# Pinna (bivalve)

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Genus of bivalves

Pinna Temporal range: Permian–Recent[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Pinna nobilis Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Pteriida Superfamily: Pinnoidea Family: Pinnidae Genus: Pinna Linnaeus, 1758 Type species Pinna rudis Linnaeus, 1758 Synonyms Exitopinna Iredale, 1939 Pinna (Abyssopinna) P. W. Schultz & M. Huber, 2013· accepted, alternate representation Pinna (Cyrtopinna) Mörch, 1853· accepted, alternate representation Pinna (Exitopinna) Iredale, 1939· accepted, alternate representation Pinna (Pinna) Linnaeus, 1758· accepted, alternate representation Pinna (Quantulopinna) Iredale, 1939· accepted, alternate representation Pinna (Subitopinna) Iredale, 1939· accepted, alternate representation Pinnarius Duméril, 1805 Pinnula Rafinesque, 1815 Quantulopinna Iredale, 1939 Subitopinna Iredale, 1939

Pinna internal and external shell features

***Pinna*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [bivalve](/source/Bivalve) [molluscs](/source/Mollusc) belonging to the family [Pinnidae](/source/Pinnidae).[2][3] The [type species](/source/Type_species) of the genus is *[Pinna rudis](/source/Pinna_rudis)*.[2]

These bivalves are sessile suspension feeders that live in shallow water, fixed to the substrate with a large, silky [byssus](/source/Byssus).[4] There are 32 different species in the genus *Pinna*, accounting for around 40% of the diversity in the family [Pinnidae](/source/Pinnidae), and members of the genus are present almost globally. The most extensively studied species in the genus is the critically endangered *[P. nobilis](/source/Pinna_nobilis)*, a [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean_Sea) pen shell which was historically important as the principal source of [sea silk](/source/Sea_silk).[5] Members of *Pinna* are also valued as sources of food,[6] pearls[7] and for the aesthetic value of their shells.[8]

## Description

These pen shells can reach a length of about 80–90 cm (31–35 in). They are characterized by thin, elongated, wedge-shaped, and almost triangular shells with long, toothless edges. The surface of the shells shows radial ribs over their entire length.

*Pinna* is distinguished from its sibling genus *[Atrina](/source/Atrina)* by the presence of a [sulcus](/source/Sulcus_(anatomy)) dividing the [nacreous](/source/Nacre) region of the valves, and the positioning of the [adductor](/source/Adductor_muscles_(bivalve)) scar on the [dorsal](/source/Dorsum_(biology)) side of shells. *Pinna* can also be distinguished from another of its relatives *[Streptopinna](/source/Streptopinna)* by being larger and having a more uniform shell shape.[9]

The internal anatomy is consistent with that of a typical [mussel](/source/Mussel), and includes [adductor muscles](/source/Adductor_muscles_(bivalve)), the mantle and gut, the foot, and the byssal glands.[10]

Pinna musculature consists of an anterior and a posterior adductor muscle, which contract to close the shell, a posterior retractor muscle for moving the foot, and dorsal and ventral pallial retractor muscles, used to connect the mantle to the edge of the shell, and pull the mantle inside the shell when necessary.[10] With the exception of the ventral pallial retractor muscle, everything else is located on the dorsal side of the animal.[10] The anterior adductor muscle is very small, and it is located close to the anterior point, while the posterior adductor muscle is much larger, and is located about a third of the length along the shell, near the hinge plate.[10] The latter is attached to the valve alongside the posterior pedal retractor muscle.[10] The foot has two parts: a more slender anterior part that projects out and a posterior part that wraps around the byssus.[10] The byssus is composed of fibrous, iridescent, brown threads and surrounds the pair of byssal glands.[10] The mantle is mostly translucent, except near the posterior edge, where it is spotted.[10]

## Distribution

Species in the [genus](/source/Genus) *Pinna* are geographically widespread and is known to occur in tropical and subtropical seas around the world.[3][11]

*Pinna* species are widespread in the [Indo-Pacific](/source/Indo-Pacific), ranging as far south as South Africa and [New Zealand](/source/New_Zealand) and as far north as the [Persian Gulf](/source/Persian_Gulf) and [Japan](/source/Japan).[12] On the west coast of North America, *Pinna* members are known from [North Carolina](/source/North_Carolina) to [Argentina](/source/Argentina), and are abundant in the Caribbean and [Gulf of Mexico](/source/Gulf_of_Mexico).[12] This genus is also historically very well known from the [Mediterranean](/source/Mediterranean_Sea) and [Red Seas](/source/Red_Sea).[12][13]

Fossil members of this genus have been found globally,[1] date back to the late [Permian](/source/Permian) period[14] and are especially well-represented and widespread in [Jurassic](/source/Jurassic) and [Cretaceous](/source/Cretaceous) [fossils](/source/Fossil).[1]

## Ecology

### Life habit

*Pinna* species live in coastal and marine waters, as well as in transitional inlets partially influenced by freshwater flow.[13] Member of this genus are known to inhabit soft, muddy substrates, sandy [seagrass meadows](/source/Seagrass_meadow), [coral reefs](/source/Coral_reef), and fields of coral rubble in relatively shallow water.[15]

All members of the genus *Pinna* are [sessile](/source/Sessility_(motility)), and orient themselves vertically relative to the substrate with the thin, tapered end pointing downwards and the wide end open upwards.[16] In muddy or soft, sandy conditions, *Pinna* will bury 50-95%[6] of its body in substrate and will use tough [byssal threads](/source/Byssus) to keep them fixed in the soft substrate around them with the aperture elevated from, or flush with, the surface of the sediment.[4] On more solid, rockier substrates, some *Pinna* can anchor themselves directly to hard substrates similarly to other [common byssate molluscs](/source/Mussel).[15]

Members of the genus *Pinna* often arrange themselve in clusters or loosely spaced colonies, and can provide an important hard substrate for boring and encrusting organisms in otherwise inhospitable sandy or muddy settings, and may promote ecological diversity in environments they inhabit.[17] *Pinna* are often hosts of [*Pontonia* shrimp](/source/Pontonia) and [pea crabs](/source/Pinnotheridae), as well as of [cardinalfish](/source/Apogonidae), [amphipods](/source/Amphipoda), [isopods](/source/Isopoda) and [sea anemones](/source/Sea_anemone), which can live inside of their mantle cavities.[16][6]

### Feeding

Members of the genus *Pinna* are generally [filter feeders](/source/Filter_feeder),[13] however, some soft-bottom taxa, especially ones that are deeply buried in sediment, are likely [deposit feeders](/source/Detritivore).[4] *Pinna*-genus bivalves consume a wide variety of prey, and includes zooplankton, phytoplankton, and organic detritus.[18]

In *Pinna nobilis*, the size of the shell, and, as a result, the proportion of the shell that is above the surface of the substrate, are directly related with where nutrients were sourced.[13] Larger *P. nobilis* showed a preference for prey higher in the water column, such as [Calanoid copepods](/source/Calanoida) and [diatoms](/source/Diatom), while smaller *P. nobilis* preferred more benthic prey, like [Harpacticoid copepods](/source/Harpacticoida) and consumed a higher proportion of organic [detritus](/source/Detritus), which is denser on the bottom.

### Reproduction and development

*Pinna* bivalves are [iteroparous](/source/Semelparity_and_iteroparity) broadcast spawners, and release male and female gametes into the water column separately to allow for external fertilization. Reproduction across the genus *Pinna* beyond this is diverse, some members of the genus, such as *Pinna nobilis, P. rugosa,* and *[P. bicolor](/source/Pinna_bicolor)* have defined spawning periods, which generally occur during the summer, while others, like *[P. carnea](/source/Pinna_carnea)* that live in more tropical climates spawn year-round.[6]

Fertilized gametes form [trochophores](/source/Trochophore), then [veliger](/source/Veliger) larvae, which are [planktonic](/source/Plankton) can drift for many days in the water column before settling onto substrate.[19] The veliger of the genus *Pinna* are stubby, triangular in outline, transparent and already contains the heteromyarian, or anisomyarian musculature seen in adult *Pinna*, where one adductor muscle is much reduced in size compared to the other.[20]

Upon reaching an appropriate substrate, the larva develops quickly, rapidly becoming sessile, and adult characteristics such as the [ctenidium](/source/Ctenidium_(mollusc)), [mantle](/source/Mantle_(mollusc)), and shell ornament take shape.[20] Interestingly, all shell growth only occurs along the dorsal (pointed), ventral (wedge), and posterior margins, while no growth occurs anteriorly. The veliger shell quickly erodes, and is rarely preserved in adults.

## Human uses

### Sea silk

Main article: [Sea silk](/source/Sea_silk)

### Pearls

*Pinna* showing partial [nacre](/source/Nacre) covering with sulcus

Members of the genus *Pinna* are known to produce [pearls](/source/Pearl). Due to the partial coverage of the insides of their shells with [nacre](/source/Nacre), they are capable of producing both nacreous and non-nacreous pearls.[12][7] Uniquely, members of *Pinna* appear to be unique in their capacity to produce gem-quality pearls that are made of calcite and contain [carotenoids](/source/Carotenoid)[7] which can lead to colouration that ranges from off-white, to vivid orange, brown and black. Pinna pearls may also be elongate and teardrop-shaped, mirroring the shape of the host shell.[7] The nacreous shell itself is also valuable as a collector's item.[8][6]

### Food

Members of the genus *Pinna*, as well as its sibling genus *[Atrina](/source/Atrina)*, are prized food sources around the Indo-pacific and Mediterranean.[6][21] Members of the genus are both harvested in the wild and are cultured, within the genus *Pinna*, most [aquaculture](/source/Aquaculture) efforts are concentrated on *[Pinna rugosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_rugosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* in Mexico and *[Pinna nobilis](/source/Pinna_nobilis),* the noble pen shell, in the Mediterranean.[21] Aquaculture from the harvesting and growing of spats has seen success in some members of *Pinna*, but is not performed commercially, and the majority of *Pinna* catch remains harvested wild.[6] *P. nobilis* remains a delicacy in parts of the Mediterranean, and is still served in restaurants, despite its [critically endangered](/source/Critically_endangered) status and the fact it is illegal to harvest.[8]

## Conservation

### Human efforts

As of 2019, *Pinna nobilis* is classified as a critically endangered species by the [IUCN](/source/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature). Mass mortality events have caused nearly all Mediterranean populations to die out.[22] Since then, conservation efforts such as transporting individuals to safer habitats, population monitoring, and [captive breeding](/source/Captive_breeding) efforts have been made to preserve the species.[23] In December 2022, the European Life *Pinna* Project set out to test their conservation protocols using the related *Atrina* genus as an experimental population because *Atrina* was not critically endangered or a protected species.[23]

### Parasites

Parasites such as the protozoan *Haplosporidium pinnae*, *Myobacterium* species and more, have been theorized as a potential cause of mortality for *Pinna nobilis*.[22] In 2019, an event termed the "[cold drop](/source/Cold_drop)" resulted in high volumes of nutrients, sediments, and fresh water to flood *Pinna* habitats and allow the introduction of *H. pinnae*.[22] The presence of parasites, along with mass mortality events, only contributed to the decline of *P. nobilis* populations following 2019.[22]

## Species

According to the [World Register of Marine Species](/source/World_Register_of_Marine_Species), [extant](/source/Extant_taxon) species in the genus *Pinna* are:[2]

- *[Pinna angustana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_angustana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lamarck, 1819

- *[Pinna atropurpurea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_atropurpurea&action=edit&redlink=1)* G. B. Sowerby I, 1825

- *[Pinna attenuata](/source/Pinna_attenuata)* Reeve, 1858

- *[Pinna bichi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_bichi&action=edit&redlink=1)* Thach, 2016

- *[Pinna bicolor](/source/Pinna_bicolor)* Gmelin, 1791

- *[Pinna carnea](/source/Pinna_carnea)* Gmelin, 1791

- *[Pinna cellophana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_cellophana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Matsukuma & Okutani, 1986

- *[Pinna deltodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_deltodes&action=edit&redlink=1)* Menke, 1843

- *[Pinna dolabrata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_dolabrata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lamarck, 1819

- *[Pinna electrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_electrina&action=edit&redlink=1)* Reeve, 1858

- *[Pinna epica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_epica&action=edit&redlink=1)* Jousseaume, 1894

- *[Pinna evexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_evexa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Callomon, 2023

- *[Pinna exquisita](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_exquisita&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938

- *[Pinna fimbriatula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_fimbriatula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Reeve, 1859

- *[Pinna incurva](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_incurva&action=edit&redlink=1)* Gmelin, 1791

- *[Pinna linguafelis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_linguafelis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Habe, 1953)

- *[Pinna madida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_madida&action=edit&redlink=1)* Reeve, 1858

- *[Pinna menkei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_menkei&action=edit&redlink=1)* Reeve, 1858

- *[Pinna muricata](/source/Pinna_muricata)* Linnaeus, 1758

- *[Pinna nembia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_nembia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Simone, 2024

- *[Pinna nobilis](/source/Pinna_nobilis)* Linnaeus, 1758

- *[Pinna papyracea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_papyracea&action=edit&redlink=1)* Gmelin, 1791

- *[Pinna pereria](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_pereria&action=edit&redlink=1)* Simone, 2024

- *[Pinna rapanui](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_rapanui&action=edit&redlink=1)* Araya & Osorio, 2016

- *[Pinna rudis](/source/Pinna_rudis)* Linnaeus, 1758

- *[Pinna rugosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_rugosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* G. B. Sowerby I, 1835

- *[Pinna saccata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_saccata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Linnaeus, 1758

- *[Pinna sanguinolenta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_sanguinolenta&action=edit&redlink=1)* Reeve, 1858

- *[Pinna trigonalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_trigonalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Pease, 1861

- *[Pinna trigonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_trigonium&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dunker, 1852

- *[Pinna trindadis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_trindadis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Simone, 2024

- *[Pinna wayae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_wayae&action=edit&redlink=1)* P. W. Schultz & M. Huber, 2013

The following species are only known from the fossil record:[2]

- †*[Pinna anderssoni](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_anderssoni&action=edit&redlink=1)* Wilckens, 1910

- †*[Pinna arcuata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_arcuata&action=edit&redlink=1)* J. Sowerby, 1821

- †*[Pinna blanfordi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_blanfordi&action=edit&redlink=1)* O. Boettger, 1880

- †*[Pinna cretacea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_cretacea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Schlotheim, 1813)

- †*[Pinna dissimilicostata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_dissimilicostata&action=edit&redlink=1)* X.-M. Gan, 1978

- †*[Pinna distans](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_distans&action=edit&redlink=1)* F. W. Hutton, 1873

- †*[Pinna folium](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_folium&action=edit&redlink=1)* G. Young & Bird, 1822

- †*[Pinna fragilis](/source/Pinna_fragilis)* Watelet, 1868

- †*[Pinna freneixae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_freneixae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Zinsmeister & Macellari, 1988

- †*[Pinna huiyangensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_huiyangensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* R.-J. Zhang, 1977

- †*[Pinna karabiensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_karabiensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Yanin, 2021

- †*[Pinna kawhiana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_kawhiana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Marwick, 1953

- †*[Pinna keexwaanensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_keexwaanensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* McRoberts, 2017

- †*[Pinna lanceolata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_lanceolata&action=edit&redlink=1)* J. Sowerby, 1821

- †*[Pinna margaritacea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_margaritacea&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lamarck, 1805

- †*[Pinna mitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_mitis&action=edit&redlink=1)* J. Phillips, 1829

- †*[Pinna muikadanensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_muikadanensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Nakazawa, 1961

- †*[Pinna nyainrongensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_nyainrongensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* S.-X. Wen, 1979

- †*[Pinna octavia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_octavia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Marwick, 1953

- †*[Pinna pacata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_pacata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Shilekhin, Mazaev & Biakov, 2023[24]

- †*[Pinna plicata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_plicata&action=edit&redlink=1)* F. W. Hutton, 1873

- †*[Pinna qinghaiensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_qinghaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Y.-J. Lu, 1986

- †*[Pinna rembangensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_rembangensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* K. Martin, 1910

- †*[Pinna robinaldina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_robinaldina&action=edit&redlink=1)* A. d'Orbigny, 1844

- †*[Pinna sobrali](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_sobrali&action=edit&redlink=1)* Zinsmeister, 1984

- †*[Pinna socialis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_socialis&action=edit&redlink=1)* A. d'Orbigny, 1850

- †*[Pinna subcuneata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_subcuneata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Eichwald, 1865

- †*[Pinna suprajurensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_suprajurensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* A. d'Orbigny, 1850

- †*[Pinna torulosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_torulosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Repin, 2001

- †*[Pinna vanhoepeni](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_vanhoepeni&action=edit&redlink=1)* Rennie, 1930

- †*[Pinnacaris dentata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinnacaris_dentata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Garassino & Teruzzi, 1993

- †*[Pinnatiporidium toomeyi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinnatiporidium_toomeyi&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Dragastan) Dragastan & Schlagintweit, 2005

- †*[Pinnatoporella carinata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinnatoporella_carinata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Etheridge, 1879)

- †*[Pinnatulites microrugosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinnatulites_microrugosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hessland, 1949

- †*[Pinnatulites tumida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinnatulites_tumida&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hessland, 1949

- †*[Pinnatulites varia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinnatulites_varia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Sarv, 1959

## Nomen nudum

- *Pinna inflata* [Röding](/source/Peter_Friedrich_R%C3%B6ding), 1798

- *Pinna lubrica* Lightfoot, 1786

- *Pinna nebulosa* Lightfoot, 1786

- *Pinna nigricans* Lightfoot, 1786

- *Pinna striata* [Röding](/source/Peter_Friedrich_R%C3%B6ding), 1798

- *Pinna tenera* Lightfoot, 1786

- *Pinna violacea* [Röding](/source/Peter_Friedrich_R%C3%B6ding), 1798

## Nomen dubium

- *Pinna atrata* Clessin, 1891

- *Pinna bullata* [Gmelin](/source/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin), 1791

- *Pinna marginata* [Lamarck](/source/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck), 1819

- *Pinna minax* Hanley, 1858

- *Pinna rollei* Clessin, 1891

- *Pinna rostellum* Hanley, 1858

- *Pinna rotundata* [Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), [1758](/source/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae)

- *Pinna sanguinea* [Gmelin](/source/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin), 1791

- *Pinna virgata* Menke, 1843

## Synonyms

- *Pinna squamosissima* Philippi, 1849: synonym of *[Atrina serrata](/source/Atrina_serrata)* (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825)

- *Pinna strangei* [Reeve](/source/Lovell_Augustus_Reeve), 1858: synonym of *[Atrina strangei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrina_strangei&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Reeve, 1858)

- *Pinna stutchburii* [Reeve](/source/Lovell_Augustus_Reeve), 1859: synonym of *[Pinna attenuata](/source/Pinna_attenuata)* Reeve, 1858

- *Pinna subviridis* [Reeve](/source/Lovell_Augustus_Reeve), 1858: synonym of *[Atrina seminuda](/source/Atrina_seminuda)* (Lamarck, 1819)

- *Pinna tasmanica* Tenison-Woods, 1876: synonym of *[Atrina tasmanica](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrina_tasmanica&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Tenison Woods, 1876)

- *Pinna truncata* Philippi, 1844: synonym of *[Atrina fragilis](/source/Atrina_fragilis)* (Pennant, 1777)

- *Pinna tuberculosa* [Sowerby I](/source/George_Brettingham_Sowerby_I), 1835: synonym of *[Atrina tuberculosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrina_tuberculosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)

- *Pinna varicosa* [Lamarck](/source/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck), 1819: synonym of *[Pinna carnea](/source/Pinna_carnea)* Gmelin, 1791

- *Pinna vespertina* [Reeve](/source/Lovell_Augustus_Reeve), 1858: synonym of *[Pinna atropurpurea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_atropurpurea&action=edit&redlink=1)* G. B. Sowerby I, 1825

- *Pinna vexillum* Born, 1778: synonym of *[Atrina vexillum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrina_vexillum&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Born, 1778)

- *Pinna vitrea* [Gmelin](/source/Johann_Friedrich_Gmelin), 1791: synonym of *[Streptopinna saccata](/source/Streptopinna_saccata)* (Linnaeus, 1758)

- *Pinna vulgaris* Roissy, 1804: synonym of *[Pinna nobilis](/source/Pinna_nobilis)* Linnaeus, 1758

- *Pinna whitechurchi* Turton, 1932: synonym of *[Atrina squamifera](/source/Atrina_squamifera)* (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835)

- *Pinna zebuensis* [Reeve](/source/Lovell_Augustus_Reeve), 1858: synonym of *[Pinna muricata](/source/Pinna_muricata)* Linnaeus, 1758

- *Pinna zelandica* Gray, 1835: synonym of *[Atrina zelandica](/source/Atrina_zelandica)* (Gray, 1835)

## Gallery

		- *[Pinna angustana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_angustana&action=edit&redlink=1)*

		- *[Pinna atropurpurea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_atropurpurea&action=edit&redlink=1)*

		- *[Pinna attenuata](/source/Pinna_attenuata)*

		- *[Pinna bicolor](/source/Pinna_bicolor)*

		- *[Pinna carnea](/source/Pinna_carnea)*

		- *[Pinna deltodes](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_deltodes&action=edit&redlink=1)*

		- *[Pinna electrina](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_electrina&action=edit&redlink=1)*

		- *[Pinna incurva](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_incurva&action=edit&redlink=1)*

		- *[Pinna muricata](/source/Pinna_muricata)*

		- *[Pinna rudis](/source/Pinna_rudis)*

		- *[Pinna rugosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_rugosa&action=edit&redlink=1)*

		- *[Pinna trigonium](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pinna_trigonium&action=edit&redlink=1)*

		- *[Pinna nobilis](/source/Pinna_nobilis)* shell with [byssus](/source/Byssus)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-PaleobiologyDB_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-PaleobiologyDB_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-PaleobiologyDB_1-2) ["*Pinna* Linnaeus, 1758"](https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=16400). *Paleobiology Database*. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-WoRMS_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-WoRMS_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-WoRMS_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-WoRMS_2-3) Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2024). ["*Pinna* Linnaeus, 1758"](https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138352). *MolluscaBase*. [World Register of Marine Species](/source/World_Register_of_Marine_Species). Retrieved 17 September 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GBIF_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GBIF_3-1) ["*Pinna* Linnaeus, 1758"](http://www.gbif.org/species/2285348). *[Global Biodiversity Information Facility](/source/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility)*. Retrieved 17 September 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:8_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:8_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:8_4-2) Kiyotaka, Chinzei; Savazzi, Enrico; [Seilacher, Adolf](/source/Adolf_Seilacher) (1982). "Adaptational strategies of bivalves living as infaunal secondary soft bottom dwellers". *Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie*. **164** (1–2): 229–244. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1982NJGPA.164..229C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982NJGPA.164..229C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1127/njgpa/164/1982/229](https://doi.org/10.1127%2Fnjgpa%2F164%2F1982%2F229) – via ResearchGate.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Stein, Eliot (2017). ["The last surviving sea silk seamstress"](https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170906-the-last-surviving-sea-silk-seamstress). *BBC*. Retrieved March 25, 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:5_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:5_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:5_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:5_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:5_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:5_6-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:5_6-6) Chávez-Villalba, Jorge; de Jesús Reynaga-Franco, Felipe; Hoyos-Chairez, Francisco (2022). "Worldwide overview of reproduction, juvenile collection, spat production and cultivation of pen shells". *Reviews in Aquaculture*. **14** (3): 1371–1388. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2022RvAq...14.1371C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022RvAq...14.1371C). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/raq.12654](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fraq.12654).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:4_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:4_7-3) Karampelas, Stefanos (2009). ["Characterization of Some Pearls of the Pinnidae Family"](https://www.gia.edu/gems-gemology/fall-2009-gem-news-international). *Gems & Gemology*. **45** (3): 221–223 – via Gemological Institute of America.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:6_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:6_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:6_8-2) Katsanevakis, Stelios; Poursanidis, Dimitris; Issaris, Yiannis; Panou, Aliki (2011). [""Protected" marine shelled molluscs: Thriving in Greek seafood restaurants"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230729383). *Mediterranean Marine Science*. **12** (2): 429–438. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011MedMS..12..429K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011MedMS..12..429K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.12681/mms.42](https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fmms.42) – via ResearchGate.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Streptopinna saccata"](https://seashellsofnsw.org.au/Pinnidae/Pages/Streptopinna_saccata.htm). *seashellsofnsw.org.au*. Retrieved 2025-03-26.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:10_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:10_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:10_10-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:10_10-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:10_10-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:10_10-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:10_10-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:10_10-7) Simone, Luiz; Mikkelsen, Paula M; Bieler, Rüdiger (May 2015). ["Comparative Anatomy of Selected Marine Bivalves from the Florida Keys, with Notes on Brazilian Congeners (Mollusca: Bivalvia)"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276268059). *Malacologia*. **58** (1–2): 1–127. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4002/040.058.0201](https://doi.org/10.4002%2F040.058.0201) – via ResearchGate.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Lemer, Sara; Buge, Barbara; Bemis, Amanda; Giribet, Gonzalo (2014). ["First molecular phylogeny of the circumtropical bivalve family Pinnidae (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Evidence for high levels of cryptic species diversity". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790314000591). *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **75**: 11–23. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.008](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2014.02.008). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [24569016](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24569016) – via Elsevier Science Direct.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_12-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_12-3) Strack, Elisabeth (2006). *Perlen* [*Pearls*] (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Rühle-Diebener-Verlag. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-9810848-0-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9810848-0-1).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_13-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_13-3) Davenport, John; Ezgeta-Balić, Daria; Peharda, Melita; Skejić, Sanda; Ninčević-Gladan, Živana; Matijević, Slavica (2011). ["Size-differential feeding in Pinna nobilis L. (Mollusca: Bivalvia): Exploitation of detritus, phytoplankton and zooplankton"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272771410004579). *Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science*. **92** (2): 246–254. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011ECSS...92..246D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ECSS...92..246D). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ecss.2010.12.033](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecss.2010.12.033) – via Elsevier Science Direct.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Shilekhin, Lev; Mazaev, Alexey; Biakov, Alexander (2023). ["The Earliest Representatives of the Genus Pinna (Bivalvia), from the Early Permian Reef of Shakhtau (Southern Cisuralia, Russia)". Paleontological Journal. 57: 375–379 – via SpringerNature"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373410808). *Paleontological Journal*. **57**: 375–379. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1134/S0031030123040111](https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0031030123040111) – via ResearchGate.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_15-1) Hanafi Idris, Mohd; Bin Arshad, Aziz; Sidik Bujang, Japar; Abd. Ghaffar, Mazlan; Khalijah Daud, Siti (2009). ["Morphological Characteristics of Pinna bicolor Gmelin and Pinna deltodes Menke from the Seagrass Bed of Sungai Pulai, Johor, Peninsular Malaysia"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289185813). *Sains Malaysiana*. **38** (3): 333–339 – via ResearchGate.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_16-1) Aucoin, Serge (2010). ["A first report on the shrimp Pontonia sp. and other potential symbionts in the mantle cavity of the penshell Pinna carnea in the Dominican Republic"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225983991). *Symbiosis*. **50** (3): 130–131. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010Symbi..50..135A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Symbi..50..135A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s13199-010-0050-x](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13199-010-0050-x) – via ResearchGate.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Tiller, Georgia; Martin, Bradley; Baring, Ryan (2024). ["Razor clam (Pinna bicolor) structural mimics as drivers of epibenthic biodiversity; a manipulative experiment"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marenvres.2024.106658). *Marine Environmental Research*. **200**. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2024MarER.20006658T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024MarER.20006658T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106658](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marenvres.2024.106658). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [39088890](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39088890).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Vicente, Nardo (2014). ["Utilization of muddy detritus as organic matter source by the fan mussel Pinna nobilis"](https://www.academia.edu/116584605). *Mediterranean Marine Science*. **15** (3): 667. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2014MedMS..15..667T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014MedMS..15..667T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.12681/mms.836](https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fmms.836) – via Academia.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Trigos, Sergio; Vicente, Nardo; Prado, Patricia; Espinós, Francisco (2018). ["Adult spawning and early larval development of the endangered bivalve Pinna nobilis"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848617314515). *Aquaculture*. **483**: 102–110. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018Aquac.483..102T](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Aquac.483..102T). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.015](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2017.10.015). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10251/103987](https://hdl.handle.net/10251%2F103987) – via Elsevier Science Direct.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:9_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:9_20-1) Allen, John (2011). "On the functional morphology of Pinna and Atrina larvae (Bivalvia: Pinnidae) from the Atlantic". *Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom*. **91** (4): 823–829. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011JMBUK..91..823A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JMBUK..91..823A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0025315410001694](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025315410001694) – via Cambridge University Press.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:7_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:7_21-1) Beer, Andrew; Southgate, Paul (2006). ["Spat collection, growth and meat yield of Pinna bicolor (Gmelin) in suspended culture in northern Australia"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0044848606002833). *Aquaculture*. **258** (1): 424–429. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2006Aquac.258..424B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Aquac.258..424B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.04.014](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquaculture.2006.04.014) – via Elsevier Science Direct.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:11_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:11_22-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:11_22-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:11_22-3) Nebot-Colomer, Elisabet; Hernandis, Sebastián; Mourre, Baptiste; Fraile-Nuez, Eugenio; Álvarez, Elvira; Deudero, Salud; Albentosa, Marina; Vázquez-Luis, Maite (June 2024). ["No recruits for an ageing population: First signs of probable population extinction in one of the last reservoirs of the Critically Endangered species Pinna nobilis"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1617138124000499#b0170). *Journal for Nature Conservation*. **79**. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2024JNatC..7926600N](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JNatC..7926600N). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jnc.2024.126600](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jnc.2024.126600). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[10261/359843](https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F359843) – via Elsevier Science Direct.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:12_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:12_23-1) Paola Ferranti, Maria; Azzena, Ilenia; Batistini, Edoardo; Caracciolo, Daniela; Casu, Marco; Chiantore, Mariachiara; Ciriaco, Saul; Firpo, Valerio; Intini, Luca; Locci, Chiara; Montefalcone, Monica; Oprandi, Alice; Sanna, Daria; Scarpa, Fabio; Segarchi, Marco (December 15, 2024). ["Handling of the Bivalve Pinna nobilis, Endangered and Pathogen-Affected Species, for Controlled Reproduction: Precautions Taken"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11646934). *Ecology and Evolution*. **14** (12) e70565. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2024EcoEv..1470565F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024EcoEv..1470565F). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/ece3.70565](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.70565). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [11646934](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11646934). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [39687581](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39687581).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Shilekhin_et_al._2023_24-0)** Shilekhin, L. E.; Mazaev, A. V.; Biakov, A. S. (2023). ["The most ancient representatives of the genus *Pinna* (Bivalvia) in the Early Permian reef of Shakhtau (southern Cis-Urals, Russia)"](https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=54096158). *Paleontological Journal*. **57** (4): 21–25. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1134/S0031030123040111](https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS0031030123040111).

## Further reading

- Frank H.T. Rodes, Herbert S. Zim en Paul R. Shaffer (1993) - Natuurgids Fossielen (het ontstaan, prepareren en rangschikken van fossielen), Zuidnederlandse Uitgeverij N.V., Aartselaar. ISBN D-1993-0001-361

- Cyril Walker & David Ward (1993) - Fossielen: Sesam Natuur Handboeken, Bosch & Keuning, Baarn. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [90-246-4924-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-246-4924-2)

- Packard, Earl; Jones, David L. (Sep 1965). "Cretaceous Pelecypods of the Genus Pinna from the West Coast of North America". *Journal of Paleontology*. **39** (1): 910–915.

- ["Glossary"](http://www.manandmollusc.net/glossary.html). Man and Mollusc. Retrieved 2008-01-30.

- Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp.

- Schultz, P. W.; Huber, M. (2013). Revision of the worldwide Recent Pinnidae and some remarks of fossil European Pinnidae. Acta Conchyliorum. 13: 1–164.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Pinna (genus)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pinna_(genus)).

- [Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata](https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726886)

- [Mörch, O. A. L. (1852-1853). Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra & Gadea Comes de Yoldi, Regis Daniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe & Ordinis Caroli Tertii Eques. Fasc. 1, Cephalophora, 170 pp. \[1852\]; Fasc. 2, Acephala, Annulata, Cirripedia, Echinodermata, 74 \[+2\] pp. \[1853\]. Hafniae \[Copenhagen\]: L. Klein](http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/12921)

- [Children J. G. (1822-1823). Lamarck's genera of shells. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts (London), 14(27): 64-87, pl. 3-4 \[ottobre 1822\]; 14(28): 298-322, pl. 5-6 \[gennaio 1823\]; 15(29): 23-52, pl. 2-3 \[aprile 1823\]; 15(30): 216-258, pl. 7-8 \[luglio 1823\]; 16 (31): 49-79, pl. 5 \[ottobre 1823\]; 16 (32): 241-264, pl. 6 \[dicembre 1823\]. \[Vedi anche Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward, 1931\]](http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14496865),

Taxon identifiers Pinna Wikidata: Q532930 Wikispecies: Pinna (Mollusca) ADW: Pinna AFD: Pinna BioLib: 132970 BOLD: 2472 CoL: 7PCMR EoL: 57673 GBIF: 2285348 iNaturalist: 50583 IRMNG: 1392181 ITIS: 79584 NBN: NHMSYS0020706164 NCBI: 102330 Open Tree of Life: 698430 Paleobiology Database: 16400 Plazi: B7B5E99C-75BB-CDA2-ED03-1F41CF3F894B WoRMS: 138352 ZooBank: C0020B4E-29AB-4846-907D-1A644A549440

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pinna (bivalve)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinna_(bivalve)) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinna_(bivalve)?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.