* subsp. *contorta*, are typically non-serotinous,[13] and those of the inland Pacific subspecies, *P. contorta* subsp. *murrayana*, are completely non-serotinous.[16] Sometimes cones will become buried by the continued growth of a branch. If the seeds are collected, they have germinated as much as 150 years after confinement.[17]

## Distribution

*Pinus contorta* occurs from upper, dry [montane forests](/source/Montane_forests) to the [subalpine](/source/Subalpine) region of western [North America](/source/North_America).[18][19][5] It can be found on the western side of the [Cascades](/source/Cascade_Range), in inland [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), and on the Rocky Mountains in [Alberta](/source/Alberta), except where it is too high and dry.[8] Lodgepole pine can tolerate relatively hostile environments such as high-elevation volcanic rock in Central Oregon (e.g. [Crater Lake](/source/Crater_Lake)) and thin soils on the eastern slope of the Cascades.[8] Further south, the species can be found in higher elevations up to 3,350 m (10,990 ft) above sea level, particularly in southern Colorado.[8] It is rare in lowland [rain forests](/source/Temperate_rainforest).[19][5] Shore pine can be found in very infertile soils in coastal regions from [Southeast Alaska](/source/Southeast_Alaska) to [Northern California](/source/Northern_California).[8]

Lodgepole and shore pine can be found intermingled (and apparently hybridized) north of [Puget Sound](/source/Puget_Sound).[8] Less dependent on fire, tamarack pine can be found in California's upper mountains and mingled with lodgepole in Oregon.[8] *Pinus contorta* can be found in the [closed-cone pine forest](/source/Closed-cone_pine_forest) of coastal California.

## Ecology

*Pinus contorta* is a [fire-adapted species](/source/Fire_ecology), often regenerating densely following [wildfire](/source/Wildfire). The species displays characteristically poor [self pruning](/source/Cladoptosis) and thin bark, features which often lead to a high rate of mortality following fire. Importantly however, the heat from fire results in the opening of [serotinous](/source/Serotinous) cones and the release of seeds. This in turn allows the species to regenerate well following catastrophic fire, and maintain its place in forest landscapes as an [early successional species](/source/Ecological_succession).[20] Some populations do sustain themselves in the absence of regular fire, where wind through, ice storms, and land slides also act as stand replacing disturbances.[8]

*P. contorta* subsp. *latifolia* forest 23 years before (above) and 10 years after (below) the [Yellowstone fires of 1988](/source/Yellowstone_fires_of_1988)

The natural fire regime for this species is primarily driven by climate. The fires occur most often after years of drought [*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]. Forests in the upper montane to subalpine region experience much moisture in the winter via snow. The density of [tree stands](/source/Tree_stand) with the species inhibit the establishment of an understory (allowing [ladder fuel](/source/Ladder_fuel) to form), and surface fire is rare regardless. Thus, infrequent but severe fires dominate this species.[20]

An example of the climate that plays a huge role in the fire regime of the species is quite complex. There are three different oscillations that play a major role in droughts. These are the [Pacific decadal oscillation](/source/Pacific_decadal_oscillation) (PDO), [Atlantic multidecadal oscillation](/source/Atlantic_multidecadal_oscillation) (AMO) and [El Niño](/source/El_Ni%C3%B1o) (ENSO). A combination of these oscillations being in effect (+) or not in effect (−) have a global effect on the water available to these forests. The combination of AMO +, ENSO − and PDO − means there is going to be a drought and likely a severe subalpine fire.[21]

A cluster of pollen-bearing male cones at [Mount San Antonio](/source/Mount_San_Antonio)

*[Suillus tomentosus](/source/Suillus_tomentosus)*, a fungus, produces specialized structures called tuberculate [ectomycorrhizae](/source/Ectomycorrhiza) with the roots of lodgepole pine (*Pinus contorta* var. *latifolia*). These structures have been shown to be the location of concentrations of [nitrogen-fixing](/source/Nitrogen-fixing) bacteria which contribute a significant amount of [nitrogen](/source/Nitrogen) to tree growth and allow the pines to colonize nutrient-poor sites.[22][23]

Porcupines consume the inner bark of lodgepole pine.[8]

### Threats

Larger members of the species are attacked by [mountain pine beetles](/source/Mountain_pine_beetle), which it fights with [pitch](/source/Pitch_(resin)) but can be overwhelmed.[8] It is also affected by [blue stain fungus](/source/Blue_stain_fungus) (*Grosmannia clavigera*), which the mountain pine beetle carries in its mouth. [Dwarf mistletoe](/source/Dwarf_mistletoe) also leeches off the species. Both the threat of pine beetles and dwarf mistletoe are curbed by wildfires, which occurred less in the 20th century due to firefighting. More recently, unthreatening lightning-sparked fires have been allowed to burn in wilderness areas in Idaho and Montana.[8] Exceptional cold can kill some of the beetles.[8]

A study released in 2011 concluded that *Pinus contorta* could experience significant reductions in distribution due to [climate change](/source/Climate_change) by the late 21st century.[24][25]

### As an invasive species

*Pinus contorta* is considered a serious [invasive species](/source/Invasive_species) of [wilding conifer](/source/Wilding_conifer) in [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand), along with several other western North American pine species. It is listed on the [National Pest Plant Accord](/source/National_Pest_Plant_Accord) and is prohibited from sale, commercial propagation, and distribution.

## Subspecies

There are four [subspecies](/source/Subspecies) of *Pinus contorta*, and one of them is sometimes considered to have two [varieties](/source/Variety_(botany)).[26] The subspecies are sometimes treated at the rank of variety.[3][4][27]

Cone Image Subspecies Common name Distribution Pinus contorta subsp. bolanderi Bolander's beach pine, Bolander pine, Also treated as Pinus contorta subsp. contorta var. bolanderi, in which case what is treated here as Pinus contorta subsp. contorta is the variety Pinus contorta subsp. contorta var. contorta.[28] endemic to Mendocino County on the northwestern California coast;[29] near threatened by fires and development Pinus contorta subsp. contorta shore pine Pacific Coast, southern Alaska to northwest California.[9][30][31] Pinus contorta subsp. murrayana tamarack pine, or Sierra lodgepole pine[32] Cascade Range from Oregon into northern California; the Sierra Nevada, the Transverse Ranges of southern California (including the San Bernardino Mountains, the Peninsular Ranges into northern Baja California, and the Spring Mountains of southern Nevada).[33][9][34] Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia lodgepole pine Rocky Mountains, Colorado to Yukon and Saskatchewan; aspen parkland and boreal forests.[35][36][37]

## Uses

### Construction

The common name "lodgepole pine" comes from the custom of [Native Americans](/source/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas) using the tall, straight trees to construct lodges ([tepees](/source/Tipi)) in the Rocky Mountain area.[8] Lodgepole pine was used by European settlers to build log cabins.[8] Logs are still used in rural areas as posts, fences, lumber, and firewood.[8] Shore pine pitch has historically been used as glue.[8]

[Tree plantations](/source/Tree_farm) of *Pinus contorta* have been planted extensively in [Norway](/source/Norway), [Sweden](/source/Sweden),[38] [Ireland](/source/Ireland) and the [UK](/source/UK) for [forestry](/source/Forestry), such as timber uses. In Iceland it is used for reforestation and afforestation purposes.[39] It is also commonly used for pressure-treated lumber throughout North America.

### Food

Native Americans consumed the inner bark of lodgepole pine to prevent starvation for themselves and their horses.[8] The lodgepole pine cambium layer's edibility is dependent on thickness, consistency, and sweetness.[40]

### Medicinal

The [indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest) and [of California](/source/Indigenous_peoples_of_California) used different parts of the plant internally and externally as a [traditional medicine](/source/Traditional_medicine) for various ailments.[41] The gum of shore pine was used medicinally as well as for chewing.[8]

### Cultivation

*Pinus contorta* is cultivated as an [ornamental tree](/source/Ornamental_tree) by the [horticulture industry](/source/Horticulture_industry). [Plant nurseries](/source/Plant_nursery) grow *Pinus contorta* subsp. *contorta* and *Pinus contorta* subsp. *murrayana* for use in traditional and [wildlife gardens](/source/Wildlife_garden), and as smaller selections of the [native plant](/source/Native_plant) for [natural landscaping](/source/Natural_landscaping). The shore pine's smaller varieties and cultivars are also used in [container gardening](/source/Container_garden), including as large [bonsai](/source/Bonsai) specimens.

[Cultivars](/source/Cultivars) of this species include:

- "Chief Joseph", a dwarf variety of *Pinus contorta*var*. latifolia* grown for its yellow winter needles

- "Spaan's Dwarf", a dwarf variety of *Pinus contorta*var*. contorta* that grows wider than it grows tall

The cultivar "Chief Joseph" has gained the [Royal Horticultural Society](/source/Royal_Horticultural_Society)'s [Award of Garden Merit](/source/Award_of_Garden_Merit).[42][43]

### Emblem

Lodgepole pine is the [provincial tree](/source/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols) of Alberta, Canada.[44]

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-0)** Farjon, A. (2013). ["*Pinus contorta*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/42351/2974612). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2013** e.T42351A2974612. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42351A2974612.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42351A2974612.en). Retrieved 11 November 2021.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GRIN_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GRIN_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-GRIN_3-2) ["Pinus contorta"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28435). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FNA_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FNA_4-1) Kral, Robert (1993). ["*Pinus contorta*"](http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500927). In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). [*Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)*](http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 September 2010 – via eFloras.org, [Missouri Botanical Garden](/source/Missouri_Botanical_Garden), St. Louis, MO & [Harvard University Herbaria](/source/Harvard_University_Herbaria), Cambridge, MA.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-paul07_22-0)** Paul, L.R.; Chapman, B.K.; Chanway, C.P. (2007). ["Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Suillus tomentosus Tuberculate Ectomycorrhizae on Pinus contorta var. latifolia"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243579). *Annals of Botany*. **99** (6): 1101–1109. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/aob/mcm061](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcm061). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3243579](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243579). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17468111](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17468111).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-chapman12_23-0)** Chapman, W.K.; Paul, L.R. (2012). ["Evidence that Northern Pioneering Pines with Tuberculate Mycorrhizae are Unaffected by Varying Soil Nitrogen Levels"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3474912). *Microbial Ecology*. **64** (4): 964–72. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012MicEc..64..964C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MicEc..64..964C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s00248-012-0076-0](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00248-012-0076-0). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [3474912](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3474912). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22677953](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22677953).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Coops, Nicholas C.; Waring, Richard H. (March 2011). "A process-based approach to estimate lodgepole pine (*Pinus contorta* Dougl.) distribution in the Pacific Northwest under climate change". *Climatic Change*. **105** (1–2): 313–328. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011ClCh..105..313C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ClCh..105..313C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10584-010-9861-2](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10584-010-9861-2). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [54177131](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54177131).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Rudolf, John Collins (28 February 2011). ["Climate Change Takes Toll on the Lodgepole Pine"](https://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/28/climate-change-takes-toll-on-the-lodgepole-pine). *Green: A Blog About Energy and the Environment*. Retrieved 1 March 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iucn-bolanderi_26-0)** Conifer Specialist Group (1998). ["*Pinus contorta*var.*bolanderi*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/34010/0). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **1998**. Retrieved 12 May 2006.{{[cite iucn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn)}}: old-form url ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_iucn#Maintenance_messages))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["*Pinus contorta*"](http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2561967). *[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families](/source/World_Checklist_of_Selected_Plant_Families)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew) – via [The Plant List](/source/The_Plant_List). Note that this website has been superseded by [World Flora Online](/source/World_Flora_Online)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0)** Jepson Flora Project (ed.). ["*Pinus contorta* subsp. *bolanderi*"](http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=52301). *Jepson eFlora*. [The Jepson Herbarium](/source/University_and_Jepson_Herbaria#Jepson_Herbarium), [University of California, Berkeley](/source/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Pinus contorta var. bolanderi"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=448582). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["Pinus contorta ssp. contorta"](https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6508). *Calflora*. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Pinus contorta var. contorta"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=404908). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [Chase, J. Smeaton](/source/J._Smeaton_Chase) (1911). ["*Pinus murrayana* (Tamarack, Lodge-pole-pine)"](https://archive.org/details/conebearingtrees00chas/page/36/mode/2up). *Cone-bearing Trees of the California Mountains*. [Eytel, Carl](/source/Carl_Eytel) (illustrations). Chicago: [A.C. McClurg & Co.](/source/A.C._McClurg_%26_Co.) p. 36. [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [11004975](https://lccn.loc.gov/11004975). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [3477527](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3477527).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Pinus contorta var. murrayana"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=409752). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana"](https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=6508). *Calflora*. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** ["Pinus contorta var. latifolia"](https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28436). *[Germplasm Resources Information Network](/source/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network)*. [Agricultural Research Service](/source/Agricultural_Research_Service), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-PLANTS_36-0)** [NRCS](/source/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service). ["*Pinus contorta*"](https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PICO). *PLANTS Database*. [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture) (USDA). Retrieved 24 January 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** Johnson, Kershaw; MacKinnon, Pojar (1995). *Plants of the Western Boreal Forest and Aspen Parkland*. Edmonton AB: Lonepine Publishing. p. 27. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55105-058-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55105-058-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Allas, Anne-Ravna (19 January 2025). ["SLU varnar: Contortatallen kan bli invasiv"](https://www.svt.se/nyheter/sapmi/slu-varnar-contortatallen-kan-bli-invasiv). *SVT* (in Swedish). Retrieved 12 May 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Skógræktin. ["Forestry in Iceland"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230223210445/https://www.skogur.is/en/forestry/forestry-in-a-treeless-land/forestry-in-iceland). *Skógræktin*. Archived from [the original](https://www.skogur.is/en/forestry/forestry-in-a-treeless-land/forestry-in-iceland) on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Dilbone, Megan; Turner, Nancy J.; von Aderkas, Patrick (March 2013). ["Lodgepole Pine Cambium (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.): A Springtime First Peoples' Food in British Columbia"](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03670244.2012.706013). *Ecology of Food and Nutrition*. **52** (2): 130–147. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013EcoFN..52..130D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013EcoFN..52..130D). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/03670244.2012.706013](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03670244.2012.706013). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0367-0244](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0367-0244). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [23445392](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23445392). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [7570681](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7570681).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["NAEB"](http://naeb.brit.org/uses/species/2954/). *umich.edu*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RHSPF_42-0)** ["RHS Plantfinder – *Pinus contorta* 'Chief Joseph'"](https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/284474/i-Pinus-contorta-i-Chief-Joseph/Details). Retrieved 2 May 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["AGM Plants – Ornamental"](https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf) (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 78. Retrieved 2 April 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ABEmblems_44-0)** ["Emblems of Alberta"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170408171824/http://www.culturetourism.alberta.ca/about/emblems-of-alberta/default.aspx). *Alberta Culture and Tourism*. 14 June 2017. Archived from [the original](http://www.culture.alberta.ca/about/emblems-of-alberta/default.aspx) on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017.

## External links

***Pinus contorta***  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta) from Commons
- [Taxa](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta) from Wikispecies

- [Jepson eFlora](http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/eflora/eflora_display.php?tid=38264), [The Jepson Herbarium](/source/University_and_Jepson_Herbaria#Jepson_Herbarium), [University of California, Berkeley](/source/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley)

- [University of Wisconsin: Lodgepole forest webpage](http://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/projects/virtdept/ipvft/lodgep.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230335/http://www4.uwsp.edu/geo/projects/virtdept/ipvft/lodgep.html) 3 March 2016 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Virginia Tech dendrology website: *Pinus contorta*](http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=177)

- [Guardian (U.K.) article: "Plague of beetles raises climate change fears for American beauty"](https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/19/usnews.conservationandendangeredspecies)

- [*Picea sitchensis*](http://www.euforgen.org/species/picea-sitchensis/) – information, genetic conservation units and related resources. [European Forest Genetic Resources Programme](/source/European_Forest_Genetic_Resources_Programme) (EUFORGEN)

- [*Pinus contorta*](https://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?where-taxon=Pinus+contorta) in the [CalPhotos](/source/CalPhotos) photo database, [University of California, Berkeley](/source/University_of_California%2C_Berkeley)

- Lotan, James E.; Critchfield, William B. (1990). ["*Pinus contorta*"](https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/pinus/contorta.htm). In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). [*Conifers*](https://srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_1/vol1_table_of_contents.htm). *Silvics of North America*. Vol. 1. [Washington, D.C.](/source/Washington%2C_D.C.): [United States Forest Service](/source/United_States_Forest_Service) (USFS), [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture) (USDA) – via Southern Research Station.

- ["Pinus contorta"](https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pinus+contorta). *[Plants for a Future](/source/Plants_for_a_Future)*.

Taxon identifiers Pinus contorta Wikidata: Q165091 Wikispecies: Pinus contorta APNI: 171467 BioLib: 2332 Calflora: 6508 CoL: 4J24Y Conifers.org: Pinus_contorta EoL: 1061758 EPPO: PIUCN EUNIS: 150579 FNA: 233500927 FoAO2: Pinus contorta GBIF: 5285750 GRIN: 28435 iNaturalist: 48934 IPNI: 30000492-2 IRMNG: 11008706 ISC: 41577 ITIS: 183327 IUCN: 42351 NatureServe: 2.147775 NBN: NBNSYS0000004786 NCBI: 3339 NZOR: 09496106-973f-45c0-8720-20e76bdee50c NZPCN: 3075 Observation.org: 7193 Open Tree of Life: 1044477 PalDat: Pinus_contorta PPE: pinus-contorta Plant List: kew-2561967 PLANTS: PICO POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000492-2 RHS: 13066 Tropicos: 24900183 VASCAN: 7184 VicFlora: fefd369a-efe6-49b7-a665-049027672712 WFO: wfo-0000481330

Authority control databases National United States Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pinus contorta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.