# Physcia

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Genus of lichens

Physcia Physcia millegrana Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Lecanoromycetes Order: Caliciales Family: Physciaceae Genus: Physcia (Schreb.) Michaux (1803) Type species Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. (1805) Synonyms[1] Lichen sect. Physcia Schreb. (1791)[2] Physciomyces E.A.Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. (1953)[3] Neophyscia M.Choisy (1959)

***Physcia*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) of [lichen](/source/Lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/Fungi) in the family [Physciaceae](/source/Physciaceae). The widely distributed genus contains about 80 species. The genus is [cosmopolitan](/source/Cosmopolitan_distribution), and has been extensively studied in various regions in the past several decades, with significant [biodiversity](/source/Biodiversity) in South America identified as a central diversity hotspot. *Physcia* species are [foliose](/source/Foliose_lichen), [lobate](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lobate) lichens that grow with a loose to close appressed habit. Their upper surface is typically whitish, pale greenish, green-grey, or dark grey in colour. The [thallus](/source/Thallus) colour remains relatively unchanged when moistened. *Physcia* lichens typically grow [on bark](/source/Corticolous_lichen), [on wood](/source/Corticolous_lichen), or [rock](/source/Saxicolous_lichen), although they have occasionally been recorded dwelling on man-made structures. They thrive in nutrient-rich environments and are expanding rapidly in urban areas of the United Kingdom previously affected by [SO2](/source/Sulfur_dioxide) pollution.

The main characteristics that separate *Physcia* from similar genera in the same order, including *[Dirinaria](/source/Dirinaria)*, *[Heterodermia](/source/Heterodermia)*, *[Hyperphyscia](/source/Hyperphyscia)*, *[Kashiwadia](/source/Kashiwadia)*, *[Phaeophyscia](/source/Phaeophyscia)*, and *[Pyxine](/source/Pyxine)*, are the distinct [morphology](/source/Morphology_(biology)) of its [ascospores](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#ascospores) (brown and two-celled), its somewhat cylindrical [pycnoconidia](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#pycnoconidia) (asexual reproductive structures), and the presence of the chemical [atranorin](/source/Atranorin) in the upper [cortex](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#cortex). *Physcia* has been divided into [sections](/source/Section_(botany)) based on [morphological](/source/Morphology_(biology)) and chemical [characters](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#characters), such as the presence or absence of [cilia](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#cilia) on the thallus margins and K+ (yellow) [spot test](/source/Spot_test_(lichen)) reaction in the [cortex](/source/Cortex_(botany)).

The genus *Physcia* was formally established by [André Michaux](/source/Andr%C3%A9_Michaux) in 1805, who elevated it from a [section](/source/Section_(botany)) within the genus *Lichen* as originally outlined by [Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber](/source/Johann_Christian_Daniel_von_Schreber) in 1791. Over the years, the genus has been divided into various [sections](/source/Section_(botany)) based on [characters](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#characters) such as [hypothecium](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#hypothecium) colour, presence of [cilia](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#cilia), thallus spotting, and chemical reactions, with significant contributions from taxonomists like [Edvard August Vainio](/source/Edvard_August_Vainio) in 1890 and Roland Moberg, who in 1977 and later in 1986, refined the infrageneric classification of this diverse genus.

Numerous [lichenicolous fungi](/source/Lichenicolous_fungi) are known to colonise *Physcia* species include those with [species epithets](/source/Binomial_name) reflecting their ecological ties to this host, such as *[Bryostigma epiphyscium](/source/Bryostigma_epiphyscium)* and *[Xanthoriicola physciae](/source/Xanthoriicola_physciae)*. Infections by these fungi can cause distinct physical symptoms useful for identification, such as the [gall](/source/Gall) formations by *[Syzygospora physciacearum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syzygospora_physciacearum&action=edit&redlink=1)* and the orange discolouration by *[Marchandiomyces auranticus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marchandiomyces_auranticus&action=edit&redlink=1)*. Additionally, the long cilia of *[Physcia adscendens](/source/Physcia_adscendens)*, which confer [velcro](/source/Velcro)-like attachment capabilities to the thallus of this species, are used by birds in [nest](/source/Bird_nest) building. Some *Physcia* species have been employed in [biomonitoring](/source/Biomonitor) studies of [air quality](/source/Air_quality).

## Systematics

### Historical taxonomy

*[Physcia stellaris](/source/Physcia_stellaris)* was the first of its genus to be formally described.

The first member of the present-day genus *Physcia* to be [formally described](/source/Species_description) was *Physcia stellaris*. This was one of several dozen lichen species described by the Swedish taxonomist [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) in his 1753 treatise *[Species Plantarum](/source/Species_Plantarum)*.[4] The genus was originally [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) in 1791 by [Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber](/source/Johann_Christian_Daniel_von_Schreber) as a [section](/source/Section_(botany)) of the genus *Lichen*. [André Michaux](/source/Andr%C3%A9_Michaux) promoted the section to full genus status in 1805.[5] Although he cited the description given by [Erik Acharius](/source/Erik_Acharius) in his 1798 *Prodromus*, Acharius himself had treated the [taxon](/source/Taxon) as a [tribus](/source/Tribe_(biology)), meaning that it is not validly published according to the rules of botanical nomenclature. Because Acharius in an earlier 1794 publication cited Schreber 1791, the authorship of the [basionym](/source/Basionym) is attributed to him.[6] The [type species](/source/Type_species) of the genus was only chosen about 150 years later: in 1963, [John Walter Thomson](/source/John_Walter_Thomson) chose *[Physcia tenella](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tenella&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Scop.) DC. from the list elaborated by Michaux (1803) based on the species cited by Acharius (1798).[7] *Physcia* is the [type genus](/source/Type_genus) of the [Physciaceae](/source/Physciaceae), a [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) proposed by [Alexander Zahlbruckner](/source/Alexander_Zahlbruckner) in 1898.[8]

### Infrageneric classification

In 1890, [Edvard August Vainio](/source/Edvard_August_Vainio), divided the genus into two sections, *Euphyscia* and *Dirinaria*, which were characterised by having a colourless or brownish-black hypothecium, respectively. *Euphyscia*, in turn, was divided into *Albida* (K+ yellow thallus) and *Sordulenta* (K−), while the latter was further divided into *Brachysperma* and *Macrosperma* based on the morphology of their conidia.[9] [Gustaf Einar Du Rietz](/source/Gustaf_Einar_Du_Rietz) used Vainio's sectional arrangement in his 1925 treatment of Scandinavian *Physcia* species.[10] A decade later, [Lynge](/source/Bernt_Arne_Lynge) proposed instead a different infrageneric organisation, dividing the genus into the [subgenera](/source/Subgenera) *Macrosperma* and *Brachysperma*, the latter of which was further subdivided into several sections.[11]

The Swedish lichenologist Roland Moberg has authored or co-authored numerous scientific publications on the [taxonomy](/source/Taxonomy_(biology)) and [phytogeography](/source/Phytogeography) of *Physcia* and related genera. In a 1977 work, he divided *Physcia* into four sections:[6]

- - Sect. *Physcia* (type: *[P. tenella](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tenella&action=edit&redlink=1)*) - - Distinguished by the presence of cilia along the edges of the lobes. - Sect. *Caesiae* (type: *[P. caesia](/source/Physcia_caesia)*) - - Identified by a maculated (spotted) thallus surface, lobes that are cilia-free, and both cortex and medulla reacting K+ yellow, with atranorin present along with zeorin. - Sect. *Fusisporae* (type: *[P. magnussonii](/source/Physcia_magnussonii)*) - - Characterised by their narrowly [ellipsoid](/source/Ellipsoid) spores featuring a unique ornamentation on their surface. - Sect. *Stellares* (type: *[P. dubia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_dubia&action=edit&redlink=1)*) - - Noted for the absence of marginal cilia and maculation on the surface, as well as a K-negative spot test reaction in the medulla.[6]

In 1986, Moberg proposed an additional section:

- - Sect. *Atrae* (type: *[P. atrostriata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_atrostriata&action=edit&redlink=1)*) - - Identified by an upper surface without maculation, a cortex and medulla that both react K+ yellow (containing atranorin and zeorin), no cilia, and a black underside.[12]

### Naming

The vesiculose, or blistered,  aspect of the thallus surface, seen here in *[Physcia aipolia](/source/Physcia_aipolia)*, may have been the inspiration of the genus name.

The generic name *Physcia* is derived from the [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) Φυσκίων, *physkion*, meaning "bladder" or "blister". One source suggests that this name alludes to the lichen's apothecia and soredia found on its foliose thallus, which give the surface a vesiculose ("blistered") aspect when these reproductive structures develop.[13] In an alternative [etymological](/source/Etymology) interpretation, [John Alan Elix](/source/John_Alan_Elix) suggests that the name was originally intended to refer to species with inflated or hollow lobes. However, he notes, the name is somewhat of a misnomer, as species like *Physcia physodes* (now classified as *[Hypogymnia physodes](/source/Hypogymnia_physodes)*) that were originally included under this term, no longer fall within the genus.[14]

Species in the genus *Physcia* are [commonly](/source/Common_name) known as "rosette lichens".[15] This common name alludes the centrifugal ([rosette-like](/source/Rosette_(botany))) growth form characteristic of many of the species.[16]

## Species pairs

[Species pairs](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#species_pairs) within a genus are closely related species that are morphologically similar but can be distinguished by subtle differences, often in their chemical compositions or reproductive strategies. However, advanced molecular methods have challenged the traditional concept of species pairs within the genus *Physcia*, which was previously defined largely through these similarities. [Molecular](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) analyses reveal that the [phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetic) relationships among taxa like *Physcia aipolia* and *P. caesia* are more complex than previously understood. These findings indicate that distinctions based on morphological and chemical characteristics alone do not necessarily reflect the true genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships within the genus. Consequently, the concept of species pairs, which suggests a straightforward dichotomy between similar species, is considered outdated. This perspective advocates for an integrative approach to species differentiation that combines morphological, chemical, and genetic data to more accurately delineate species within *Physcia*.[17]

## Description

*Physcia tenella* has soredia and cilia on the margins of its lobes.

The [thallus](/source/Thallus) of *Physcia* is [foliose](/source/Foliose_lichen), meaning it is leaf-like in structure, and [lobate](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lobate), typically forming a roughly circular shape with lobes radiating outward.[18] The thallus is generally loosely attached to its [substrate](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#substrate)[19] Thallus lobes are narrow, generally less than 3 mm wide, with a colouration that ranges from whitish and bluish-grey to dark grey.[18] The thallus of *Physcia* grows to about 8 cm (3 in) in diameter, although neighbouring thalli can combine to form more extensive growths. The upper surface colour ranges from greenish grey or whitish grey to dark grey.[14] The thallus shows minimal colour change or remains unchanged when wet.[20] The surface can be [matt](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#matt) or slightly glossy and might display minute white spots known as [pseudocyphellae](/source/Pseudocyphella) (tiny pores that allow [gas exchange](/source/Gas_exchange)) visible with magnification.[18] The texture of the surface varies from smooth to wrinkled ([rugose](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#rugose)) to pimpled ([verrucose](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#verrucose)), as in the example of *[P. verrucosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_verrucosa&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[21] Sometimes, the surface is covered with white [maculae](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#maculae) (spots).[14] The lobes may also be covered with a fine, white powdery coating ([pruina](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#pruina)) and can have fringe-like projections ([cilia](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#cilia)) along the edges.[18] Although the value of pruina as a taxonomic character is sometimes considered dubious due to possible environmental influences, a group of species has a constant, fine, and homogeneous pruinosity, mainly on the distal parts of the upper thallus surface: *P. atrostriata*, *P. krogiae*, *P. phaeocarpa*, *P. undulata*, and *P. verrucosa*.[21]

The underside of the thallus is typically whitish, pale tan, grey, or pinkish.[18] In contrast, the lower surface of *[Physcia atrostriata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_atrostriata&action=edit&redlink=1)* is distinctively [prosoplectenchymatous](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#prosoplectenchymatous), featuring a brown-black colour with striations, which sets it apart from other species in the genus.[20] The thallus underside has [rhizines](/source/Rhizine), which are root-like structures that can be simple or branched.[18] They range in colour from white to brownish-black.[14] Many species within this genus develop [soralia](/source/Soralia), structures that produce powdery reproductive [propagules](/source/Propagule), on their upper surface.[18] *Physcia* species can be distinguished and grouped into distinct taxa based on the position and shape of their soralia, which provides valuable characteristics for identification and classification.[20]

The upper [cortex](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#cortex)—the protective outer layer of the thallus—is [paraplectenchymatous](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#paraplectenchymatous), meaning it consists of tightly packed, roughly equal-sized cells. The lower cortex, in most instances, is [prosoplectenchymatous](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#prosoplectenchymatous)—a tissue arrangement in which constituent fungal hyphae are aligned in a particular direction. The lower cortical layer is a layer that is usually 6–8 cells thick (about 20–30 μm) arranged in a [periclinal](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#periclinal) fashion. Less frequently, *Physcia* species have been reported to have an anomalous "paraplectenchymatous" lower cortex. Two groups of these occur: those with a pale lower cortex (such as *P. albata* and *P. halei*); and those with a black lower cortex (such as *P. crispa* and *P. sorediosa*). Following detailed examination of various *Physcia* species through [electron microscopy](/source/Electron_microscopy), [Mason Hale](/source/Mason_Hale) discerned that the atypical lower cortex comprises two distinct layers. The basal layer is paraplectenchymatous, consisting of two to three cells in thickness, while the upper layer is prosoplectenchymatous and varies in thickness, occasionally blending seamlessly into the medulla.[22] The [photosynthetic](/source/Photosynthesis) partner in the lichen is [trebouxioid](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#trebouxioid)—a type of [green algae](/source/Green_algae).[18]

Reproductive structures ([apothecia](/source/Apothecia)) are common; these are [lecanorine](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lecanorine) in form, meaning they are disc-like and surrounded by a pale [thalline margin](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#thalline_margin).[20] They can be directly attached to the thallus or borne on short stalks, without rhizines beneath them. The [discs](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#discs) of these structures are typically brown to black, often with a white pruina, surrounded by a [thalline margin](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#thalline_margin). The tissue layers within, namely the [hymenium](/source/Hymenium) and [hypothecium](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#hypothecium), are colourless. The structural support within the hymenium consists of [paraphyses](/source/Paraphyses), which are slender and may branch at their tips which are pale brown with a darker cap.[18]

The reproductive [spores](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#ascospore), produced in structures called [asci](/source/Ascus), are cylindrical to club-shaped, typically containing eight spores each. These spores are brown and have a single cross-wall (1-[septate](/source/Septum)), enclosed by a thick wall. Another reproductive feature, [conidiomata](/source/Conidiomata), are immersed structures that release asexual spores; these are visible as black dots on the surface of the lobes. The [conidioma](/source/Conidioma) (asexual spores) are rod-shaped, colourless, and lack internal divisions (aseptate);[18] they are 4–6 [μm](/source/%CE%9Cm) long.[20] They are of the *Physcia*-type (having cells with thickened walls mainly at the ends and central septum, whose united [lumina](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lumina) resemble a flask) or *Pachysporaria*-type (having rounded cells and thickened walls).[23] Ascospore size is a relatively minor factor in distinguishing between *Physcia* species.[20]

		- Light microscopy of a transverse section of a *Physcia* lobe. A=fungal layer (paraplectenchymatous upper cortex), B=algal cells, C=medulla, D=lower cortex. Scale bar=0.1 mm

		- Section of the disc-like apothecium of *[Physcia pulverulenta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_pulverulenta&action=edit&redlink=1)*. t=[hymenium](/source/Hymenium), sp=[spore](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#ascospore), s=[asci](/source/Ascus), p=[paraphyses](/source/Paraphyses), e=[epithecium](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#epithecium), h=[hypothecium](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#hypothecium), pt=parathecium or [excipulum](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#excipulum), a=[algal layer](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#algal_layer), m=[medulla](/source/Medulla_(lichenology)), r=[cortex](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#cortex)

		- The ascospores of *Physcia caesia* are typical for the genus.

## Chemistry

Chemically, *Physcia* lichens often contain [atranorin](/source/Atranorin) in their cortex, along with [zeorin](/source/Zeorin) and other [terpenoids](/source/Terpenoid).[18] Several [hopanoids](/source/Hopanoid) (i.e., having the same core chemical structure as the compound [hopane](/source/Hopane)) have been identified from *[Physcia aipolia](/source/Physcia_aipolia)*.[24]

The chemical profile of *[Physcia mediterranea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_mediterranea&action=edit&redlink=1)*, a rare Mediterranean species, has been studied with advanced phytochemical techniques, revealing a complex mixture of bioactive compounds, including the discovery of a [kaurene](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaurene&action=edit&redlink=1)-skeleton [diterpene](/source/Diterpene), previously undetected in lichens. Additionally, analyses identified [methylbenzoic acids](/source/Methylbenzoic_acid) like [sparassol](/source/Sparassol) and [atraric acid](/source/Atraric_acid), along with a variety of aliphatic [fatty acids](/source/Fatty_acid), [phenolic](/source/Phenols) compounds, and [depsides](/source/Depside) such as [atranol](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atranol&action=edit&redlink=1) and [chloroatranol](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chloroatranol&action=edit&redlink=1). Atranol, a [depside](/source/Depside) known for its high [biological activity](/source/Biological_activity), was prominently found in the [wax](/source/Wax) fraction of the [extracts](/source/Extract). The presence of [sesquiterpene](/source/Sesquiterpene) lactones, [diphenyl ethers](/source/Diphenyl_ether), and triterpenes like [muronic](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muronic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1) and [ursolic acids](/source/Ursolic_acid) further adds to its chemical diversity.[25]

## Comparison with similar genera

*[Phaeophyscia hirsuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeophyscia_hirsuta&action=edit&redlink=1)* (left) and *[Dirinaria confluens](/source/Dirinaria_confluens)* are two of many examples of species previously classified in *Physcia*.[26][27]

*Physcia* distinguishes itself from similar genera such as *[Dirinaria](/source/Dirinaria)*, *[Heterodermia](/source/Heterodermia)*, *[Hyperphyscia](/source/Hyperphyscia)*, *[Phaeophyscia](/source/Phaeophyscia)*, and *[Pyxine](/source/Pyxine)* through several distinctive features. Both the upper and lower cortex of *Physcia* are paraplectenchymatous, which is similar to most of the compared genera except *Heterodermia*, where the lower cortex is prosoplectenchymatous when present. A reliable characteristic of *Physcia* is the consistent presence of atranorin in the upper cortex, unlike *Hyperphyscia* where it is rarely present, and *Phaeophyscia* where it is absent.[28]

The medulla in *Physcia* is typically white, akin to *Hyperphyscia* and *Phaeophyscia*, but can also be pigmented, which aligns more closely with *Dirinaria* and *Pyxine*. Pruina, or a powdery coating, is variably present or absent in *Physcia*, providing a surface feature that can aid in distinguishing it from *Hyperphyscia* where pruina is rare and *Dirinaria* where it is consistently absent.

In terms of reproductive structures, the apothecial algal layer in *Physcia* persists, similar to other compared genera except for *Pyxine*, where it is not persistent. The epithecium in *Physcia* reacts negatively to potassium hydroxide (K−), which is a common trait across all compared genera except for *Pyxine*, where it turns violet (K+ violet). The hypothesised colour of the hypothecium in *Physcia* ranges from colourless to yellowish, unlike the dark brown hypothesised seen in *Dirinaria* and *Pyxine*.

The ascosporic type and conidial morphology further support the unique positioning of *Physcia* among its peers. The ascosporic type mirrors that of *Phaeophyscia*,[28] both of which differ significantly from the types found in *Dirinaria* and *Pyxine*. Conidial shapes in *Physcia* are [bacilliform](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#bacilliform) (rod-shaped) to [bifusiform](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#bifusiform) (elongated and tapering at both ends, with a narrow middle) or somewhat [lageniform](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#lageniform) (flask-shaped), with sizes ranging from 4–6 μm, which provides a subtle but important distinction from the generally shorter conidia of *Pyxine* and the longer, filamentous conidia of *Hyperphyscia*.

The genus *[Kashiwadia](/source/Kashiwadia)* is distinguished from *Physcia* by several key features: it has significantly narrower thalline lobes and both its upper and lower cortical layers are paraplectenchymatous. Additionally, *Kashiwadia* bears a closer phylogenetic resemblance to the members of the *Heterodermia* branch within the Physciaceae.[29]

## Habitat and distribution

Species of the genus *Physcia* grow [on bark](/source/Corticolous_lichen), [wood](/source/Lignicolous_lichen), and [rock](/source/Saxicolous_lichen), often in environments rich in nutrients or those that have been enriched by human activity. In the UK, several species have rapidly adapted to urban areas that were once heavily polluted by [SO2](/source/Sulfur_dioxide).[30] Similarly, *Physcia tenella*, a [nitrophilous](/source/Nitrophilous) lichen, is reestablishing itself in its former habitats around [Toruń](/source/Toru%C5%84), Poland, due to improvements in air quality resulting from reduced industrial emissions.[31]

The genus has a widespread, [cosmopolitan distribution](/source/Cosmopolitan_distribution).[30] Several floristic works have investigated the occurrence of *Physcia* in specific regions. For example, Moberg identified 21 species in [East Africa](/source/East_Africa) in 1986,[12] while [Swinscow](/source/Thomas_Douglas_Victor_Swinscow) and [Krog](/source/Hildur_Krog) reported 21 species in their 1988 study on East African lichens.[32] [Aptroot](/source/Andr%C3%A9_Aptroot) included 5 species in his 1987 work on the flora of Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname.[33] Moberg's 1990 study found 34 species in Central and South America, suggesting that the continent may be the centre of diversity for the genus.[34]

In the Sonoran Desert and adjacent areas, Moberg discovered 25 species.[35][36] As of 2023, 42 species have been recorded in North America.[37]

Moberg reported 17 species in Australia in 2001,[38] while [Galloway](/source/David_Galloway_(botanist)) and Moberg recognized 14 species in New Zealand in 2005.[20] [Elix](/source/John_Alan_Elix) recorded 31 species in 2009.[14] Harada identified eight species in Japan in 2016.[39] In 2007, [Awasthi](/source/Dharani_Dhar_Awasthi) reported 18 species in the South Asian region encompassing India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.[19]

## Species interactions

*[Illosporiopsis christiansenii](/source/Illosporiopsis_christiansenii)*

*[Erythricium aurantiacum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erythricium_aurantiacum&action=edit&redlink=1)*

Numerous species of [lichenicolous fungi](/source/Lichenicolous_fungi) are known to colonise *Physcia* species, and several of these fungi have species epithets that incorporate the host genus name, reflecting their specific ecological associations. These include: *[Bryostigma epiphyscium](/source/Bryostigma_epiphyscium)*, *[Xanthoriicola physciae](/source/Xanthoriicola_physciae)*, *[Zwackhiomyces physciicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zwackhiomyces_physciicola&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Microsphaeropsis physciae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsphaeropsis_physciae&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Didymocyrtis physciae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Didymocyrtis_physciae&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Lichenopeltella physciae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lichenopeltella_physciae&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Nectriopsis physciicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nectriopsis_physciicola&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Lichenochora physciicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lichenochora_physciicola&action=edit&redlink=1)*, *[Feltgeniomyces physciae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feltgeniomyces_physciae&action=edit&redlink=1)*, and *[Trichoconis physciicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trichoconis_physciicola&action=edit&redlink=1)*.[40] [Josef Hafellner](/source/Josef_Hafellner) and Erich Zimmermann published a key to the lichenicolous fungi that invade *Physcia* species in a 2012 publication, in which they included 39 species.[41]

Some infections by lichenicolous fungi result in characteristic physical symptoms that aid in identification. For example, infection by *[Syzygospora physciacearum](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syzygospora_physciacearum&action=edit&redlink=1)* results in the formations of [galls](/source/Gall), whereas others can be recognised by their discolouration: *[Marchandiomyces auranticus](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marchandiomyces_auranticus&action=edit&redlink=1)* is orange, *[Illosporiopsis christiansenii](/source/Illosporiopsis_christiansenii)* is pink, while parasitism by *[Bryostigma epiphyscium](/source/Bryostigma_epiphyscium)* creates tiny black spots.[30]

The species *[Physcia adscendens](/source/Physcia_adscendens)* is characterised by its long [cilia](/source/Glossary_of_lichen_terms#cilia), which have been observed to function akin to [cladding](/source/Cladding_(construction)) on the exteriors of bird nests. These structures enhance the lichen's ability to adhere to surfaces, providing a [velcro](/source/Velcro)-like property that facilitates attachment.[42]

## Species

Historically, many taxa have been assigned the generic name *Physcia*; [Index Fungorum](/source/Index_Fungorum) has records for more than 2000 taxa that have been assigned to that genus. Recent estimates of the number of species in the genus include about 50 (2001);[43] 73 species (2008),[44] and about 80 (2016[45] and 2022[46]). As of April 2024[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia&action=edit), [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) (in the [Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life)) accept 42 species of *Physcia*.[47]

*[Physcia erumpens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_erumpens&action=edit&redlink=1)*

*[Physcia leptalea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_leptalea&action=edit&redlink=1)*

*[Physcia millegrana](/source/Physcia_millegrana)*

*[Physcia tribacia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tribacia&action=edit&redlink=1)*

*[Physcia undulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_undulata&action=edit&redlink=1)*

- *[Physcia abuensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_abuensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* D.D.Awasthi & S.R.Singh (1979)[48] – [Rajasthan](/source/Rajasthan), India

- *[Physcia adscendens](/source/Physcia_adscendens)* H.Olivier (1882)[49] – hooded rosette lichen; [50] widespread distribution[51]

- *[Physcia aipolia](/source/Physcia_aipolia)* (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Fürnr. (1839) – hoary rosette lichen;[50] widespread distribution[52]

- *[Physcia aipolioides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_aipolioides&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nádv.) Breuss & Türk (1998)

- *[Physcia alba](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_alba&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fée) Müll.Arg. (1887)[53] – South America[54]

- *[Physcia albata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_albata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (F.Wilson) Hale (1963)[55] – Africa; Australia; Hawaii; New Zealand; South America

- *[Physcia albinea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_albinea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ach.) Malbr. (1868)[56] – Asia; Europe; North America[57]

- *[Physcia americana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_americana&action=edit&redlink=1)* G.Merr. (1895) – powdery rosette lichen[58]

- *[Physcia atrostriata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_atrostriata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1986)[12] – streaked rosette lichen;[59] – Africa; Australia; New Zealand; South America

- *[Physcia austrocaesia](/source/Physcia_austrocaesia)* Elix (2011)[60] – Australia; New Zealand

- *[Physcia biziana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_biziana&action=edit&redlink=1)* (A.Massal.) Zahlbr. 1901) – frosted rosette lichen;[61] – widespread distribution[62]

- *[Physcia caesia](/source/Physcia_caesia)* (Hoffm.) Fürnr. (1839) – blue-grey rosette lichen, powderback lichen;[63] widespread distribution[64]

- *[Physcia caesiopsis](/source/Physcia_caesiopsis)* Elix (2011)[60] – Australia

- *[Physcia cinerea](/source/Physcia_cinerea)* Moberg (1990)[65] – Venezuela

- *[Physcia clementei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_clementei&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ach.) J.Kickx f. (1867) – Australia; Europe; North America

- *[Physcia convexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_convexa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Müll.Arg. (1888)[66]

- *[Physcia convexella](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_convexella&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1990)[67] – Peru

- *[Physcia coronifera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_coronifera&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1990)[68] – Ecuador

- *[Physcia crispa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_crispa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Nyl. (1860)[69] – Africa; Australia; North America; South America; South Pacific

- *[Physcia dactylifera](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_dactylifera&action=edit&redlink=1)* Elix (2011)[70] – Africa; Australia; Central America; South America

- *[Physcia dakotensis](/source/Physcia_dakotensis)* Essl. (2004)[71] – [South Dakota](/source/South_Dakota), United States

- *[Physcia decorticata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_decorticata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1990)[72] – Africa; Australia; Central America; South America

- *[Physcia dilatata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_dilatata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Nyl. (1860)[69] – Africa[73]

- *[Physcia dimidiata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_dimidiata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Arnold) Nyl. (1881)[74]

- *[Physcia dubia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_dubia&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hoffm.) Lettau (1912)[75] – powder-tipped rosette lichen;[76] – widespread distribution[77]

- *[Physcia erumpens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_erumpens&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1986)[12] – Australia; Africa; Europe; Macaronesia; New Zealand; North America; South America

- *[Physcia fragilescens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_fragilescens&action=edit&redlink=1)* Zahlbr. (1928)[78] – Asia

- *[Physcia gomukhensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_gomukhensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* D.D.Awasthi & S.R.Singh (1978)[57] – [Uttar Pradesh](/source/Uttar_Pradesh), India

- *[Physcia halei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_halei&action=edit&redlink=1)* J.W.Thomson (1963)[7] – granite rosette lichen[79]

- *[Physcia integrata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_integrata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Arnold (1884)[80] – Africa; Australia; North America; South America; [Christmas Island](/source/Christmas_Island) (Indian Ocean)

- *[Physcia kalbii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_kalbii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1990)[81] – Brazil

- *[Physcia kantvilasii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_kantvilasii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Elix (2011)[70] – [Tasmania](/source/Tasmania)

- *[Physcia krogiae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_krogiae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1986)[12] – Australia; Africa; Central America; South America

- *[Physcia leptalea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_leptalea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ach.) DC. (1805)[82]

- *[Physcia lopezii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_lopezii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1990)[83] – Venezuela

- *[Physcia macquariensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_macquariensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* C.W.Dodge (1968)[84]

- *[Physcia magnussonii](/source/Physcia_magnussonii)* Frey (1952)[85] – Europe

- *[Physcia manuelii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_manuelii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1990)[86] – Venezuela

- *[Physcia mediterranea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_mediterranea&action=edit&redlink=1)* Nimis (2016)[87] – Europe

- *[Physcia microphylla](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_microphylla&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot & M.F.Souza (2020)[88] – Brazil

- *[Physcia millegrana](/source/Physcia_millegrana)* Degel. (1940)[89] – mealy rosette lichen;[79] North America[90]

- *[Physcia nashii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_nashii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1997)[91] – Mexico

- *[Physcia neogaea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_neogaea&action=edit&redlink=1)* R.C.Harris (1990) – dwarf rosette lichen;[92] [Florida](/source/Florida), United States

- *[Physcia neonubila](/source/Physcia_neonubila)* Elix (2011)[60] – Australia

- *[Physcia occidentalis](/source/Physcia_occidentalis)* Essl. & McCune (2020)[93] – North America

- *[Physcia ornamentalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_ornamentalis&action=edit&redlink=1)* R.Miranda, Campos-Cerda & Herrera-Camp (2025)[94] – Mexico

- *[Physcia phaea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_phaea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Tuck. ex E.Michener) J.W.Thomson (1963)[7] – black-eyed rosette lichen;[92] Asia; Europe; North America[95]

- *[Physcia phaeocarpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_phaeocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Nyl.) Mull.Arg. (1889) – Australia; South America

- *[Physcia poncinsii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_poncinsii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Hue (1916)[96] – Australia; Africa; North America; South America; New Zealand; [Norfolk Island](/source/Norfolk_Island)

- *[Physcia pseudospeciosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_pseudospeciosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* J.W.Thomson (1963)[7]

- *[Physcia pumilior](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_pumilior&action=edit&redlink=1)* R.C.Harris (1990) – spotted rosette lichen;[92] United States

- *[Physcia rhizinata](/source/Physcia_rhizinata)* Essl. & McCune (2020)[93] – [California](/source/California), United States

- *[Physcia rolandii](/source/Physcia_rolandii)* Elix (2011)[60] – Australia

- *[Physcia rolfii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_rolfii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1990)[97] – Australia; South America

- *[Physcia semipinnata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_semipinnata&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Leers ex J.F.Gmel.) Moberg (1977)[91] – Europe; North America[98]

- *[Physcia sinuosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_sinuosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1990)[99] – Brazil

- *[Physcia sorediiconvexa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_sorediiconvexa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Aptroot & Cáceres (2018)[100] – Brazil

- *[Physcia sorediosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_sorediosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Vain.) Lynge (1924) – black-bottomed rosette lichen;[92] – Asia; Australia; Central America; North America; South America; [Seychelles](/source/Seychelles)

- *[Physcia stellaris](/source/Physcia_stellaris)* (L.) Nyl. (1853) – star rosette lichen;[101] widespread distribution[102]

- *[Physcia subtilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_subtilis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Degel. (1941)[103] – slender rosette lichen[101]

- *[Physcia tenella](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tenella&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Scop.) DC. (1805) – fringed rosette lichen;[104] – Africa; Asia; Europe; North America; Oceania[105]

- *[Physcia tenellula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tenellula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1997)[91] – Mexico

- *[Physcia tenuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tenuis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1990)[106] – Brazil

- *[Physcia thomsoniana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_thomsoniana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Essl. (2017)[107] – North America

- *[Physcia tretiachii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tretiachii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1997)[91] – Mexico

- *[Physcia tribacia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tribacia&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Ach.) Nyl. (1874)[108] – Africa; Asia; Australia; Europe; Macaronesia; New Zealand; North America; South America

- *[Physcia tribacioides](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tribacioides&action=edit&redlink=1)* Nyl. (1874)[108] – Africa; Asia; Australia; Europe; New Zealand

- *[Physcia ucrainica](/source/Physcia_ucrainica)* S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2015)[109] – Ukraine

- *[Physcia undulata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_undulata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1986)[12] – Africa; Australia; Central America; New Zealand; South America; Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)

- *[Physcia verdonii](/source/Physcia_verdonii)* Elix (2011)[60] – Australia

- *[Physcia verrucosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_verrucosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1986)[12] – Africa; Australia

- *[Physcia villosula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_villosula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Moberg (1997)[91] – Mexico

- *[Physcia vitii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_vitii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Nádv. (1947)[110]

## Biomonitoring

The genus *Physcia*, including specific species such as *[Physcia adscendens](/source/Physcia_adscendens)*, serves as a highly sensitive [bioindicator](/source/Bioindicator) for [nitrogen pollution](/source/Nitrogen_pollution), which is a critical and escalating issue in tropical regions where bioindicator development is challenged by gaps in taxonomic and ecological knowledge. Utilising characteristics derived from studies in Europe and North America, traits and taxonomy of *Physcia* species can be effectively adapted for monitoring nitrogen levels in tropical ecosystems, thereby supporting environmental management and conservation initiatives.[111]

Sigal and Nash established a classification system based on the sensitivity of over 20 lichen species to air pollutants, noting that highly pollution-tolerant species such as *[Physcia biziana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_biziana&action=edit&redlink=1)* and *[Physcia tenella](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physcia_tenella&action=edit&redlink=1)* were frequently observed in the [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles) area without any morphological changes, despite significant environmental degradation. In contrast, very sensitive species had vanished from the region, and others like *[Usnea](/source/Usnea)* spp. were found only in minimal amounts, indicating a marked decline since the turn of the century.[112]

In one study on air quality monitoring in the tropics, *Physcia* was identified as prevalent in urban environments with poor air quality, particularly high levels of [nitrogen dioxide](/source/Nitrogen_dioxide) (NO2) and [sulfur dioxide](/source/Sulfur_dioxide) (SO2). This prevalence is attributed to its tolerance to pollution, where unlike more sensitive species, *Physcia* does not die off but thrives, thereby serving as a reliable bioindicator for monitoring long-term air quality in urban settings. This capability highlights its potential for inclusion in air quality assessment frameworks, especially beneficial in regions with limited air quality monitoring infrastructure.[113]

In laboratory experiments, *Physcia tribacia* has shown the ability to clean water by removing [antimony trioxide](/source/Antimony_trioxide), a toxic substance.[114] This process is most efficient under specific conditions and naturally occurs in a way that spontaneously releases heat, suggesting it could be a cost-effective and eco-friendly option for or the removal of metal pollution.[115]

## References

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-urlMycoBank:_Physcia_1-0)** ["*Physcia* (Schreb.) Michx. 1803"](http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=4082). [MycoBank](/source/MycoBank). International Mycological Association. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Schreber_1791_2-0)** von Schreber, Jo. Christiano Dan (1791). [*Genera Plantarum*](https://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/viewer/12946/?offset=#page=396&viewer=picture&o=bookmark&n=0&q=) (in Latin). Vol. 2 (8th ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Varrentrapp and Wenner˜. p. 768.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ciferri_1953_3-0)** Ciferri, R.; Tomaselli, R. (1953). "Saggio di una sistematica micolichenologica" [Essay on a mycolichenological systematics]. *Atti dell'Istituto Botanico della Università e Laboratorio Crittogamico di Pavia*. 5 (in Italian). **10** (1): 25–84.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Jørgensen_et_al._1994_4-0)** [Jørgensen, Per M.](/source/Per_Magnus_J%C3%B8rgensen); [James, Peter W.](/source/Peter_Wilfred_James); Jarvis, Charles E. (1994). "Linnaean lichen names and their typification". *Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society*. **115** (4): 261–405. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1994BJLS..115..261J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994BJLS..115..261J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1095-8339.1994.tb01784.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1994.tb01784.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Michaux_1803_5-0)** Michaux, A. (1803). [*Flora Boreali-Americana*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34783764) [*Flora of North America*]. Vol. 2. Paris/Strasbourg: Levrault Brothers. p. 326. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-665-47757-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-47757-7). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1977b_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1977b_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1977b_6-2) Moberg, Roland (1977). *The lichen genus*Physcia*and allied genera in Fennoscandia*. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. Vol. 22. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 1–108. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [91-554-0648-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-554-0648-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Thomson_1963_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Thomson_1963_7-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Thomson_1963_7-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Thomson_1963_7-3) Thomson, John W. (1963). "The lichen genus *Physcia* in North America". *Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia*. **7**. Weinheim: J. Cramer: 57. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-7682-5407-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7682-5407-6). {{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Engler_1898_8-0)** Engler, A. (1898). [*Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien*](https://archive.org/details/syllabusderpfla00englgoog/page/n59/mode/2up) [*Syllabus of Plant Families*] (in German). Gebrüder Borntraeger. p. 46.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Vainio_1890_9-0)** Vainio, E.A. (1890). ["Étude sur la classification naturelle et la morphologie des lichens da Brésil"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4458421). *Acta Societatis Pro Fauna et Flora Fennica* (in Latin). **7**: 1–247.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Du_Rietz_1925_10-0)** Du Rietz, G.E. (1925). "Lichenologiska fragment. VII" [Lichenological fragments. VII]. *Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift*. **19**: 70–83.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lynge_1935_11-0)** Lynge, B. (1913). *Physciaceae. Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland Österreich and der Schweiz*. Vol. 6 (2 ed.). pp. 41–188.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1986_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1986_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1986_12-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1986_12-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1986_12-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1986_12-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1986_12-6) Moberg, R. (1986). ["The genus *Physcia* in East Africa"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306515752). *Nordic Journal of Botany*. **6** (6): 843–864. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1986NorJB...6..843M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986NorJB...6..843M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1756-1051.1986.tb00488.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1756-1051.1986.tb00488.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ulloa_&_Aguirre-Acosta_2020_13-0)** Ulloa, Miguel; Aguirre-Acosta, Elvira (2020). *Illustrated Generic Names of Fungi*. APS press. p. 290. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-89054-618-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89054-618-5).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Elix_2009_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Elix_2009_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Elix_2009_14-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Elix_2009_14-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Elix_2009_14-4) J.A.Elix, *Physcia*, Australian Physciaceae (Lichenised Ascomycota). [https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/Physcia.pdf](https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/Physcia.pdf) (2011).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001546_15-0)** [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 546.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Goward_1994_16-0)** Goward, Trevor; McCune, Bruce; Meidinger, Del (1994). *The Lichens of British Columbia: Illustrated Keys. Part 1 — Foliose and Squamulose Species*. Victoria, B.C.: Ministry of Forests Research Program. p. 110. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7726-2194-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7726-2194-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [31651418](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31651418).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lohtander_et_al._2009_17-0)** Lohtander, Katileena; Myllys, Leena; Källersjö, Mari; Moberg, Roland; Stenroos, Soili; Tehler, Anders (2009). ["New entities in *Physcia aipolia*–*P. caesia* group (Physciaceae, Ascomycetes): an analysis based on mtSSU, ITS, group I intron and betatubulin sequences"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228659345). *Annales Botanici Fennici*. **46** (1): 43–53. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2009AnnBF..46...43L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AnnBF..46...43L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5735/085.046.0104](https://doi.org/10.5735%2F085.046.0104).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins202211–12_18-10) [Cannon et al. 2022](#CITEREFCannonThüsAptrootCoppins2022), pp. 11–12.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAwasthi2007381_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAwasthi2007381_19-1) [Awasthi 2007](#CITEREFAwasthi2007), p. 381.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Galloway_&_Moberg_2005_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Galloway_&_Moberg_2005_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Galloway_&_Moberg_2005_20-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Galloway_&_Moberg_2005_20-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Galloway_&_Moberg_2005_20-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Galloway_&_Moberg_2005_20-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Galloway_&_Moberg_2005_20-6) Galloway, D.J.; Moberg, R. (2005). ["The lichen genus *Physcia* (Schreb.) Michx (Physciaceae: Ascomycota) in New Zealand"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283716648). *Tuhinga*. **16**: 59–91.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990_21-1) [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hale_1983_22-0)** Hale, M.E. (1983). "Cortical structure in *Physcia* and *Phaeophyscia*". *The Lichenologist*. **15** (2): 157–160. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1983ThLic..15..157H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ThLic..15..157H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0024282983000249](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0024282983000249).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1977_23-0)** [Moberg 1977](#CITEREFMoberg1977).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Elix_et_al._1982_24-0)** Elix, John A.; Whitton, Andrew A.; Jones, Alan J. (1982). "Triterpenes from the lichen genus *Physcia*". *Australian Journal of Chemistry*. **35** (3): 641–647. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1982AJCh...35..641E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982AJCh...35..641E). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1071/CH9820641](https://doi.org/10.1071%2FCH9820641).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kerboua_et_al._2021_25-0)** Kerboua, Marwa; Ahmed, Monia Ali; Samba, Nsevolo; Aitfella-Lahlou, Radhia; Silva, Lucia; Boyero, Juan F.; Raposo, Cesar; Rodilla, Jesus Miguel Lopez (2021). ["Phytochemical investigation of new Algerian lichen species: *Physcia mediterranea* Nimis"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7924039). *Molecules*. **26** (4) e1121. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/molecules26041121](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules26041121). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [7924039](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7924039). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [33672591](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33672591).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-IF:_Physcia_hirsuta_26-0)** ["Record Details: *Physcia hirsuta* Mereschk., Anal. Lichen. 21: 181 (1919)"](https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=356423). [Index Fungorum](/source/Index_Fungorum). Retrieved 26 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-IF:_Physcia_confluens_27-0)** ["Record Details: *Physcia confluens* (Fr.) Nyl., Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 5: 107 (1858)"](https://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=400598). [Index Fungorum](/source/Index_Fungorum). Retrieved 26 April 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins20229_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonThüsAptrootCoppins20229_28-1) [Cannon et al. 2022](#CITEREFCannonThüsAptrootCoppins2022), p. 9.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kondratyuk_et_al._2014_29-0)** Kondratyuk, S.; Lőkös, L.; Kim, J.; Jeong, M.-H.; Kondratiuk, A.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2014). ["*Kashiwadia* gen. nov. (Physciaceae, lichen-forming Ascomycota), proved by phylogenetic analysis of the Eastern Asian Physciaceae"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277924093). *Acta Botanica Hungarica*. **56** (3–4): 369–378. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1556/abot.56.2014.3-4.12](https://doi.org/10.1556%2Fabot.56.2014.3-4.12).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Edwards_&_Coppins_2009_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Edwards_&_Coppins_2009_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Edwards_&_Coppins_2009_30-2) Edwards, B.W.; Coppins, B.J. (2009). "*Physcia* (Shreb.) Michx. (1803)". In Smith, C.W.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.J.; Fletcher, F.; Gilbert, O.L.; James, P.W.; Wolselely, P.A. (eds.). *The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland* (2nd ed.). London: The Natural History Museum. pp. 698–699. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-9540418-8-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9540418-8-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Adamska_2011_31-0)** Adamska, Edtya (2011). "Lichen recolonization in the city of Toruń". *Ecological Questions*. **15**: 119–125. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2478/v10090-011-0043-2](https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fv10090-011-0043-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Swinscow_&_Krog_1988_32-0)** Swinscow, Thomas Douglas Victor; Krog, Hildur (1988). *Macrolichens of East Africa*. London: British Museum (Natural History). pp. 220–232. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-565-01039-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-565-01039-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Aptroot_1987_33-0)** Aptroot, A. (1987). "Pyxinaceae (Lichens)". In Rijn, G.A.R.A. (ed.). *Flora of the Guianas*. Vol. E/1. Koenigstein: Koeltz Botanical Books. pp. 1–53. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-87429-272-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-272-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Moberg_1994_34-0)** Moberg, R. (1994). ["Is the Pacific an area of speciation for some foliose genera of the lichen family Physciaceae?"](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jhbl/76/0/76_173/_pdf/-char/ja). *Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory*. **76**: 173–181. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.18968/jhbl.76.0_173](https://doi.org/10.18968%2Fjhbl.76.0_173).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Moberg_1997_35-0)** Moberg, R. (1997). "The lichen genus *Physcia* in the Sonoran Desert and adjacent areas". *Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses*. **32** (1): 163–186.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Moberg_2002_36-0)** Moberg, R. (2002). "*Physcia*". In Nash III, T.H.; Ryan, B.D.; Gries, C.; Bungartz, F. (eds.). *Lichen Flora of the greater Sonoran Desert Region*. Vol. 1. Tempe, Arizona, USA: Arizona State University. pp. 358–373.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023382_37-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 382.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Moberg_2001_38-0)** Moberg, R. (2001). "The lichen genus *Physcia* in Australia". In McCarthy, P.M.; Kantvilas, G.; Louwhoff, S.H.J.J. (eds.). *Lichenological Contributions in Honour of Jack Elix*. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 78. Berlin/Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 289–311. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-443-58057-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-443-58057-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Harada_2016_39-0)** Harada, Hiroshi (2016). "Lichen flora of Japan (7), *Physcia* s.str". *Lichenology*. **15**: 105–112.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Diederich_et_al._2018_40-0)** Diederich, Paul; Lawrey, James D.; Ertz, Damien (2018). ["The 2018 classification and checklist of lichenicolous fungi, with 2000 non-lichenized, obligately lichenicolous taxa"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328374342). *The Bryologist*. **121** (3): 340–425. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018Bryol.121..340D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Bryol.121..340D). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1639/0007-2745-121.3.340](https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745-121.3.340).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hafellner_&_Zimmermann_2012_41-0)** Hafellner, Josef; Zimmermann, Erich (2012). ["A lichenicolous species of *Pleospora* (Ascomycota) and a key to the fungi invading *Physcia* species"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270529980). *Herzogia*. **25** (1): 47–59. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012Herz...25...47H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Herz...25...47H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.13158/heia.25.1.2010.47](https://doi.org/10.13158%2Fheia.25.1.2010.47).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Whelan_2011_42-0)** Whelan, Paul (2011). *Lichens of Ireland – An illustrated introduction to over 250 species*. Cork: Collins Press. p. 35. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84889-137-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84889-137-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kirk_et_al._2001_43-0)** Kirk, Paul M.; Cannon, Paul F.; David, J.C.; Stalpers, Joost A. (2001). "*Physcia*". *Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi* (9th ed.). Oxon, UK: CABI Bioscience. p. 404. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-85199-377-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-377-5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kirk_2008_44-0)** Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; Minter, D.W.; Stalpers, J.A. (2008). *Dictionary of the Fungi* (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 533. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-85199-826-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-826-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lücking_et_al._2017_45-0)** Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". *The Bryologist*. **119** (4): 361–416 [384]. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361](https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745-119.4.361). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [44250015](https://www.jstor.org/stable/44250015).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Wijayawardene_et_al._2022_46-0)** Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). ["Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332). *Mycosphere*. **13** (1): 53–453 [147]. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2](https://doi.org/10.5943%2Fmycosphere%2F13%2F1%2F2). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1854/LU-8754813](https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8754813).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CoL_47-0)** ["*Physcia*"](https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6PWQ). *[Catalogue of Life](/source/Catalogue_of_Life)*. [Species 2000](/source/Species_2000): Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 26 April 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Awasthi_&_Singh_1979_48-0)** Awasthi, D.D.; Singh, S.R. (1979). "New or otherwise interesting lichens from Mt. Abu, Rajasthan, India". *Norwegian Journal of Botany*. **26**: 91–97.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Olivier_1882_49-0)** Olivier, H. (1882). *Flore analytique et dichotomique des Lichens de l'Orne et départements circonvoisins* [*Analytical and dichotomous flora of the lichens of Orne and neighboring departments*] (in French). Vol. 1. p. 79.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001549_50-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001549_50-1) [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 549.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023386_51-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 386.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023387_52-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 387.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Müller_1887_53-0)** Müller, J. (1887). "Revisio lichenum Féeanorum" [Revision of Féean Lichens]. *Revue Mycologique Toulouse* (in Latin). **9**: 133–140.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990323_54-0)** [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990), p. 323.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hale_1963_55-0)** Hale, M.E. Jr. (1963). "The systematic position of *Parmelia albata* Wils". *The Bryologist*. **66** (2): 72–73. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3241069](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3241069). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3241069](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3241069).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Malbranche_1868_56-0)** Malbranche, A. (1868). "Lichens de la Normandie" [Lichens of Normandy]. *Bulletin de la Société des Amis des Sciences Naturelles du Musée de Rouen*. **4**: 231–307.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Awasthi_&_Singh_1978_57-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Awasthi_&_Singh_1978_57-1) Awasthi, D.D.; Singh, K.P. (1978). "The lichen flora in the environs of Gangotri and Gomukh, India. I". *Indian Journal of Forestry*. **1**: 138–146.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001550_58-0)** [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 550.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001551_59-0)** [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 551.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Elix_2011_60-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Elix_2011_60-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Elix_2011_60-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Elix_2011_60-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Elix_2011_60-4) Elix, John A. (2011). ["New species of *Physcia* (Physciaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Australasia"](https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/AL_68.pdf) (PDF). *Australasian Lichenology*. **68**: 28–39.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001552_61-0)** [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 552.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023388_62-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 388.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001553_63-0)** [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 553.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023389_64-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 389.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990325_65-0)** [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990), p. 325.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Müller_1888_66-0)** Müller, J. (1888). ["Lichenes Paraguayenses"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11720624) [Lichens of Paraguay]. *Revue mycologique (Toulouse)* (in Latin). **10**: 53–68 [57].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990327_67-0)** [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990), p. 327.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990328_68-0)** [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990), p. 328.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nylander_1860_69-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nylander_1860_69-1) Nylander, W. (1860). *Synopsis Methodica Lichenum Omnium hucusque Cognitorum, Praemissa Introductione Lingua Gallica* [*Methodical Synopsis of All Lichens Known to Date, with an Introduction in French Language*] (in Latin). Vol. 1. pp. 423, 432.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Elix_2011b_70-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Elix_2011b_70-1) Elix, John A. (2011). "Further new species and new records of *Physcia* (Physciaceae, Ascomycota) from Australia". *Australasian Lichenology*. **69**: 25–29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Esslinger_et_al._2004_71-0)** Esslinger, T.L. (2004). ["A new North American species in the lichen genus *Physcia* (Ascomycota) with a unique thallus morphology"](http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0090/002/0301.htm). *Mycotaxon*. **90** (2): 301–306.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAwasthi2007386_73-0)** [Awasthi 2007](#CITEREFAwasthi2007), p. 386.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nylander_1881_74-0)** Nylander, W. (1881). ["Addenda nova ad Lichenographiam europaeam. Contin. XXXVIII"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/66587) [New additions to the European lichenography. Continuation XXXVIII]. *Flora (Regensburg)* (in Latin). **64** (34): 529–541.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lettau_1912_75-0)** Lettau, G. (1912). "Beiträge zur Lichenographie von Thüringen" [Contributions to the lichenography of Thuringia]. *Hedwigia* (in German). **52**: 81–264.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001554_76-0)** [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 554.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023390_77-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 390.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Zahlbruckner_1928_78-0)** Zahlbruckner, A. (1928). "Neue und ungenügend beschriebene javanische Flechten" [New and inadequately described Javanese lichens]. *Annales de Cryptogamie Exotique* (in German). **1**: 109–212.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001555_79-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001555_79-1) [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 555.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Müller_1884_80-0)** Müller, J. (1884). ["Lichenologische Beiträge von Dr. J. Müller. XX"](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/68558). *Flora* (in Latin). **67**: 613–621 [620].

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lamarck_&_de_Candolle_1805_82-0)** Lamarck, J.-B.; de Candolle, A.P. (1805). [*Flore française: ou, Descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France, disposées selon une novelle méthode d'analyse, et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique*](https://books.google.com/books?id=-BcAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA395) [*French flora: or, succinct descriptions of all plants that naturally grow in France, arranged according to a new method of analysis, and preceded by an exposition of the basic principles of botany*] (in French). Vol. 2 (3 ed.). p. 395.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990333_83-0)** [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990), p. 333.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dodge_1968_84-0)** Dodge, C.W. (1968). "Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic continent and the subantarctic islands. VII.–VIII". *Nova Hedwigia*. **15**: 285–332 [296].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Frey_1952_85-0)** Frey, E. (1952). "Die Flechtenflora und -vegetation des Nationalparks im Unterengadin. I Teil: Die diskokarpen Blatt- und Strauchflechten" [The lichen flora and vegetation of the National Park in the Lower Engadine. Part I: The discocarpous leaf and shrub lichens]. *Ergebnisse der Wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen des Schweizerischen Nationalparks* (in German). **3**: 361–503 [480].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990334_86-0)** [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990), p. 334.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nimis_2016_87-0)** [Nimis, Pier Luigi](/source/Pier_Luigi_Nimis) (2016). *The Lichens of Italy. A Second Annotated Catalogue*. Trieste: Edizioni Università di Trieste. p. 114. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-88-8303-755-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8303-755-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2020_88-0)** Aptroot, A.; Souza, M.F.; Spielmann, A.A. (2020). ["New lichen species from the Pantanal in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil"](https://www.fschumm.de/Archive/Vol%2020_Aptroot_Pantanal.pdf) (PDF). *Archive for Lichenology*. **20**: 1–7.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Degelius_1940_89-0)** Degelius, G. (1940). "Contributions to the lichen flora of North America. I. Lichens from Maine". *Arkiv för Botanik*. **30A** (1): 1–62 [56].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023391_90-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 391.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1977_91-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1977_91-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1977_91-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1977_91-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Moberg_1977_91-4) Moberg, R. (1997). "The lichen genus *Physcia* in the Sonoran Desert and adjacent regions". *Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses*. **32** (1): 163–186.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001556_92-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001556_92-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001556_92-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001556_92-3) [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 556.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Esslinger_et_al._2020_93-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Esslinger_et_al._2020_93-1) Esslinger, T.L.; Leavitt, S.D.; McCune, B. (2020). "Two closely related but morphologically disparate new species of *Physcia* from western North America". *The Bryologist*. **123** (2): 204–214. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1639/0007-2745-123.2.204](https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745-123.2.204).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Miranda-González_et_al._2025_94-0)** Miranda-González, Ricardo; Campos-Cerda, Felipe; Herrera-Campos, María de los Angeles (2025). "*Diploicia edulis* (Caliciaceae) and *Physcia ornamentalis* (Physciaceae), two new species associated with invertebrates from the tropical dry forest of Mexico". *The Lichenologist*. **57** (1): 25–33. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2025ThLic..57...25M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025ThLic..57...25M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/S0024282925000015](https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0024282925000015).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023392_95-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 392.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Hue_1916_96-0)** Hue, A. (1916). "Lichenes Poncinsianos in Africa tropico-orientali anglica a Vicecomite de Poncins anno 1912 lectos elaboravit" [Lichens from Poncins in tropical East Africa, collected by Viscount de Poncins in the year 1912, elaborated]. *Bulletin de la Société botanique de France*. **63**: 1–24 [10]. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1916BSBF...63S...1H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1916BSBF...63S...1H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/00378941.1916.10839748](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00378941.1916.10839748).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990337_97-0)** [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990), p. 337.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAwasthi2007388_98-0)** [Awasthi 2007](#CITEREFAwasthi2007), p. 388.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990338_99-0)** [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990), p. 338.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Aptroot_et_al._2018_100-0)** Aptroot, A.; Cáceres, M.E.S. (2018). ["New lichen species from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329819605). *The Bryologist*. **121** (1): 67–79. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1639/0007-2745-121.1.067](https://doi.org/10.1639%2F0007-2745-121.1.067).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001558_101-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001558_101-1) [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 558.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023393_102-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 393.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Degelius_1942_103-0)** Degelius, G. (1942). "Contributions to the lichen flora of North America. II. The lichen flora of the Great Smoky Mountains". *Arkiv før Botanik*. **30A** (3): 1–80 [72].

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001559_104-0)** [Brodo, Sharnoff & Sharnoff 2001](#CITEREFBrodoSharnoffSharnoff2001), p. 559.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMullin2023394_105-0)** [McMullin 2023](#CITEREFMcMullin2023), p. 394.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoberg1990340_106-0)** [Moberg 1990](#CITEREFMoberg1990), p. 340.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Esslinger_2017_107-0)** Esslinger, T.L. (2017). ["A new circumscription for the common and widespread North American species *Physcia subtilis*, and description of a new species, *P. thomsoniana*"](https://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/lav/RLL/PDF/R38721.pdf) (PDF). *Opuscula Philolichenum*. **16**: 139–152. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5962/p.386107](https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.386107).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Nylander_1874_108-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Nylander_1874_108-1) Nylander, W. (1874). "Addenda nova ad lichenographiam europaeam. Contin. XVIII" [New additions to the European lichenography. Continuation XVIII]. *Flora*. **57**: 305–318.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Kondratyuk_et_al._2015_109-0)** Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Kapetz, N.V.; Pleskach, L.Ya.; Kim, J.; Hur, J.-H. (2015). ["*Physcia ucrainica* sp. nova (Physciaceae, Ascomycota) from the Crimean Peninsula, proved by molecular phylogeny"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282050421). *Acta Botanica Hungarica*. **57** (1–2): 143–163. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1556/ABot.57.2015.1.2.11](https://doi.org/10.1556%2FABot.57.2015.1.2.11) (inactive 30 September 2025).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2025 ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_September_2025))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nádvorník_1947_110-0)** Nádvorník, J. (1947). "Physciaceae Tchécoslovaques" [Czechoslovak Physciaceae]. *Studia Botanica Čechoslovaca*. **8** (2–4): 94, 123.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Delves_et_al._2023_111-0)** Delves, Jay; Lewis, Jason E.J.; Ali, Niaz; Asad, Saeed A.; Chatterjee, Sudipto; Crittenden, Peter D.; et al. (2023). ["Lichens as spatially transferable bioindicators for monitoring nitrogen pollution"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2023.121575). *Environmental Pollution*. **328** 121575: e121575. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2023EPoll.32821575D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EPoll.32821575D). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121575](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.envpol.2023.121575). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [37028790](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37028790).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_article_number_as_page_number))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nash_&_Sigal_1999_112-0)** Nash III, T.H.; Sigal, L.L. (1999). "Epiphytic Lichens in the San Bernardino Mountains in Relation to Oxidant Gradients". In Miller, P.R.; McBride, J.R.; Miller, Paul R.; McBride, Joe R. (eds.). *Oxidant Air Pollution Impacts in the Montane Forests of Southern California: A Case Study of the San Bernardino Mountains*. Ecological Series. Vol. 134. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 223–234. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4612-7143-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4612-7143-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Lawal_&_Ochei_2023_113-0)** Lawal, Olanrewaju; Ochei, Laud Charles (2023). ["Lichen – air quality association rule mining for urban environments in the tropics"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372626762). *International Journal of Environmental Health Research*. **34** (3): 1713–1724. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/09603123.2023.2239716](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09603123.2023.2239716). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [37489590](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37489590).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Uluozlu_et_al._2010_114-0)** Uluozlu, Ozgur Dogan; Sarı, Ahmet (2010). "Biosorption of antimony from aqueous solution by lichen (*Physcia tribacia*) biomass". *Chemical Engineering Journal*. **163** (3): 382–388. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010ChEnJ.163..382U](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ChEnJ.163..382U). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cej.2010.08.022](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2010.08.022).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Cansaran-Duman_&_Aras_2015_115-0)** Cansaran-Duman, Demet; Aras, Sümer (2015). "Lichens as an alternative biosorbent: a review". In Ansari, Abid Ali; Gill, Sarvajeet Singh; Gill, Ritu; Lanza, Guy R.; Newman, Lee (eds.). *Phytoremediation*. Management of Environmental Contaminants. Vol. 2. Springer International Publishing Switzerland. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-319-10969-5_20](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-10969-5_20). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3-319-10969-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-10969-5).

### Cited literature

- [Awasthi, Dharani Dhar](/source/Dharani_Dhar_Awasthi) (2007). *A Compendium of the Macrolichens from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka*. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-211-0600-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-211-0600-9).

- Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). *Lichens of North America*. Yale University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-300-08249-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08249-4).

- Cannon, P.; Thüs, H.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Orange, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2022). [*Caliciales: Physciaceae, including the genera*Anaptychia*,*Heterodermia*,*Hyperphyscia*,*Mischoblastia*,*Phaeophyscia*,*Physcia*,*Physciella*,*Physconia*,*Rinodina*and*Tornabea](https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Physciaceae%201.pdf) (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 24. pp. 1–37.

- McMullin, R. Troy (2023). *Lichens. The Macrolichens of Ontario and the Great Lakes Region of the United States*. Firefly Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-228-10369-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-228-10369-1).

- Moberg, Roland (1990). ["The lichen genus *Physcia* in Central and South America"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230106073). *Nordic Journal of Botany*. **10** (3): 319–342. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1990NorJB..10..319M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990NorJB..10..319M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/J.1756-1051.1990.TB01776.X](https://doi.org/10.1111%2FJ.1756-1051.1990.TB01776.X).

Taxon identifiers Physcia Wikidata: Q962051 Wikispecies: Physcia AusLichen: 30019168 CoL: 6PWQ EoL: 16614 EPPO: 1PHCAG FloraBase: 27525 GBIF: 2600367 iNaturalist: 117887 IndexFungorum: 4082 IRMNG: 1311258 ITIS: 14024 MycoBank: 4082 NBN: NHMSYS0001493679 NCBI: 50935 NZOR: 121b31c5-f87d-432f-bccb-566e9681b7d9 Open Tree of Life: 216196 PLANTS: PHYSC4 SpeciesFungorum: 4082 WoRMS: 426156

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