# Pinin

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Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

This article is about the PNN gene and protein. For other uses, see [Pinin (disambiguation)](/source/Pinin_(disambiguation)).

PNN Identifiers Aliases PNN, DRS, DRSP, SDK3, memA, Pinin, pinin, desmosome associated protein External IDs OMIM: 603154; MGI: 1100514; HomoloGene: 37656; GeneCards: PNN; OMA:PNN - orthologs Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 14 (human)[1] Band 14q21.1 Start 39,175,183 bp[1] End 39,183,220 bp[1] Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 12 (mouse)[2] Band 12 C1|12 26.0 cM Start 59,113,670 bp[2] End 59,120,784 bp[2] RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in tendon of biceps brachii corpus epididymis sural nerve epithelium of nasopharynx ventricular zone pylorus internal globus pallidus cardia seminal vesicula right uterine tube Top expressed in medullary collecting duct saccule tail of embryo neural layer of retina renal corpuscle otic placode genital tubercle fossa primitive streak condyle More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data Gene ontology Molecular function structural molecule activity DNA binding RNA binding protein binding Cellular component intermediate filament cell junction nucleus cell-cell junction membrane desmosome exon-exon junction complex plasma membrane catalytic step 2 spliceosome spliceosomal complex nuclear speck Biological process mRNA splicing, via spliceosome transcription, DNA-templated RNA splicing mRNA processing regulation of transcription, DNA-templated cell adhesion Sources:Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 5411 18949 Ensembl ENSG00000100941 ENSMUSG00000020994 UniProt Q9H307 O35691 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_002687 NM_008891 RefSeq (protein) NP_002678 NP_032917 Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 39.18 – 39.18 Mb Chr 12: 59.11 – 59.12 Mb PubMed search [3] [4] Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

**Pinin** is a [protein](/source/Protein) that in humans is encoded by the *PNN* [gene](/source/Gene).[5][6]

## Interactions

Pinin has been shown to [interact](/source/Protein-protein_interaction) with [Keratin 8](/source/Keratin_8),[7] [Keratin 18](/source/Keratin_18),[7] [Keratin 19](/source/Keratin_19),[7] [CTBP1](/source/CTBP1),[8] [RNPS1](/source/RNPS1),[9][10] [PRPF4B](/source/PRPF4B),[11] [SFRS4](/source/SFRS4),[12] [PPIG](/source/PPIG_(gene)),[13] [SRRM2](/source/SRRM2)[12] and [SFRS18](/source/SFRS18).[12]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2) [GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100941](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000100941) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2) [GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000020994](http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSMUSG00000020994) – [Ensembl](/source/Ensembl_genome_database_project), May 2017

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Human PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=5411). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Mouse PubMed Reference:"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=18949). *National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid8922384_5-0)** Ouyang P, Sugrue SP (January 1997). ["Characterization of pinin, a novel protein associated with the desmosome-intermediate filament complex"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133386). *J Cell Biol*. **135** (4): 1027–42. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1083/jcb.135.4.1027](https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.135.4.1027). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2133386](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2133386). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8922384](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8922384).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-entrez_6-0)** ["Entrez Gene: PNN pinin, desmosome associated protein"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5411).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pmid10809736_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pmid10809736_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-pmid10809736_7-2) Shi J, Sugrue S P (May 2000). ["Dissection of protein linkage between keratins and pinin, a protein with dual location at desmosome-intermediate filament complex and in the nucleus"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.20.14910). *J. Biol. Chem*. **275** (20): 14910–5. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.275.20.14910](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.20.14910). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0021-9258](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9258). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10809736](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10809736).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid15542832_8-0)** Alpatov R, Munguba Gustavo Costa, Caton Paul, Joo Jeong Hoon, Shi Yang, Shi Yujiang, Hunt Marguerite E, Sugrue Stephen P (December 2004). ["Nuclear speckle-associated protein Pnn/DRS binds to the transcriptional corepressor CtBP and relieves CtBP-mediated repression of the E-cadherin gene"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC529029). *Mol. Cell. Biol*. **24** (23): 10223–35. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1128/MCB.24.23.10223-10235.2004](https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.24.23.10223-10235.2004). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0270-7306](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7306). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [529029](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC529029). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15542832](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15542832).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid17353931_9-0)** Ewing RM, Chu Peter, Elisma Fred, Li Hongyan, Taylor Paul, Climie Shane, McBroom-Cerajewski Linda, Robinson Mark D, O'Connor Liam, Li Michael, Taylor Rod, Dharsee Moyez, Ho Yuen, Heilbut Adrian, Moore Lynda, Zhang Shudong, Ornatsky Olga, Bukhman Yury V, Ethier Martin, Sheng Yinglun, Vasilescu Julian, Abu-Farha Mohamed, Lambert Jean-Philippe, Duewel Henry S, Stewart Ian I, Kuehl Bonnie, Hogue Kelly, Colwill Karen, Gladwish Katharine, Muskat Brenda, Kinach Robert, Adams Sally-Lin, Moran Michael F, Morin Gregg B, Topaloglou Thodoros, Figeys Daniel (2007). ["Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847948). *Mol. Syst. Biol*. **3** (1): 89. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/msb4100134](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmsb4100134). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1847948](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1847948). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17353931](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17353931).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid14517304_10-0)** Li C, Lin Ru-Inn, Lai Ming-Chih, Ouyang Pin, Tarn Woan-Yuh (October 2003). ["Nuclear Pnn/DRS protein binds to spliced mRNPs and participates in mRNA processing and export via interaction with RNPS1"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC230327). *Mol. Cell. Biol*. **23** (20): 7363–76. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1128/MCB.23.20.7363-7376.2003](https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.23.20.7363-7376.2003). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0270-7306](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7306). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [230327](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC230327). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [14517304](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14517304).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid12077342_11-0)** Dellaire G, Makarov Evgeny M, Cowger Jeff J M, Longman Dasa, Sutherland Heidi G E, Lührmann Reinhard, Torchia Joseph, Bickmore Wendy A (July 2002). ["Mammalian PRP4 kinase copurifies and interacts with components of both the U5 snRNP and the N-CoR deacetylase complexes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139773). *Mol. Cell. Biol*. **22** (14): 5141–56. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1128/MCB.22.14.5141-5156.2002](https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.22.14.5141-5156.2002). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0270-7306](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0270-7306). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [139773](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139773). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12077342](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12077342).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pmid14578391_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pmid14578391_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-pmid14578391_12-2) Zimowska G, Shi Jia, Munguba Gustavo, Jackson Moira R, Alpatov Roman, Simmons Matthew N, Shi Yujiang, Sugrue Stephen P (November 2003). ["Pinin/DRS/memA interacts with SRp75, SRm300 and SRrp130 in corneal epithelial cells"](https://doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.03-0240). *Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci*. **44** (11): 4715–23. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1167/iovs.03-0240](https://doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.03-0240). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0146-0404](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-0404). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [14578391](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14578391).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid15358154_13-0)** Lin CL, Leu Steve, Lu Ming Chu, Ouyang Pin (August 2004). "Over-expression of SR-cyclophilin, an interaction partner of nuclear pinin, releases SR family splicing factors from nuclear speckles". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **321** (3): 638–47. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.013](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2004.07.013). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0006-291X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-291X). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15358154](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15358154).

## Further reading

- Maruyama K, Sugano S (1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". *Gene*. **138** (1–2): 171–4. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-1119%2894%2990802-8). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8125298](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8125298).

- Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, et al. (1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". *Gene*. **200** (1–2): 149–56. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0378-1119%2897%2900411-3). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9373149](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9373149).

- Brandner JM, Reidenbach S, Franke WW (1998). "Evidence that "pinin", reportedly a differentiation-specific desmosomal protein, is actually a widespread nuclear protein". *Differentiation*. **62** (3): 119–27. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1046/j.1432-0436.1997.6230119.x](https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1432-0436.1997.6230119.x). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9447706](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9447706).

- Degen WG, Agterbos MA, Muyrers JP, et al. (1999). "memA/DRS, a putative mediator of multiprotein complexes, is overexpressed in the metastasizing human melanoma cell lines BLM and MV3". *Biochim. Biophys. Acta*. **1444** (3): 384–94. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/s0167-4781(99)00012-3](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0167-4781%2899%2900012-3). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10095061](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10095061).

- Ouyang P (1999). "Antibodies differentiate desmosome-form and nucleus-form pinin: evidence that pinin is a moonlighting protein with dual location at the desmosome and within the nucleus". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **263** (1): 192–200. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/bbrc.1999.1353](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fbbrc.1999.1353). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10486276](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10486276).

- Shi Y, Ouyang P, Sugrue SP (2000). ["Characterization of the gene encoding pinin/DRS/memA and evidence for its potential tumor suppressor function"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1203328). *Oncogene*. **19** (2): 289–97. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/sj.onc.1203328](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.onc.1203328). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10645008](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10645008).

- Shi J, Sugrue SP (2000). ["Dissection of protein linkage between keratins and pinin, a protein with dual location at desmosome-intermediate filament complex and in the nucleus"](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.20.14910). *J. Biol. Chem*. **275** (20): 14910–5. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1074/jbc.275.20.14910](https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.275.20.14910). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10809736](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10809736).

- Hu RM, Han ZG, Song HD, et al. (2000). ["Gene expression profiling in the human hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and full-length cDNA cloning"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16901). *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A*. **97** (17): 9543–8. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2000PNAS...97.9543H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.9543H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.160270997](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.160270997). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [16901](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC16901). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [10931946](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10931946).

- Jurica MS, Licklider LJ, Gygi SR, et al. (2002). ["Purification and characterization of native spliceosomes suitable for three-dimensional structural analysis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370266). *RNA*. **8** (4): 426–39. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S1355838202021088](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1355838202021088). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [1370266](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1370266). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [11991638](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11991638).

- Wang P, Lou PJ, Leu S, Ouyang P (2002). "Modulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing in vivo by pinin". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **294** (2): 448–55. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0006-291X(02)00495-3](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-291X%2802%2900495-3). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12051732](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12051732).

- Dellaire G, Makarov EM, Cowger JJ, et al. (2002). ["Mammalian PRP4 kinase copurifies and interacts with components of both the U5 snRNP and the N-CoR deacetylase complexes"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139773). *Mol. Cell. Biol*. **22** (14): 5141–56. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1128/MCB.22.14.5141-5156.2002](https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.22.14.5141-5156.2002). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [139773](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139773). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12077342](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12077342).

- Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). ["Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241). *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A*. **99** (26): 16899–903. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2002PNAS...9916899M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...9916899M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.242603899](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.242603899). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [139241](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC139241). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12477932](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12477932).

- Chang WL, Lee DC, Leu S, et al. (2003). "Molecular characterization of a novel nucleolar protein, pNO40". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **307** (3): 569–77. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0006-291X(03)01208-7](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-291X%2803%2901208-7). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [12893261](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12893261).

- Li C, Lin RI, Lai MC, et al. (2003). ["Nuclear Pnn/DRS protein binds to spliced mRNPs and participates in mRNA processing and export via interaction with RNPS1"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC230327). *Mol. Cell. Biol*. **23** (20): 7363–76. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1128/MCB.23.20.7363-7376.2003](https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.23.20.7363-7376.2003). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [230327](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC230327). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [14517304](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14517304).

- Zimowska G, Shi J, Munguba G, et al. (2003). ["Pinin/DRS/memA interacts with SRp75, SRm300 and SRrp130 in corneal epithelial cells"](https://doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.03-0240). *Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci*. **44** (11): 4715–23. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1167/iovs.03-0240](https://doi.org/10.1167%2Fiovs.03-0240). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [14578391](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14578391).

- Sakashita E, Tatsumi S, Werner D, et al. (2004). ["Human RNPS1 and its associated factors: a versatile alternative pre-mRNA splicing regulator in vivo"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC321435). *Mol. Cell. Biol*. **24** (3): 1174–87. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1128/MCB.24.3.1174-1187.2004](https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.24.3.1174-1187.2004). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [321435](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC321435). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [14729963](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14729963).

- Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, et al. (2004). ["Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446). *Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A*. **101** (33): 12130–5. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2004PNAS..10112130B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10112130B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1073/pnas.0404720101](https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404720101). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [514446](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15302935](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15302935).

- Jin J, Smith FD, Stark C, et al. (2004). ["Proteomic, functional, and domain-based analysis of in vivo 14-3-3 binding proteins involved in cytoskeletal regulation and cellular organization"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.07.051). *Curr. Biol*. **14** (16): 1436–50. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2004CBio...14.1436J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004CBio...14.1436J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cub.2004.07.051](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.07.051). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15324660](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15324660). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [2371325](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2371325).

- Lin CL, Leu S, Lu MC, Ouyang P (2004). "Over-expression of SR-cyclophilin, an interaction partner of nuclear pinin, releases SR family splicing factors from nuclear speckles". *Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun*. **321** (3): 638–47. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.013](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbrc.2004.07.013). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [15358154](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15358154).

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pinin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinin) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinin?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.