# Physalis

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Physalis
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Physalis.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalis
> Source revision: 1317709469
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Genus of flowering plants

"Ground cherry" redirects here. For the European shrub also called "ground cherry", see [Prunus fruticosa](/source/Prunus_fruticosa).

Physalis Temporal range: Early Eocene (Ypresian) to recent, 52–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana) leaves and fruit Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Subfamily: Solanoideae Tribe: Physaleae Genus: Physalis L. (1753), nom. cons.[1] Type species Physalis pubescens L. Species About 75–90; see text Synonyms[2] Alicabon Raf. (1838) Boberella E.H.L.Krause (1903), nom. superfl. Epetorhiza Steud. (1840), not validly publ. Herschellia T.E.Bowdich (1825) Margaranthus Schltdl. (1838) Pentaphitrum Rchb. (1841)

***Physalis*** ([/ˈfaɪsəlɪs/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), [/fɪ-/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), [/faɪˈseɪlɪs/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), [/-ˈsæ-/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English), from [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): φυσαλλίς *phusallís* 'bladder'[3]) is a [genus](/source/Genus) of approximately 75 to 90 [flowering plants](/source/Flowering_plant) in the [nightshade](/source/Solanum) family ([Solanaceae](/source/Solanaceae)), which are native to the Americas and Australasia. At least 46 species are [endemic](/source/Endemism) to Mexico.[4] Cultivated and weedy species have been introduced worldwide. A defining feature of *Physalis* is a large, papery husk derived from the [calyx](/source/Sepal), which partly or fully encloses the fruit.[5] Many species bear edible fruit, and some species are cultivated.

The typical *Physalis* fruit is similar to a firm tomato in texture, and like a sweet, tangy grape in flavor.[6] Some species, such as the [Cape gooseberry](/source/Physalis_peruviana) and [tomatillo](/source/Tomatillo), have been bred into many [cultivars](/source/Cultivar) with varying flavors, from tart to sweet to savory. Nations including Colombia, India, and Mexico have a significant economic trade in *Physalis* fruit.[7] The fruits of many species are generically referred to as **physalis**, **groundcherries**,[8] **husk tomatoes**, **husk cherries,** **poha berries,** and **golden berries.**[9]

## Description

*Physalis* species are [herbaceous](/source/Herbaceous) plants growing to 0.4 to 3.0 m (1 to 10 ft) tall, similar to the common tomato, a plant of the same family, but usually with a stiffer, more upright stem. They can be either annual or [perennial](/source/Perennial_plant). Most require full sun and fairly warm to hot conditions. Some species are sensitive to frost, but others tolerate cold when dormant in winter.

### Fossil record

A 52-million-year-old fossil fruit of *Physalis* has been found in [Patagonia](/source/Patagonia),[10][11] named as *[Physalis infinemundi](/source/Physalis_infinemundi)*.

## Cultivation and uses

*Physalis peruviana* fruit with calyx open

Estimates for the earliest use of Physalis for human consumption range from 900 to 5000 BCE. Archaeological sites support the historical use of Physalis as a food for indigenous people in what is now northern Mexico and portions of the United States.[7][12][13][14][15]

*Physalis* fruit are rich in [cryptoxanthin](/source/Cryptoxanthin). The fruit can be used like the tomato. Once extracted from its husk, it can be eaten raw[16] and used in [salads](/source/Salad). Some varieties are added to desserts, used as flavoring, made into [fruit preserves](/source/Fruit_preserves), or dried and used like [raisins](/source/Raisin). They contain [pectin](/source/Pectin) and can be used in [pie](/source/Pie) filling. Ground cherries are called *poha* in the [Hawaiian language](/source/Hawaiian_language), and poha jam and preserves are traditional desserts made from *Physalis* plants grown on the Hawaiian Islands.[17]

A 2013 literature review identified more than one hundred works with medical use of various Physalis species from the Americas. Preparations included all parts of the plants (fruits, leaves, flowers, stems, and roots) and took forms including decoction, infusion, and soaking. Herbal preparations are known to be administered internally and externally.[18]

Physalis plants grow in most [soil types](/source/Soil_types) and do very well in poor soils and in pots. They require moisture until fruiting. Plants are susceptible to many of the common [tomato diseases and pests](/source/Tomato#Diseases,_pests,_and_disorders), and other pests such as [aphids](/source/Aphid), [whiteflies](/source/Whitefly), [spider mites](/source/Spider_mite), and the [false potato beetle](/source/False_potato_beetle) (*Leptinotarsa juncta*) also attack them. Propagation is by seed.

In the United States, Louisiana erroneously classifies [Physalis subglabrata](/source/Physalis_subglabrata) (smooth groundcherry) as a [hallucinogenic plant](/source/Hallucinogenic_plant), and its cultivation for other than ornamental purposes is outlawed under [State Act 159](/source/Louisiana_State_Act_159) of 2005.[19] In the [Gran Chaco region of South America](/source/Gran_Chaco), the consumption of the different species of Physalis for food has declined due to sociocultural and environmental changes. Factors generally stem from the ongoing effects of colonization, including loss of ancestral territories to forestry exploitation and industrial agriculture as well as the decline of seasonal human migrations which were formerly part of the cycle of propagation, harvest, and consumption of Physalis.[18]

## Subgenera and sections

[Yellow nightshade groundcherry](/source/Physalis_crassifolia) (*Physalis crassifolia*)

*Physalis peruviana* fruits

*Physalis* is divided into [subgenera](/source/Subgenus) and [sections](/source/Section_(botany)). The taxonomy of *Physalis* is still an active area of taxonomic classification.[20] About 75 to 90 species are placed in the genus.[5]

In 1831, Nees von Esenbeck was among the first researchers to complete a review of the *Physalis* species that had been described until that time in order to identify synonyms and subtaxa within the genus. In 1837, George Don named the sections proposed by Nees von Esenbeck, including three names that are still in use: *Physalodendron* for woody species, *Eurostorhiza* for perennials with rhizomatous roots, and *Epeteiorhiza* for annual species.

Michel Félix Dunal in 1852 and Per Axel Rydberg in 1896 also published efforts to subdivide *Physalis*, although these were not generally consistent with the taxonomy advocated by Esenbeck and Don. Rydberg's taxonomy identified seven species groups within a section Rydberg called *Euphysalis*; these groups became the basis of sections which remain in use.[21]

Margaret Y. Menzel's research in the 20th century provided new insights into *Physalis* taxonomy, including the results of her crossing experiments with 28 *Physalis* species and their [karyological data](/source/Karyology). The groups of species previously set up by Rydberg were raised to sections by this research. A summary of all taxonomic research regarding the genus was published in 1989 by [Radovan Hendrych](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radovan_Hendrych&action=edit&redlink=1), and the most recent major taxonomic publications were made in 1994 and 1999 by [Mahinda Martínez](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahinda_Mart%C3%ADnez&action=edit&redlink=1).[20]

A genetic study by Whitson and Manos in 2005 found evidence that supports the *Physalodendron* and *Rydbergis* subgenera. The same research indicated that evidence was weak for most of the recognized species sections within the *Rydbergis* subgenus, but that other subgroupings might be appropriate instead.[20] This and other phylogenic research led to the Whitson proposal in 2016 to establish *[Alkekengi officinarum](/source/Alkekengi_officinarum)* as the type of a new genus rather than the type species of *Physalis*.[22]

### Genetics and breeding

The basic number for Physalis species is 12, and most Physalis species are [diploid](/source/Ploidy) with *2n = 24*. This basic number is typical for members of the [Solanaceae](/source/Solanaceae) family.[23][24][25][26] Research has identified several species that have experienced polyploidy, including *Physalis angulata*, *Physalis floridana*, *Physalis pubescens*, and *Physalis peruvania*.[27]

Physalis species are generally self-compatible and [autogamous](/source/Autogamous),[28] although some may exhibit [self-incompatibility](/source/Self-incompatibility_in_plants) and require [pollen](/source/Pollen) from another plant to bear fruit or produce seed.[29] A study in 2022 found self-compatibility for all seven Physalis that were observed, which included [Physalis peruviana](/source/Physalis_peruviana) and [Physalis ixocarpa](/source/Physalis_ixocarpa). The same study found that fruit fixation and viable seed formation occurred in most inter-specific crosses. The authors did not grow offspring to the second generation.[30]

Menzel performed crosses between Physalis species to assess hybridization in 1951 which showed that perennial species are prone to hybridization while annual Physalis species exhibited barriers between crossing. Hinton identified natural hybridization events between [Physalis virginiana](/source/Physalis_virginiana) Mill. and [Physalis heterophylla](/source/Physalis_heterophylla) Nees, which Hinton hypothesized could be the result of self-incompatibility and lack of *Physalis virginiana* pollen. Sullivan reported in 1985 that natural hybridization rarely occurs among four species from the [Physalis viscosa complex](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_viscosa_complex&action=edit&redlink=1).[31]

### *Physalis* subgenus *Physalodendron*

Authority: (G. Don) M. Martinez

- *[Physalis arborescens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_arborescens&action=edit&redlink=1)*

- *[Physalis melanocystis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_melanocystis&action=edit&redlink=1)*

### *Physalis* subgenus *Rydbergis*

Authority: Hendrych

#### Section Angulatae

Authority: (Rydberg) M. Martinez

- *[Physalis acutifolia](/source/Physalis_acutifolia)* (Miers) Sandw. – sharp-leaved groundcherry, Wright groundcherry

- *[Physalis ampla](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_ampla&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis angulata](/source/Physalis_angulata)* L. – cut-leaved groundcherry, lance-leaved groundcherry, *camapu*

- *[Physalis carnosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_carnosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Standley

- *[Physalis crassifolia](/source/Physalis_crassifolia)* Benth. – thick-leaved groundcherry, yellow nightshade groundcherry

- *[Physalis ixocarpa](/source/Physalis_ixocarpa)* Brot – tomatillo

- *[Physalis lagascae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_lagascae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Roem. & Schult.

- *[Physalis microcarpa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_microcarpa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Urb. & Eckman

- *[Physalis minima](/source/Physalis_minima)* Linnaeus – pygmy groundcherry, native gooseberry ([Australia](/source/Australia))

- *[Physalis philadelphica](/source/Physalis_philadelphica)* Lam. – tomatillo, Mexican groundcherry, jamberry, Mexican tomato, *tomate de cáscara*, *tomate de fresadilla*, *tomate milpero*, *tomate verde*

- *[Physalis solanacea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_solanacea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Schlechtendal) Axelius[32]

- *[Physalis sulphurea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_sulphurea&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Fernald) Waterfall

#### Section Campanulae

Authority: M. Martinez

- *[Physalis campanula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_campanula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Standl. & Steyerm.

- *[Physalis glutinosa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_glutinosa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Schltdl.

#### Section Coztomatae

Authority: M. Martinez

- *[Physalis aggregata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_aggregata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis angustior](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_angustior&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis chenopodifolia](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_chenopodifolia&action=edit&redlink=1)* Lam.

- *[Physalis coztomatl](/source/Physalis_coztomatl)* Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal

- *[Physalis greenmanii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_greenmanii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis hintonii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_hintonii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis jaliscensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_jaliscensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis lassa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_lassa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Standley & Steyerm.

- *[Physalis lignescens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_lignescens&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis longiloba](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_longiloba&action=edit&redlink=1)*Vargas, M. Martínez & Dávila[4]

- *[Physalis longipedicellata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_longipedicellata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis mcvaughii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_mcvaughii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis orizabae](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_orizabae&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dunal

- *[Physalis pennellii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_pennellii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis philippiensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_philippiensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Fernald

- *[Physalis pringlei](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_pringlei&action=edit&redlink=1)* Greenman

- *[Physalis sancti-josephi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_sancti-josephi&action=edit&redlink=1)* Dunal

- *[Physalis subrepens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_subrepens&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

#### Section Epeteiorhiza

Authority: G. Don

- *[Physalis angustiphysa](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_angustiphysa&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis cordata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_cordata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Mill. – heart-leaved groundcherry

- *[Physalis grisea](/source/Physalis_grisea)* (Waterfall) Martínez – strawberry-tomato

- *[Physalis ignota](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_ignota&action=edit&redlink=1)* Britton

- *[Physalis latiphysa](/source/Physalis_latiphysa)* Waterfall – broad-leaved groundcherry

- *[Physalis leptophylla](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_leptophylla&action=edit&redlink=1)* B.L. Rob. & Greenm.

- *[Physalis minuta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_minuta&action=edit&redlink=1)* Griggs

- *[Physalis missouriensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_missouriensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Mackenzie & Bush – Missouri groundcherry

- *[Physalis neomexicana](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_neomexicana&action=edit&redlink=1)* Rydberg

- *[Physalis nicandroides](/source/Physalis_nicandroides)* Schltdl.

- *[Physalis patula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_patula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Mill.

- *[Physalis porrecta](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_porrecta&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis pruinosa](/source/Physalis_pruinosa)* L. – groundcherry, husk tomato

*[Physalis pruinosa](/source/Physalis_pruinosa)* plants in bloom

- *[Physalis pubescens](/source/Physalis_pubescens)* L. – golden strawberry, Chinese lantern

- *[Physalis tamayoi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_tamayoi&action=edit&redlink=1)* Vargas, M. Martínez & Dávila[4]

#### Section Lanceolatae

Authority: (Rydberg) M. Y. Menzel

- *[Physalis arenicola](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_arenicola&action=edit&redlink=1)* Kearney – cypress-headed groundcherry

- *[Physalis caudella](/source/Physalis_caudella)* Standl. – southwestern groundcherry

- *[Physalis fendleri](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_fendleri&action=edit&redlink=1)* A. Gray[32]

- *[Physalis gracilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_gracilis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Miers

- *[Physalis hastatula](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_hastatula&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis hederifolia](/source/Physalis_hederifolia)* A.Gray – ivy-leaved groundcherry

- *[Physalis heterophylla](/source/Physalis_heterophylla)* Nees – clammy groundcherry

- *[Physalis ingrata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_ingrata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Standley

- *[Physalis lanceolata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_lanceolata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Michaux[32]

- *[Physalis longifolia](/source/Physalis_longifolia)* Nuttall – common groundcherry, long-leaved groundcherry

- *[Physalis macrosperma](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_macrosperma&action=edit&redlink=1)* Pyne & E.L.Bridges & Orzel[33]

- *[Physalis muelleri](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_muelleri&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis peruviana](/source/Physalis_peruviana)* L. – Cape gooseberry, Peruvian groundcherry, Inca berry, *uchuva* (Colombia), *poha*

- *[Physalis pumila](/source/Physalis_pumila)* Nuttall – dwarf groundcherry

- *[Physalis queretaroensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_queretaroensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* M. Martinez & L. Hernandez

- *[Physalis sordida](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_sordida&action=edit&redlink=1)* Fernald

- *[Physalis virginiana](/source/Physalis_virginiana)* Mill. – Virginia groundcherry

- *[Physalis volubilis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_volubilis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

#### Section Rydbergae

Authority: M. Martinez

- *[Physalis minimaculata](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_minimaculata&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis rydbergii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_rydbergii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Fernald

#### Section Tehuacanae

Authority: M. Martinez

- *[Physalis tehuacanensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_tehuacanensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

#### Section Viscosae

Authority: (Rydberg) M. Y. Menzel

- *[Physalis angustifolia](/source/Physalis_angustifolia)* Nuttall – coastal groundcherry

- *[Physalis cinerascens](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_cinerascens&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Dunal) A.S. Hitchc. – small-flowered groundcherry

- *[Physalis × elliottii](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_%C3%97_elliottii&action=edit&redlink=1)* Kunze[32]

- *[Physalis × elliottii nothovar. glabra](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_%C3%97_elliottii_nothovar._glabra&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall[32]

- *[Physalis mollis](/source/Physalis_mollis)* Nuttall – field groundcherry

- *[Physalis vestita](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physalis_vestita&action=edit&redlink=1)* Waterfall

- *[Physalis viscosa](/source/Physalis_viscosa)* Linnaeus – grape groundcherry, star-haired groundcherry

- *[Physalis walteri](/source/Physalis_walteri)* Nuttall – Walter's groundcherry Walter's groundcherry plant with fruit at Honeymoon Island State Park, Florida

### Physalis species not assigned to a subgenus or section

- †*[Physalis infinemundi](/source/Physalis_infinemundi)* Wilf et al. 2017 – Extinct species typified by a fossil from the [Ypresian Era](/source/Ypresian) of Patagonia[34]

### Formerly placed here

- *[Alkekengi officinarum](/source/Alkekengi_officinarum)* Moench. – Chinese lantern, Japanese lantern, bladder-cherry, winter-cherry, *hōzuki* (as *P. alkekengi* L.)

- *[Calliphysalis carpenteri](/source/Calliphysalis_carpenteri)* (Riddell) Whitson – Carpenter's groundcherry (as *P. carpenteri* Riddell)

- *[Darcyanthus spruceanus](/source/Darcyanthus_spruceanus)* (Hunz.) Hunz. ex N.A.Harriman (as *P. spruceana* Hunz.)

- *[Deprea orinocensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deprea_orinocensis&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Kunth) Raf. (as *P. orinocensis* Kunth)

- *[Leucophysalis grandiflora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leucophysalis_grandiflora&action=edit&redlink=1)* (Hook.) Rydb. (as *P. grandiflora* Hook.)

- *[Quincula lobata](/source/Quincula)* (Torr.) Raf. (as *P. lobata* Torr.)

- *[Salpichroa origanifolia](/source/Salpichroa_origanifolia)* (Lam.) Baill. (as *P. origanifolia* Lam.)

- *[Withania somnifera](/source/Withania_somnifera)* (L.) Dunal (as *P. somnifera* Linnaeus)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-GRIN_1-0)** ["Genus: *Physalis* L."](https://web.archive.org/web/20100529233827/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?9338) *Germplasm Resources Information Network*. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-01. Archived from [the original](https://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?9338) on 2010-05-29. Retrieved 2010-04-14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-powo_2-0)** [*Physalis* L.](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329952-2) *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. Retrieved 24 April 2024

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Physalis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180922024753/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/physalis). [Oxford Dictionaries](/source/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)). Archived from [the original](https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/physalis) on September 22, 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-vargas_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-vargas_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-vargas_4-2) Vargas, O.; et al. (2001). "Two new species of *Physalis* (Solanaceae) endemic to Jalisco, Mexico". *[Brittonia](/source/Brittonia_(journal))*. **53** (4): 505–510. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2001Britt..53..505V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Britt..53..505V). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/bf02809650](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02809650). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [11564](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11564).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-whit_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-whit_5-1) Whitson, M.; Manos, P. S. (2005). "Untangling *Physalis* (Solanaceae) from the physaloids: a two-gene phylogeny of the Physalinae". *[Systematic Botany](/source/Systematic_Botany)*. **30** (1): 216–230. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2005SysBo..30..216W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SysBo..30..216W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1600/0363644053661841](https://doi.org/10.1600%2F0363644053661841). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [25064051](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064051). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [86411770](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86411770).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-morton_6-0)** Morton, J. F. (1987). ["Cape gooseberry, *Physalis peruviana* L. in Fruits of Warm Climates"](https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/cape_gooseberry.html). [Purdue University](/source/Purdue_University), Center for New Crops & Plant Products.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-angulata-mexico_7-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-angulata-mexico_7-1) Vargas-Ponce, Ofelia; Sánchez Martínez, José; Zamora Tavares, María del Pilar; Valdivia Mares, Luis Enrique (2016-12-01). ["Traditional management of a small-scale crop of Physalis angulata in Western Mexico"](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-015-0326-3). *Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution*. **63** (8): 1383–1395. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016GRCEv..63.1383V](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016GRCEv..63.1383V). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10722-015-0326-3](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10722-015-0326-3). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1573-5109](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-5109). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [41108248](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41108248).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ITIS_8-0)** ["*Physalis*"](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30587). [Integrated Taxonomic Information System](/source/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System). Retrieved 2011-05-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Doctor, Vikram (4 March 2013). ["Golden berry: Decoding the acid freshness and wild sweet taste of physalis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131110011327/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-04/news/37437373_1_golden-berry-cape-gooseberry-physalis). *[The Economic Times](/source/The_Economic_Times)*. Archived from [the original](http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-03-04/news/37437373_1_golden-berry-cape-gooseberry-physalis) on November 10, 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Briggs, Helen (5 January 2017). ["Fossil fruit from 52 million years ago revealed"](https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-38511034). *[BBC](/source/BBC)*. Retrieved 16 February 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Wilf, Peter (6 Jan 2017). ["Eocene lantern fruits from Gondwanan Patagonia and the early origins of Solanaceae"](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aag2737). *Science*. **355** (6320): 71–75. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2017Sci...355...71W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Sci...355...71W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1126/science.aag2737](https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aag2737). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [28059765](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28059765). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [206651318](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206651318).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Jennings, Jesse D. (April 1970). ["The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Vol. 1: Environment and Subsistence. Edited by Douglas S. Byers. University of Texas Press, Austin, 1967. - The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Vol. 2: The Non-Ceramic Artifacts. Richard S. MACNEISH, Antoinette Nelken-Terner, and Irmgard W. Johnson. University of Texas, Austin, 1967"](https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/278167). *American Antiquity*. **35** (2): 234–236. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/278167](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F278167). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0002-7316](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [278167](https://www.jstor.org/stable/278167).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Ruz Sosa, Mario Humberto (2013-02-15). ["El añil en el Yucatán del siglo XVI"](https://doi.org/10.19130%2Fiifl.ecm.1979.12.525). *Estudios de Cultura Maya*. **12**. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.19130/iifl.ecm.1979.12.525](https://doi.org/10.19130%2Fiifl.ecm.1979.12.525). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2448-5179](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2448-5179).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Le Paige, Gustavo (1977). ["Recientes descubrimientos arqueológicos en la zona de San Pedro de Atacama"](https://doi.org/10.22199%2Fs07181043.1977.0005.00008). *Estudios Atacameños* (5): 111–126. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.22199/s07181043.1977.0005.00008](https://doi.org/10.22199%2Fs07181043.1977.0005.00008). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0716-0925](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0716-0925).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** McClung de Tapia, Emily; Martínez Yrízar, Diana; Ibarra Morales, Emilio; Adriano Morán, Carmen Cristina (January 2014). ["Los orígenes prehispánicos de una tradición alimentaria en la cuenca de méxico"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0185-1225%2814%2970491-6). *Anales de Antropología*. **48** (1): 97–121. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/s0185-1225(14)70491-6](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0185-1225%2814%2970491-6). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0185-1225](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0185-1225).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Angier, Bradford](/source/Bradford_Angier) (1974). [*Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants*](https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetoedib00angi/page/90/mode/2up). Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 90. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8117-0616-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-0616-8). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [799792](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/799792).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Gibbons, Euell (1962). *Stalking the Wild Asparagus*. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania: Alan C. Hood & Company, Inc. p. 104. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-911469-03-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911469-03-5). {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#invalid_isbn_date))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ethobotany-gran-chaco_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ethobotany-gran-chaco_18-1) Arenas, Pastor; Kamienkowski, Nicolás Martín (December 2013). ["Ethnobotany of the Genus Physalis L. (Solanaceae) in the South American Gran Chaco"](https://bioone.org/journals/candollea/volume-68/issue-2/c2012v682a9/Ethnobotany-of-the-Genus-Physalis-L-Solanaceae-in-the-South/10.15553/c2012v682a9.full). *Candollea*. **68** (2): 251–266. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013Cando..68..251A](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Cando..68..251A). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.15553/c2012v682a9](https://doi.org/10.15553%2Fc2012v682a9). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/8358](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F8358). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0373-2967](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0373-2967). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [84218461](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84218461).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Kindscher, K.; Long, Q.; Corbett, S.; Bosnak, K.; Loring, H.; Cohen, M.; Timmermann, B. N. (2012). ["The Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Wild Tomatillos, *Physalis longifolia* Nutt., and Related *Physalis* Species: A Review"](http://nativeplants.ku.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Physalis-Ethnobotany-paper.pdf) (PDF). *Economic Botany*. **66** (3): 298–310. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012EcBot..66..298K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EcBot..66..298K). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s12231-012-9210-7](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-012-9210-7). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [2794110](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2794110).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Whitson_2005_216–230_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Whitson_2005_216–230_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Whitson_2005_216–230_20-2) Whitson, Maggie; Manos, Paul S. (2005). ["Untangling Physalis (Solanaceae) from the Physaloids: A Two-Gene Phylogeny of the Physalinae"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064051). *Systematic Botany*. **30** (1): 216–230. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2005SysBo..30..216W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SysBo..30..216W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1600/0363644053661841](https://doi.org/10.1600%2F0363644053661841). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0363-6445](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-6445). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [25064051](https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064051). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [86411770](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86411770).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** *Solanaceae IV : advances in biology and utilization*. Michael Nee, International Solanaceae Congress. [Richmond, England]: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1999. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-900347-90-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900347-90-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [44910181](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44910181).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: others ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Whitson, Maggie (April 2011). ["(2016) Proposal to conserve the name Physalis ( Solanaceae ) with a conserved type"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tax.602047). *Taxon*. **60** (2): 608–609. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2011Taxon..60..608W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Taxon..60..608W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/tax.602047](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.602047).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-jl_23-0)** Lu, Jiangjie; Luo, Meifang; Wang, Li; Li, Kunpeng; Yu, Yongyi; Yang, Weifei; Gong, Pichang; Gao, Huihui; Li, Qiaoru; Zhao, Jing; Wu, Lanfeng (December 2021). ["The Physalis floridana genome provides insights into the biochemical and morphological evolution of Physalis fruits"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602270). *Horticulture Research*. **8** (1): 244. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021HorR....8..244L](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021HorR....8..244L). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41438-021-00705-w](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41438-021-00705-w). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2662-6810](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-6810). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8602270](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8602270). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34795210](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34795210).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Azeez, Sekinat Okikiola; Faluyi, Julius Olaoye; Oziegbe, Mathew (2019-11-08). ["Cytological, foliar epidermal and pollen grain studies in relation to ploidy levels in four species of Physalis L. (Solanaceae) from Nigeria"](https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/view/190978). *International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences*. **13** (4): 1960–1968. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4314/ijbcs.v13i4.4](https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fijbcs.v13i4.4). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1997-342X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1997-342X). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [209597935](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209597935).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Escobar-Guzmán, Rocío; Ochoa-Alejo, Neftalí (2021), Segui-Simarro, Jose M. (ed.), ["Anther Culture of the Gametophytic Self-Incompatible Species Physalis ixocarpa Brot"](https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-0716-1335-1_20), *Doubled Haploid Technology*, vol. 2288, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 319–326, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-1-0716-1335-1_20](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-0716-1335-1_20), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-0716-1334-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0716-1334-4), [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [34270021](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34270021), [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [235961279](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235961279), retrieved 2022-08-07{{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Venkateswarlu, J.; Rao, K. G. Raja (1979). ["Morphology of the Pachytene Chromosomes of Physalis pubescens L."](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cytologia1929/44/1/44_1_161/_article) *Cytologia*. **44** (1): 161–166. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1508/cytologia.44.161](https://doi.org/10.1508%2Fcytologia.44.161). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [84930570](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84930570).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Liberato, Sara; Sánchez-Betancourt, Erika; Argüelles Cárdenas, Jorge Humberto; Gonzólez, Carolina; Núñez, Víctor (2015-12-30). ["Citogenética de genotipos de uchuva, Physalis peruviana L., y Physalis floridana Rydb., con respuesta diferencial a Fusarium oxysporum"](https://doi.org/10.21930%2Frcta.vol15_num1_art%3A396). *Ciencia & Tecnología Agropecuaria*. **15** (1): 51–61. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.21930/rcta.vol15_num1_art:396](https://doi.org/10.21930%2Frcta.vol15_num1_art%3A396). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2500-5308](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2500-5308).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Azeez, Sekinat Okikiola; Faluyi, Julius Olaoye (2018-06-29). ["Hybridization in Four Nigerian Physalis (Linn.) Species"](https://www.notulaebiologicae.ro/index.php/nsb/article/view/10241). *Notulae Scientia Biologicae*. **10** (2): 205–210. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.15835/nsb10210241](https://doi.org/10.15835%2Fnsb10210241). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2067-3264](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2067-3264). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [90292809](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90292809).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Peña-Lomelí, Aureliano; Magaña-Lira, Natanael; Gámez-Torres, Adrián; Mendoza-Celino, Fredy Ángel; Pérez-Grajales, Mario (2018). ["Polinización manual en dos variedades de tomate de cáscara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Horm.) en invernadero"](https://revistas.chapingo.mx/horticultura/). *Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura*. **24** (1). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.5154/r.rchsh.2017.02.011](https://doi.org/10.5154%2Fr.rchsh.2017.02.011). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1027-152X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-152X).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** Junior, André Dutra Silva; Zeist, André Ricardo; da Silva, Daniel Fernandes; de Souza Leal, Murilo Henrique; Oliveira, Guilherme José Almeida; de Oliveira, Joana Nascimento Merces; Youssef, Khamis; Da Rocha Toroco, Bruno (2022-05-18). ["Reproductive biology and hybridization of Physalis L. species"](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40415-022-00811-6). *Brazilian Journal of Botany*. **45** (3): 1037–1045. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2022BrJBo..45.1037J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022BrJBo..45.1037J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s40415-022-00811-6](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40415-022-00811-6). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [248902866](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248902866) – via Springer Link.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Pretz, Chelsea; Deanna, Rocío (February 2020). ["Typifications and nomenclatural notes in Physalis (Solanaceae) from the United States"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tax.12159). *Taxon*. **69** (1): 170–192. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020Taxon..69..170P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Taxon..69..170P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/tax.12159](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.12159). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0040-0262](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [214125933](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214125933).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Pretz_170–192_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Pretz_170–192_32-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Pretz_170–192_32-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Pretz_170–192_32-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Pretz_170–192_32-4) Pretz, Chelsea; Deanna, Rocío (February 2020). ["Typifications and nomenclatural notes in Physalis (Solanaceae) from the United States"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tax.12159). *Taxon*. **69** (1): 170–192. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020Taxon..69..170P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Taxon..69..170P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/tax.12159](https://doi.org/10.1002%2Ftax.12159). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0040-0262](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-0262). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [214125933](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214125933).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Pyne, Milo; Orzell, Steve L.; Bridges, Edwin L.; Poindexter, Derick (2019). ["Physalis Macrosperma (Solanaceae: Physalinae), A New Psammophyte Endemic to the West Gulf Coastal Plain of the Southeastern U.S.A., A Global Biodiversity Hotspot"](https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fjbrit.v13.i1.824). *Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas*. **13** (1): 31–50. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.17348/jbrit.v13.i1.824](https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fjbrit.v13.i1.824). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1934-5259](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-5259). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [26783957](https://www.jstor.org/stable/26783957). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [244520017](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244520017).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Switek_34-0)** Switek, Brian. ["Paleo Profile: Tomatillo from the End of the World"](https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/laelaps/paleo-profile-tomatillo-from-the-end-of-the-world/).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Physalis](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physalis).

[Wikispecies](/source/Wikispecies) has information related to ***[Physalis](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physalis)***.

- ["Groundcherries, (cape-gooseberries or poha), raw"](http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/fruits-and-fruit-juices/1926/2/). *Nutrition Facts*. Self Nutrition Data.

Taxon identifiers Physalis Wikidata: Q158663 Wikispecies: Physalis APDB: 193699 APNI: 97439 BOLD: 121369 CoL: 6PW6 eFloraSA: Physalis EoL: 38332 EPPO: 1PHYG FloraBase: 22037 FNA: 125280 FoAO2: Physalis FoC: 125280 GBIF: 2928907 GRIN: 9338 iNaturalist: 51733 IPNI: 329952-2 IRMNG: 1384032 ITIS: 30587 NBN: NHMSYS0000461230 NCBI: 24663 NZOR: 34448ff9-234c-465c-8240-b2b93c5b04db Open Tree of Life: 392144 Paleobiology Database: 92029 Paleobiology Database: 97714 PLANTS: PHYSA POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329952-2 Tropicos: 40008002 VASCAN: 1543 VicFlora: a6045538-b3be-49fe-9537-0281bc9d535f WFO: wfo-4000029503

Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Physalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.