# Physalaemus

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***Physalaemus*** is a large genus of [leptodactylid](/source/Leptodactylidae) [frogs](/source/Frog). These frogs, sometimes known as **dwarf frogs** or **foam frogs**, are found in [South America](/source/South_America).[1] It is very similar to *[Leptodactylus](/source/Leptodactylus)*, a close relative, and indeed the recently described *[Leptodactylus lauramiriamae](/source/Leptodactylus_lauramiriamae)* is in some aspects intermediate between them.[2] They have been described by researchers as presenting one of the most puzzling taxonomic histories among Neotropical anurans because of the occurrence of highly [polymorphic](/source/Polymorphism_(biology)) and [cryptic species](/source/Cryptic_species).[3]

## Species

There are 51[1][3] or 50 species (AmphibiaWeb lists *[Physalaemus nattereri](/source/Physalaemus_nattereri)* as *Eupemphix nattereri*):[4]

- *[Physalaemus aguirrei](/source/Physalaemus_aguirrei)* Bokermann, 1966
- *[Physalaemus albifrons](/source/Physalaemus_albifrons)* (Spix, 1824)
- *[Physalaemus albonotatus](/source/Physalaemus_albonotatus)* (Steindachner, 1864)
- *[Physalaemus angrensis](/source/Physalaemus_angrensis)* (Weber, Gonzaga & Carvalho-e-Silva, 2006)
- *[Physalaemus araxa](/source/Physalaemus_araxa)* (Leal et al., 2021)
- *[Physalaemus atim](/source/Physalaemus_atim)* (Brasileiro & Haddad, 2015)
- *[Physalaemus atlanticus](/source/Physalaemus_atlanticus)* (Haddad & Sazima, 2004)
- *[Physalaemus barrioi](/source/Physalaemus_barrioi)* (Bokermann, 1967)
- *[Physalaemus biligonigerus](/source/Physalaemus_biligonigerus)* (Cope, 1861)
- *[Physalaemus bokermanni](/source/Physalaemus_bokermanni)* (Cardoso & Haddad, 1985)
- *[Physalaemus caete](/source/Physalaemus_caete)* (Pombal & Madureira, 1997)
- *[Physalaemus camacan](/source/Physalaemus_camacan)* (Pimenta, Cruz & Silvano, 2005)
- *[Physalaemus carrizorum](/source/Physalaemus_carrizorum)* (Cardozo & Pereyra, 2018)
- *[Physalaemus centralis](/source/Physalaemus_centralis)* (Bokermann, 1962)
- *[Physalaemus cicada](/source/Physalaemus_cicada)* (Bokermann, 1966)
- *[Physalaemus claptoni](/source/Physalaemus_claptoni)* (Leal et al., 2020)
- *[Physalaemus cristinae](/source/Physalaemus_cristinae)* (Cardozo et al., 2023)
- *[Physalaemus crombiei](/source/Physalaemus_crombiei)* (Heyer & Wolf, 1989)
- *[Physalaemus cuqui](/source/Physalaemus_cuqui)* (Lobo, 1993)
- *[Physalaemus cuvieri](/source/Physalaemus_cuvieri)* (Fitzinger, 1826)
- *[Physalaemus deimaticus](/source/Physalaemus_deimaticus)* (Sazima & Caramaschi, 1988)
- *[Physalaemus ephippifer](/source/Physalaemus_ephippifer)* (Steindachner, 1864)
- *[Physalaemus erikae](/source/Physalaemus_erikae)* (Cruz & Pimenta, 2004)
- *[Physalaemus erythros](/source/Physalaemus_erythros)* (Caramaschi, Feio & Guimarães, 2003)
- *[Physalaemus evangelistai](/source/Physalaemus_evangelistai)* (Bokermann, 1967)
- *[Physalaemus feioi](/source/Physalaemus_feioi)* (Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010)
- *[Physalaemus fernandezae](/source/Physalaemus_fernandezae)* (Müller, 1926)
- *[Physalaemus fischeri](/source/Physalaemus_fischeri)* (Boulenger, 1890)
- *[Physalaemus gracilis](/source/Physalaemus_gracilis)* (Boulenger, 1883)
- *[Physalaemus henselii](/source/Physalaemus_henselii)* (Peters, 1872)
- *[Physalaemus insperatus](/source/Physalaemus_insperatus)* (Cruz, Cassini & Caramaschi, 2008)
- *[Physalaemus irroratus](/source/Physalaemus_irroratus)* (Cruz, Nascimento & Feio, 2007)
- *[Physalaemus jordanensis](/source/Physalaemus_jordanensis)* (Bokermann, 1967)
- *[Physalaemus kroyeri](/source/Physalaemus_kroyeri)* (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862)
- *[Physalaemus lateristriga](/source/Physalaemus_lateristriga)* (Steindachner, 1864)
- *[Physalaemus lisei](/source/Physalaemus_lisei)* (Braun & Braun, 1977)
- *[Physalaemus maculiventris](/source/Physalaemus_maculiventris)* (Lutz, 1925)
- *[Physalaemus marmoratus](/source/Physalaemus_marmoratus)* (Reinhardt & Lütken, 1862)
- *[Physalaemus maximus](/source/Physalaemus_maximus)* (Feio, Pombal & Caramaschi, 1999)
- *[Physalaemus moreirae](/source/Physalaemus_moreirae)* (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)
- *[Physalaemus nanus](/source/Physalaemus_nanus)* (Boulenger, 1888)
- *[Physalaemus nattereri](/source/Physalaemus_nattereri)* (Steindachner, 1863)
- *[Physalaemus obtectus](/source/Physalaemus_obtectus)* (Bokermann, 1966)
- *[Physalaemus olfersii](/source/Physalaemus_olfersii)* (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)
- *[Physalaemus orophilus](/source/Physalaemus_orophilus)* (Cassini, Cruz & Caramaschi, 2010)
- *[Physalaemus riograndensis](/source/Physalaemus_riograndensis)* (Milstead, 1960)
- *[Physalaemus rupestris](/source/Physalaemus_rupestris)* (Caramaschi, Carcerelli & Feio, 1991)
- *[Physalaemus santafecinus](/source/Physalaemus_santafecinus)* (Barrio, 1965)
- *[Physalaemus signifer](/source/Physalaemus_signifer)* (Girard, 1853)
- *[Physalaemus soaresi](/source/Physalaemus_soaresi)* (Izecksohn, 1965)
- *[Physalaemus spiniger](/source/Physalaemus_spiniger)* (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1926)

## References

1. Frost, Darrel R. (2016). ["*Physalaemus* Fitzinger, 1826"](http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Leptodactylidae/Leiuperinae/Physalaemus). *Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0*. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 21 February 2016.

1. (2005): *Leptodactylus lauramiriamae*, a distinctive new species of frog (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Rondônia, Brazil. *Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington* **118**(3): 590–595. [DOI](/source/Digital_Object_Identifier): 10.2988/0006-324X(2005)118[590:LLADNS]2.0.CO;2 [HTML abstract](http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-abstract&doi=10.2988%2F0006-324X%282005%29118%5B590%3ALLADNS%5D2.0.CO%3B2)

1. Cardozo, Dario; Tomatis, Cristian; Duport Bru, Ana S.; Kolenc, Francisco; Borteiro, Claudio; Pansonato, André; Confalonieri, Viviana; Lourenço, Luciana Bolsoni; Haddad, Célio F.B.; Baldo, Diego (2023-12-20). ["The Taxonomic Status of Physalaemus cuqui Lobo, 1993, with the Description of a New Species of Physalaemus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Argentina and Paraguay"](https://doi.org/10.1655/herpmonographs-d-22-00003). *Herpetological Monographs*. **37** (1): 95-128. [doi:10.1655/herpmonographs-d-22-00003](https://doi.org/10.1655/herpmonographs-d-22-00003). [ISSN 0733-1347](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0733-1347)

1. ["Leptodactylidae"](http://www.amphibiaweb.org/lists/Leptodactylidae.shtml). *AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]*. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Physalaemus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalaemus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalaemus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.