# Phrygian cap

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Soft conical cap with the top pulled forward

This article is about Liberty cap headgear. For more terms with the same name, see [Liberty cap (disambiguation)](/source/Liberty_cap_(disambiguation)).

This article is about the headgear. For the medical term, see [Phrygian cap (anatomy)](/source/Phrygian_cap_(anatomy)).

[Dacian](/source/Dacians) prisoner with [Phrygian](/source/Phrygians) cap, Roman statue from the 2nd century

The **Phrygian cap** ([/ˈfrɪdʒ(i)ən/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-us-Phrygian.oga)), also known as **Thracian cap**[1][2][3] and **liberty cap**, is a soft [conical](/source/Pointed_hat) [cap](/source/Hat) with the apex bent over, associated in [antiquity](/source/Classical_antiquity) with several peoples in [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe), [Anatolia](/source/Anatolia), and [Asia](/source/Asia). The Phrygian cap was worn by [Thracians](/source/Thracians), [Dacians](/source/Dacians), [Persians](/source/Persians), [Medes](/source/Medes), [Scythians](/source/Scythians), [Trojans](/source/Troy), and [Phrygians](/source/Phrygians) after whom it is named.[4] The oldest known depiction of the Phrygian cap is from [Persepolis](/source/Persepolis) in [Iran](/source/Iran).

Although Phrygian caps did not originally function as liberty caps, they came to signify freedom and the pursuit of liberty first in the [American Revolution](/source/American_Revolution) and then in the [French Revolution](/source/French_Revolution),[5] particularly as a symbol of [Jacobinism](/source/Jacobinism) (in which context it has been also called a **Jacobin cap**). The original cap of liberty was the Roman *[pileus](/source/Pileus_(hat))*, the felt cap of emancipated slaves of ancient Rome, which was an attribute of [Libertas](/source/Libertas), the Roman goddess of liberty. In the 16th century, the Roman iconography of liberty was revived in emblem books and numismatic handbooks where the figure of Libertas is usually depicted with a [*pileus*](/source/Pileus_(hat)).[6] The most extensive use of this headgear as a modern symbol of freedom in the first two centuries after the revival of Roman iconography occurred in the Netherlands, where it became a popular headdress.[7] In the 18th century, the traditional liberty cap was widely used in English prints, and from 1789 also in French prints; by the early 1790s, it was regularly used in the Phrygian form.

It was adopted in place of a crown on the coats of arms of the [Argentina](/source/Argentina), [Cuba](/source/Cuba), and [Nicaragua](/source/Nicaragua) republics as a symbol of their struggle for liberation and independence. It thus came to be identified as a symbol of republican government. A number of national personifications, including France's [Marianne](/source/Marianne) and the United States' [Columbia](/source/Columbia_(personification)) are commonly depicted wearing the Phrygian cap.

Protagonists of the [Belgian comic](/source/Belgian_comic) series *[The Smurfs](/source/The_Smurfs)* wear white Phrygian caps. It is the national female headdress of the Caucasian [Ingush people](/source/Ingush_people),[8] who call it a *[kurkhars](/source/Kurkhars)*.

## In antiquity

### In the Iranian world

A [Parthian](/source/Parthian_Empire) (right) wearing a Phrygian cap, 203 AD

What came to be labelled as the Phrygian cap was originally used by several Iranian peoples, including the [Scythians](/source/Scythians), the [Medes](/source/Medes), and the [Persians](/source/Persians). From the reports of the ancient Greeks, it appears that the Iranian variant also was a soft headdress and called a *tiara*.

The Greeks identified one variant with their eastern neighbors and labeled it the "Phrygian cap", although it was actually worn by nearly all Iranian tribes, from the [Cappadocians](/source/Cappadocian_Greeks) ([Old Persian](/source/Old_Persian) *Katpatuka*) in the west to the [Sakas](/source/Saka) (OPers. *Sakā*) in the northeast. This and other variants can be observed in the reliefs at Persepolis. All seem to have been made of soft material with long flaps over the ears and the neck, but the form of the top varies. The famous "upright (*orthē*) tiara" was worn by the king. Members of the Median upper class wore high, crested tiaras.[9]

### In the early Hellenistic world

[Attis](/source/Attis)

[Ganymede](/source/Ganymede_(mythology))

[Paris of Troy](/source/Paris_(mythology))

[Mithras](/source/Mithras)

By the 4th century BC (early [Hellenistic period](/source/Hellenistic_period)), the Phrygian cap was associated with [Phrygian](/source/Phrygians) [Attis](/source/Attis), the consort of [Cybele](/source/Cybele), the cult of which had by then become Hellenized. The cap appears in depictions of the mythological kings [Midas](/source/King_Midas) and [Rhesus of Thrace](/source/Rhesus_of_Thrace), the legendary bard [Orpheus](/source/Orpheus) and other Thraco-Phrygians portrayed in Greek [vase-paintings](/source/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece) and sculpture.[10] Such images predate the earliest surviving literary references to the cap.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Orpheus](/source/Orpheus)

[Penthesilea](/source/Penthesilea)

[Rhesus](/source/Rhesus_of_Thrace) (Top-Left)

[Thracian](/source/Thracians) Horseman

By extension, the Phrygian cap also came to be applied to several other non-Greek-speaking peoples ("[barbarians](/source/Barbarian)" in the classical sense). Most notable of these extended senses of "Phrygian" were the [Trojans](/source/Troy) and other western [Anatolian](/source/Anatolia) peoples, who in Greek perception were synonymous with the Phrygians, and whose heroes [Paris](/source/Paris_(mythology)), [Aeneas](/source/Aeneas), and [Ganymede](/source/Ganymede_(mythology)) were all regularly depicted with a Phrygian cap. Other Greek earthenware of antiquity also depict [Amazons](/source/Amazons) and so-called "Scythian" archers with Phrygian caps. Although these are military depictions, the headgear is distinguished from "[Phrygian helmets](/source/Phrygian_helmet)" by long ear flaps, and the figures are also identified as "barbarians" by their trousers. The headgear also appears in 2nd-century BC [Boeotian](/source/Boeotia) [Tanagra figurines](/source/Tanagra_figurine) of an effeminate [Eros](/source/Eros), and in various 1st-century BC statuary of the [Commagene](/source/Commagene), in eastern Anatolia. Greek representations of [Thracians](/source/Thrace) also regularly appear with Phrygian caps, most notably [Bendis](/source/Bendis), the Thracian goddess of the Moon and the hunt, and [Orpheus](/source/Orpheus), a legendary Thracian poet and musician.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

While the Phrygian cap was of wool or soft leather, in pre-Hellenistic times the Greeks had already developed a military helmet that had a similarly characteristic flipped-over tip. These so-called "[Phrygian helmets](/source/Phrygian_helmet)" (named in modern times after the cap) were usually of bronze and in prominent use in Thrace, Dacia, Magna Graecia, and the rest of the Hellenistic world from the 5th century BC up to Roman times. Due to their superficial similarity, the cap and helmet are often difficult to distinguish in Greek art (especially in [black-figure](/source/Black-figure_pottery) or [red-figure](/source/Red-figure_pottery) earthenware) unless the headgear is identified as a soft flexible cap by long earflaps or a long neck flap. Also confusingly similar are the depictions of the helmets used by cavalry and light infantry (*cf.* [Peltasts](/source/Peltast) of Thrace and [Paeonia](/source/Paeonia_(kingdom))), whose headgear – aside from the traditional *[alopekis](/source/Alopekis)* caps of fox skin – also included stiff leather helmets in imitation of the bronze ones.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### In the Roman world

[Dacian](/source/Dacians) sculpture with Phrygian Cap

The Greek concept passed to the Romans in its extended sense, and thus encompassed not only to Phrygians or Trojans (which the Romans also generally associated with the term "Phrygian"), but also the other near-neighbours of the Greeks. On [Trajan's Column](/source/Trajan's_Column), which commemorated [Trajan's epic wars](/source/Trajan's_Dacian_Wars) with the [Dacians](/source/Dacians) (101–102 and 105–106 AD), the Phrygian cap adorns the heads of Dacian warriors. The prisoner, accompanying Trajan in the monumental, three-meter-tall statue of Trajan in the ancient city of [Laodicea](/source/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus), is wearing a Phrygian cap. Parthians appear with Phrygian caps in the 2nd-century [Arch of Septimius Severus](/source/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus), which commemorates Roman victories over the [Parthian Empire](/source/Parthian_Empire). Likewise with Phrygians caps, but for [Gauls](/source/Gauls), appear in 2nd-century friezes built into the 4th-century [Arch of Constantine](/source/Arch_of_Constantine).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The Phrygian cap reappears in figures related to the first- to fourth-century religion of [Mithraism](/source/Mithraism). This [astrology](/source/Astrology)-centric [Roman mystery cult](/source/Greco-Roman_mysteries) ([*cultus*](/source/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#cultus)) projected itself with [pseudo-Oriental](/source/Zoroaster#In_classical_antiquity) trappings (known as *perserie* in scholarship) in order to distinguish itself from both traditional Roman religion and from the other mystery cults. In the artwork of the cult (e.g. in the so-called "[tauroctony](/source/Tauroctony)" [cult images](/source/Cult_image)), the figures of the god Mithras as well as those of his helpers [Cautes and Cautopates](/source/Cautes_and_Cautopates) are routinely depicted with a Phrygian cap. The function of the Phrygian cap in the cult are unknown, but it is conventionally identified as an accessory of its *perserie*.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

[Early Christian](/source/Early_Christianity) art (and continuing well into the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages)) build on the same Greco-Roman perceptions of (Pseudo-)[Zoroaster](/source/Zoroaster) and his "[Magi](/source/Magi)" as experts in the arts of astrology and [magic](/source/Magic_(supernatural)), and routinely depict the "[three wise men](/source/Biblical_Magi)" (that follow [a *star*](/source/Star_of_Bethlehem)) with Phrygian caps.[11]

	- **Representations of Phrygian Caps from Antiquity**

		- [Bendis](/source/Bendis), [Thracian](/source/Thracians) goddess of the moon and the hunt, wearing a Phrygian cap. Limestone Statue, c. 350 BC.

		- [Paris of Troy](/source/Paris_(mythology)) wearing a Phrygian cap. Marble, Roman artwork from the [Hadrianic](/source/Hadrian) period (117–138 AD).

		- The [Trojans](/source/Troy) accept the [Trojan Horse](/source/Trojan_Horse) - *[Aeneid](/source/Aeneid) [manuscript](/source/Illuminated_manuscript),* 4th-century.

		- The [Thracian](/source/Thracians) musician [Orpheus](/source/Orpheus) surrounded by animals. Ancient Roman floor mosaic from [Sicily](/source/Sicily).

		- Roman sculpture of [Attis](/source/Attis), the consort of the Phrygian goddess [Cybele](/source/Cybele) wearing a Phrygian cap and performing a cult dance.

		- Bronze [Helmet design](/source/Phrygian_helmet) widely used by the [Thracians](/source/Thracians), 4th century BC.

		- Sculpted head of [Mithras](/source/Mithraism), [Sol Invictus](/source/Sol_Invictus), 1st century AD.

		- Head of [Antiochus I Theos](/source/Antiochus_I_of_Commagene) (r. 70 - 30 BC), ruler of the [Commagene kingdom](/source/Commagene), [Mount Nemrut](/source/Mount_Nemrut), Turkey.

		- [Mysian](/source/Mysians) Golden Coin with the image of [Orontes I](/source/Orontes_I), predecessor of [Antiochus I Theos](/source/Antiochus_I_of_Commagene), 4th century BC.

		- A [Gnathia-style](/source/Gnathia_vases) ceramic vessel with lion-head spouts from ancient [Magna Graecia](/source/Magna_Graecia) ([Apulia](/source/Apulia), Italy), depicting a [blond](/source/Blond) winged youth with a Phrygian cap, by [the "Toledo" painter](/source/Apulian_vase_painting), c. 300 BC.

		- The biblical "[three wise men](/source/Biblical_Magi)" with Phrygian caps to identify them as "orientals". 6th-century, Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo in Ravenna, Italy.

		- Naqsh-e Rostam II rock relief, attributed to the [Sasanian](/source/Sasanian_Empire) king [Bahram II](/source/Bahram_II), 3rd century AD.

## As a symbol of liberty

The [Dutch Maiden](/source/Dutch_Maiden) carries her cap of liberty on a pole, and it is not of the Phrygian form. 1660

### From Phrygian to liberty cap

In late [Republican Rome](/source/Republican_Rome), a soft felt cap called the *[pileus](/source/Pileus_(hat))* served as a symbol of freemen (i.e. non-slaves) and was symbolically given to slaves upon [manumission](/source/Manumission), thereby granting them not only their personal liberty, but also *libertas –* freedom as citizens, with the right to vote (if male). Following the [assassination of Julius Caesar](/source/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar) in 44 BCE, [Brutus](/source/Marcus_Junius_Brutus) and his co-conspirators instrumentalized this symbolism of the *pileus* to signify the end of Caesar's [dictatorship](/source/Roman_dictator) and a return to the (Roman) republican system.[12]

These Roman associations of the *pileus* with liberty and [republicanism](/source/Republicanism) were carried forward to the 18th century, until when the pileus was confused with the Phrygian cap, then becoming a symbol of those values in the wake of Medieval Italian uses of the Phrygian cap, most notably in [Venice](/source/Venice).[13]

In Venice, the Phrygian cap was used by the [Doge](/source/Doge_of_Venice) instead of a crown as a symbol of Republican liberty, from the Middle Ages until 1797. The symbol of Libertas as a female figure holding the Phrygian cap upon a spear appeared in the 1500s in the Apotheosis of Venice, a major painting by Paolo Veronese in the Ducal palace, iconography that would later be reused in French and American art and coinage.

### France's *bonnet rouge*

Main article: [Symbolism in the French Revolution § Liberty cap](/source/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution#Liberty_cap)

French revolutionaries wearing *bonnets rouges* and *tricolor* [cockades](/source/Cockade)

In this 1793 cartoon by [James Gillray](/source/James_Gillray), who was deeply hostile to the French Revolution, a Phrygian cap substitutes for [Scylla](/source/Scylla) atop the dangerous "Rock of Democracy", as [Britannia](/source/Britannia)'s boat (the *Constitution*) navigates [between Scylla's rock and Charybdis](/source/Between_Scylla_and_Charybdis), the "Whirlpool of Arbitrary-Power", pursued by Scylla's "dogs": [Sheridan](/source/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan), [Fox](/source/Charles_James_Fox), and [Priestley](/source/Joseph_Priestley), depicted as [sharks](/source/Shark).[14]

#### In revolutionary France

In 1675, the anti-tax and anti-nobility [Stamp-Paper revolt](/source/Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9) erupted in [Brittany](/source/Brittany) and north-western France, where it became known as the *bonnets rouges* uprising after the blue or red caps worn by the insurgents. Although the insurgents are not known to have preferred any particular style of cap, the name and color stuck as a symbol of revolt against the nobility and establishment. [Robespierre](/source/Robespierre) would later object to the color but was ignored.

The use of a Phrygian-style cap as a symbol of [revolutionary France](/source/French_Revolution) is first documented in May 1790, at a festival in [Troyes](/source/Troyes), adorning a statue representing the nation, and at [Lyon](/source/Lyon), on a lance carried by the goddess [Libertas](/source/Libertas).[15] To this day the national allegory of France, [Marianne](/source/Marianne), is shown wearing a red Phrygian cap.[16]

By wearing the *bonnet rouge* and *[sans-culottes](/source/Sans-culottes)* ("without silk breeches"), the Parisian working class made their revolutionary ardor and plebeian solidarity immediately recognizable. By mid-1791 these mocking fashion statements included the *bonnet rouge* as Parisian hairstyle, proclaimed by the Marquis de Villette (12 July 1791) as "the civic crown of the free man and French regeneration”. On 15 July 1792, seeking to suppress the frivolity, [François Christophe Kellermann](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_Kellermann), 1st Duc de Valmy, published an essay in which the Duke sought to establish the *bonnet rouge* as a sacred symbol that could be worn only by those with merit. The symbolic hairstyle became a rallying point and a way to mock the elaborate wigs of the aristocrats and the red caps of the bishops. On 6 November 1793 the [Paris city council](/source/Paris_Commune_(French_Revolution)) declared it the official hairstyle of all its members.

The *bonnet rouge* on a spear was proposed as a component of the national seal on 22 September 1792 during the third session of the [National Convention](/source/National_Convention). Following a suggestion by Gaan Coulon, the Convention decreed that convicts would not be permitted to wear the red cap, as it was consecrated as the badge of citizenship and freedom. In 1792, when [Louis XVI](/source/Louis_XVI) was induced to sign a constitution, popular prints of the king were doctored to show him wearing the *bonnet rouge*.[17] The bust of [Voltaire](/source/Voltaire) was crowned with the red bonnet of liberty after a performance of his *[Brutus](/source/Brutus_(tragedy))* at the [Comédie-Française](/source/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise) in March 1792.

During the period of the [Reign of Terror](/source/Reign_of_Terror) (September 1793 – July 1794), the cap was adopted defensively even by those who might be denounced as moderates or aristocrats and were especially keen to advertise their adherence to the new regime. The caps were often knitted by women known as *[tricoteuses](/source/Tricoteuse)*, who sat beside the [guillotine](/source/Guillotine) during public executions in Paris and supposedly continued knitting in between executions.[18][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] The spire of [Strasbourg Cathedral](/source/Strasbourg_Cathedral) was crowned with a *bonnet rouge* in order to prevent it from being torn down in 1794.

#### During the Restoration

In 1814, the *[Acte de déchéance de l'Empereur](/source/Acte_de_d%C3%A9ch%C3%A9ance_de_l'Empereur)* decision formally deposed the [Bonapartes](/source/House_of_Bonaparte) and [restored the Bourbon](/source/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France) regime, who in turn proscribed the *bonnet rouge*, *[La Marseillaise](/source/La_Marseillaise)* and [Bastille Day](/source/Bastille_Day) celebrations. The symbols reappeared briefly in March–July 1815 during "[Napoleon's Hundred Days](/source/Hundred_Days)", but were immediately suppressed again following the second restoration of [Louis XVIII](/source/Louis_XVIII) on 8 July 1815.

The symbols resurfaced again during the [July Revolution](/source/July_Revolution) of 1830, after which they were reinstated by the liberal [July Monarchy](/source/July_Monarchy) of [Louis Philippe I](/source/Louis_Philippe_I), and the revolutionary symbols—anthem, holiday, and *bonnet rouge*—became "constituent parts of a national heritage consecrated by the state and embraced by the public."[19]

#### In modern France

20 [centimes](/source/Centime) with [Marianne](/source/Marianne) on obverse

First side of the image: **Obverse**: Marianne wearing the Phrygian cap of liberty.

Second side of the image: **Reverse**: Face value and French motto: "*[Liberté, égalité, fraternité](/source/Libert%C3%A9%2C_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9%2C_fraternit%C3%A9)*".

This coin was minted from 1962 to 2001.

The republican associations with the *bonnet rouge* were adopted as the [name and emblem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Le_Bonnet_Rouge_c._1914.jpg) of a French satirical republican and anarchist periodical published between 1913 and 1922 by [Miguel Almereyda](/source/Miguel_Almereyda) that targeted the [Action française](/source/Action_fran%C3%A7aise), a royalist, counter-revolutionary movement on the extreme right.

The anti-tax associations with the *bonnet rouge* were revived in October 2013, when a French tax-protest movement called the *[Bonnets Rouges](/source/Bonnets_Rouges)* used the red revolution-era Phrygian cap as a protest symbol. By means of large demonstrations and direct action, which included the destruction of many highway trucking tax portals, the movement successfully forced the French government to rescind the tax.

### In the United Kingdom

In the 18th century, the cap was often used in English political prints as an attribute of [Liberty](/source/Liberty_(goddess)).[20] In Blackburn, England, on 5 July 1819, female reformers such as [Alice Kitchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Kitchen_(reformer)&action=edit&redlink=1) attended their first reform meeting and presented the chairman, John Knight, with a "most beautiful Cap of Liberty, made of scarlet silk or satin, lined with green, with a serpentined gold lace, terminating with a rich gold tassel.[21]

### In Revolutionary America

A Phrygian cap on the [Seal of the U.S. Senate](/source/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate)

The 1783 [Libertas Americana](/source/Libertas_Americana) medal, initiated and designed by [Benjamin Franklin](/source/Benjamin_Franklin), honors the [American Revolution](/source/American_Revolution) and depicts the goddess of Liberty carrying a Phrygian cap

In the years just prior to the [Revolutionary War](/source/American_Revolutionary_War), Americans copied or emulated some of those prints in an attempt to visually defend their "[rights as Englishmen](/source/Rights_of_Englishmen)".[20] Later, the symbol of republicanism and anti-monarchical sentiment appeared in the United States as the headgear of [Columbia](/source/Columbia_(personification)),[22] who in turn was visualized as a goddess-like female national personification of the United States and of [Liberty](/source/Liberty_(goddess)) herself. The cap reappears in association with Columbia in the early years of the republic, for example, on the obverse of the 1785 *Immune Columbia* pattern coin, which shows the goddess with a helmet seated on a globe holding in a right hand a furled U.S. flag topped by the liberty cap.[22]

Starting in 1793, U.S. coinage frequently showed Columbia/Liberty wearing the cap. The anti-federalist movement likewise instrumentalized the figure, as in a cartoon from 1796 in which Columbia is overwhelmed by a huge American eagle holding a [Liberty Pole](/source/Liberty_Pole) under its wings.[22] The cap's last appearance on circulating coinage was the [Walking Liberty Half Dollar](/source/Walking_Liberty_Half_Dollar), which was minted through 1947 (and reused on the current [bullion](/source/Bullion) [American Silver Eagle](/source/American_Silver_Eagle)).

The [U.S. Army](/source/U.S._Army) has, since 1778, used a "[War Office Seal](/source/Department_of_the_Army_Seal_and_Emblem)" in which the motto "This We'll Defend" is displayed directly over a Phrygian cap on an upturned [sword](/source/Sword). It also appears on the state flags of [West Virginia](/source/Flag_of_West_Virginia) and [Idaho](/source/Flag_and_seal_of_Idaho)[23] (as part of their official seals), [New Jersey](/source/Flag_of_New_Jersey), and [New York](/source/Flag_of_New_York_(state)), as well as the official seal of the [United States Senate](/source/United_States_Senate), the state of [Iowa](/source/Seal_of_Iowa), the state of [North Carolina](/source/Seal_of_North_Carolina) (as well as the arms of its [Senate](/source/North_Carolina_Senate),[24]) and on the reverse side of both the [Seal of Pennsylvania](/source/Seal_of_Pennsylvania) and the [Seal of Virginia](/source/Seal_of_Virginia).

In 1854, when sculptor [Thomas Crawford](/source/Thomas_Crawford_(sculptor)) was preparing models for sculpture for the [United States Capitol](/source/United_States_Capitol), then-Secretary of War [Jefferson Davis](/source/Jefferson_Davis) insisted that a Phrygian cap not be included on a *[Statue of Freedom](/source/Statue_of_Freedom)*, on the grounds that "American liberty is original and not the liberty of the freed slave". The cap was not included in the final bronze version that is now in the building.[25]

### In Latin America and Haiti

Many of the [anti-colonial revolutions in Latin America](/source/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence) were heavily inspired by the imagery and slogans of the [American](/source/American_Revolution) and [French Revolutions](/source/French_Revolution). As a result, the cap has appeared on the [coats of arms](/source/Coats_of_arms) of many Latin American nations. The [coat of arms of Haiti](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti) includes a Phrygian cap to commemorate that country's [foundation by rebellious slaves](/source/Haitian_Revolution).

The cap had also been displayed on certain Mexican coins (most notably the old 8-[reales](/source/Mexican_real) coin) through the late 19th century into the mid-20th century. Today, it is featured on the [coats of arms](/source/Coats_of_arms) or [national flags](/source/National_flag) of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Republica Dominicana, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, Nicaragua and Paraguay.

**The Phrygian cap in Latin American and Haitian coats of arms and flags**

- [Coat of arms of Argentina](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina)

- [Coat of arms of Bolivia](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Bolivia), featured on the [state flag](/source/State_flag) [of Bolivia](/source/Flag_of_Bolivia)

- [Coat of arms of Colombia](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia), featured on the [naval ensign](/source/Naval_ensign) [of Colombia](/source/Flag_of_Colombia)

- [Coat of arms of Cuba](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba)

- [Coat of arms of El Salvador](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador), featured on the [flag of El Salvador](/source/Flag_of_El_Salvador)

- [Coat of arms of Haiti](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti), featured on the [flag of Haiti](/source/Flag_of_Haiti)

- [Coat of arms of Nicaragua](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua), featured on the [flag of Nicaragua](/source/Flag_of_Nicaragua)

- Reverse side of the [coat of arms of Paraguay](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay), featured on the [reverse](/source/Flags_whose_reverse_differs_from_the_obverse) of the [flag of Paraguay](/source/Flag_of_Paraguay)

		- The [coat of arms of Haiti](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti) includes a Phrygian cap on top of a palm tree, commemorating that country's foundation in a [slave revolt](/source/Haitian_Revolution).

		- The [coat of arms of Argentina](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina) includes a Phrygian cap atop a [pike](/source/Pike_(weapon)) being held by two clasping hands, as a symbol of national unity and the willingness to fight for freedom.

		- The [coat of arms of Colombia](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Colombia) includes a Phrygian cap as a symbol of liberty and freedom.

## Gallery

		- In the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantium), Phrygia lay in [Anatolia](/source/Anatolia) to the east of [Constantinople](/source/Constantinople), however, in this late 6th-century mosaic from the [Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo](/source/Basilica_of_Sant'Apollinare_Nuovo), [Ravenna](/source/Ravenna), Italy, which was erected by the Ostrogothic king [Theodoric the Great](/source/Theodoric_the_Great) as his palace chapel, during the first quarter of the 6th century (as attested to in the Liber Pontificalis). This Arian church (which was within the Eastern Empire at that time) was originally dedicated in 504 AD to "Christ the Redeemer"; the [Three Magi](/source/Biblical_Magi) wear Phrygian caps as their [Getic](/source/Getic) forefathers did, in order to identify them as "[Zoroastrians](/source/Zoroastrians)".

		- The god [Mithras](/source/Mithras) being born from the rock, naked but for the Phrygian cap on his head (Marble, 180-192 AD. From the area of S. Stefano Rotondo, [Rome](/source/Rome)).

		- Tinted etching of [Louis XVI](/source/Louis_XVI), 1792, with a Phrygian cap.

		- *Allegory of the first French Republic* by [Antoine-Jean Gros](/source/Antoine-Jean_Gros), depicting a Phrygian cap.

		- Anonymous bust of [Marianne](/source/Marianne), with the Phrygian cap ([Palais du Luxembourg](/source/Palais_du_Luxembourg), Paris).

		- French revolutionaries wearing *bonnets rouges* and *tricolor* [cockades](/source/Cockade).

		- A mezzotint commemorating the passage of the [Slave Trade Act 1807](/source/Slave_Trade_Act_1807) by the [British government](/source/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom), which [abolished](/source/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom) the [slave trade](/source/Atlantic_slave_trade). [Britannia](/source/Britannia) is seen with a Phrygian cap at the top a pole she wields.

		- [Columbia](/source/Columbia_(name)) wearing a Phrygian cap, personification of the United States (World War I patriotic poster).

		- *[Efígie da República](/source/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica)* (Effigy of the Republic), national personification of Brazil, wearing a Phrygian cap.

		- Flag of the Second Regiment of the Usseri, [Cisalpine Republic](/source/Cisalpine_Republic), 1798

		- Allegory of the Spanish Republic wearing the Phrygian cap, 1873

		- The [Seal of Iowa](/source/Seal_of_Iowa) showing a red liberty cap at the top of the soldier's flagstaff. The 1847 written description did not specify that the soldier has to wear the cap; thus he is commonly depicted with a [Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War)-era cavalry hat.

		- The [Seal of Hawaii](/source/Seal_of_Hawaii) showing goddess Liberty wears a red liberty cap.

		- [Columbia](/source/Columbia_(name)) holding up a Phrygian cap on an advertisement for the [clipper](/source/Clipper) ship *[Young America](/source/Young_America_(clipper))*

		- [Seated Liberty dollar](/source/Seated_Liberty_dollar), with Phrygian cap on a pole (1868)

		- Allegory of the Portuguese Republic on a coin, wearing the Phrygian cap

		- *[Head of Camille Claudel](/source/Head_of_Camille_Claudel)*, 1884, by [Auguste Rodin](/source/Auguste_Rodin), portrays sculptor [Camille Claudel](/source/Camille_Claudel) wearing a Phrygian cap.

		- Flag raised by [Robert Emmet](/source/Robert_Emmet) during the [Irish rebellion of 1803](/source/Irish_rebellion_of_1803)

		- Old flag of the [Argentine Confederation](/source/Argentine_Confederation), that used four Phrygian caps: one in each corner.

		- Reverse side of [Coat of arms of Paraguay](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Paraguay)

		- [Coat of arms of Cuba](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Cuba).

		- [Coat of arms of Argentina](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Argentina)

		- [Coat of arms of El Salvador](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_El_Salvador)

		- [Coat of arms of Nicaragua](/source/Coat_of_arms_of_Nicaragua)

		- Coat of arms of [Santa Catarina State](/source/Santa_Catarina_(state)), Brazil

		- Coat of arms of [Rio de Janeiro](/source/Rio_de_Janeiro), with the Phrygian cap attached to an [armillary sphere](/source/Armillary_sphere)

		- Coat of arms of [Acre State](/source/Acre_(state)), Brazil

		- Coat of arms of [Maceió](/source/Macei%C3%B3), Brazil

		- Coat of arms of [Nueva Esparta](/source/Nueva_Esparta), Venezuela

		- Coat of arms of [Guárico](/source/Gu%C3%A1rico), Venezuela

		- Logo of the [Swiss Party of Labour](/source/Swiss_Party_of_Labour), a Phrygian cap with a [Swiss cross](/source/Swiss_cross) on it.

## In popular culture

In the Belgian comic franchise *[The Smurfs](/source/The_Smurfs)*, the eponymous Smurfs are typically depicted wearing Phrygian-like caps.[26]

The official mascots of the Paris 2024 [Olympic](/source/2024_Summer_Olympics) and [Paralympic Games](/source/2024_Summer_Paralympics), named the [Phryges](/source/Phryges), were based on the cap.[27]

## See also

- [Balaclava (clothing)](/source/Balaclava_(clothing))

- [Barretina](/source/Barretina)

- [Bashlyk](/source/Bashlyk)

- [Beret](/source/Beret)

- [Bonnet (headgear)](/source/Bonnet_(headgear))

- [Cap](/source/Cap)

- [Caubeen](/source/Caubeen)

- [Chullo](/source/Chullo)

- [Kolah namadi](/source/Kolah_namadi)

- [List of hat styles](/source/List_of_hat_styles)

- [List of headgear](/source/List_of_headgear)

- [Monmouth cap](/source/Monmouth_cap)

- [Liberty cap](/source/Psilocybe_semilanceata) – a species of fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae, the cap of which bears a close resemblance to the Phrygian cap and from which it takes its name

- [Pointed hat of Iron Age Eurasia](/source/Pointed_hat#Iron_Age)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Tsiafaki, Despoina. "Ancient Thrace and the Thracians through Athenian eyes." *Thracia* 21 (2016): 261-282.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** [Herodotus](https://sacred-texts.com/cla/hh/), 6.45 and 7.73, "Thus fared the fleet; and meanwhile Mardonios and the land-army while encamping in Macedonia were attacked in the night by the [Brygian](/source/Bryges) [Thracians](/source/Thracians), and many of them were slain by the Brygians and Mardonios himself was wounded."; "Now the [Phrygians](/source/Phrygians), as the Macedonians say, used to be called [Brigians](/source/Bryges) during the time that they were natives of Europe and dwelt with the [Macedonians](/source/Ancient_Macedonians); but after they had changed into Asia, with their country they changed also their name and were called Phrygians. The Armenians were armed just like the Phrygians, being settlers from the Phrygians."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Strabo](https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html), 7.3.2, "Now the Greeks used to suppose that the Getae were Thracians; and the Getae lived on either side the Ister, as did also the Mysi, these also being Thracians and identical with the people who are now called Moesi; from these Mysi sprang also the Mysi who now live between the Lydians and the Phrygians and Trojans. And the Phrygians themselves are [Brigians](/source/Bryges), a Thracian tribe, as are also the [Mygdonians](/source/Mygdon_of_Thrace), the [Bebricians](/source/Bebryces), the [Medobithynians](/source/Maedi), the [Bithynians](/source/Bithyni), and the [Thynians](/source/Thyni), and, I think, also the [Mariandynians](/source/Mariandyni). These peoples, to be sure, have all utterly quitted Europe, but the Mysi have remained there. And [Poseidonius](/source/Poseidonius) seems to me to be correct in his conjecture that [Homer](/source/Homer) designates the Mysi in Europe (I mean those in Thrace) when he says, "But back he turned his shining eyes, and looked far away towards the land of the horse-tending Thracians, and of the Mysi, hand-to‑hand fighters" for surely, if one should take Homer to mean the Mysi in Asia, the statement would not hang together."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Phrygian cap | Definition, History, & Facts"](https://www.britannica.com/art/Phrygian-cap). *Encyclopedia Britannica*. Retrieved 11 November 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Richard Wrigley, "Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The Liberty Cap in the French Revolution, *French History* **11**(2) 1997, p. 132.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Carol Louise Janson, "The Birth of Dutch Liberty. Origins of the Pictorial Imagery", Diss. phil. University of Minnesota 1982 (microfilm), p. 35.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ibd. p. 98.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESemyonov1959_8-0)** [Semyonov 1959](#CITEREFSemyonov1959).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iranicacrown_9-0)** Calmeyer, Peter (15 December 1993). ["CROWN i. In the Median and Achaemenid periods"](https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/crown-i). *Encyclopaedia Iranica*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Lynn E. Roller, "The Legend of Midas", *Classical Antiquity,* **2**.2 (October 1983:299–313) p. 305.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Appell, Johann Wilhelm (1872). [*Monuments of Early Christian Art: Sculptures and Catacomb Paintings : Illustrative Notes, Collected in Order to Promote the Reproduction of Remains of Art Belonging to the Early Centuries of the Christian Era*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eN-fAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA29). G. E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode. pp. 15–17, 22, 27–29, 54–55.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Cf. Appian, Civil Wars 2:119: "The murderers wished to make a speech in the Senate, but as nobody remained there they wrapped their togas around their left arms to serve as shields, and, with swords still reeking with blood, ran, crying out that they had slain a king and tyrant. One of them bore a cap on the end of a spear as a symbol of freedom, and exhorted the people to restore the government of their fathers and recall the memory of the elder Brutus and of those who took the oath together against ancient kings."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-YK_13-0)** Korshak, Yvonne (1987), "The Liberty Cap as a Revolutionary Symbol in America and France", *Smithsonian Studies in American Art*, **1** (2): 52–69, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/424051](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F424051).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Britannia between Scylla & Charybdis. or..."](https://www.loc.gov/item/94509857/) *Library of Congress*. Retrieved 7 January 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Albert Mathiez, *Les Origines des cultures révolutionnaires, 1789–1792* (Paris 1904:34).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Richard Wrigley, "Transformations of a revolutionary emblem: The Liberty Cap in the French Revolution, *French History* **11**(2) 1997:131–169.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Jennifer Harris, "The Red Cap of Liberty: A Study of Dress Worn by French Revolutionary Partisans 1789-94" *Eighteenth-Century Studies* **14**.3 (Spring 1981:283–312), fig. 1. Most of the details that follow are drawn from here.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-CMc_18-0)** Harden, J. David (1995), "Liberty caps and liberty trees", *Past and Present* (146): 66–102, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/past/146.1.66](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F146.1.66).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Nord_19-0)** Philip G. Nord (1995). *The Republican Moment: Struggles for Democracy in Nineteenth-Century France*. President & Fellows of Harvard College.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_20-1) Zeiler, Frank (2014). [*Visuelle Rechtsverteidigung im Nordamerikakonflikt. Ein Beitrag zur Rezeption der englischen Freiheits- und Verfassungssymbolik in nordamerikanischen Druckgraphiken der Jahre 1765–1783, Signa Ivris, Vol. 13 (2014), pp. 315-346*](https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/data/11157) (in German). Vol. 13. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.6094/UNIFR/11157](https://doi.org/10.6094%2FUNIFR%2F11157). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783941226326](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783941226326).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Kitchener, Caitlin (2022). ["Sisters of the Earth: The Landscapes, Radical Identities and Performances of Female Reformers in 1819"](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1754-0208.12778). *Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies*. **45** (1): 77–93. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1754-0208.12778](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1754-0208.12778). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1754-0208](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-0208). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [246984311](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246984311).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-EMF_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-EMF_22-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-EMF_22-2) McClung Fleming, E. (1968), "Symbols of the United States: From Indian Queen to Uncle Sam", *Frontiers of American Culture*, Purdue Research Foundation, pp. 1–25, at pp. 12, 15–16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Seal of Idaho"](https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol-official-item/idaho/state-seal/seal-idaho). *State Symbols USA*. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** "Senate of North Carolina", [*College of Arms Newsletter, No. 8 (March 2006)*](http://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/newsletter/2006), London: [College of Arms](/source/College_of_Arms), retrieved 13 January 2008

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Gale, Robert L. (1964), *Thomas Crawford: American Sculptor*, [University of Pittsburgh Press](/source/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press), [Pittsburgh](/source/Pittsburgh), p. 124.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Tzvetkova, Juliana (12 October 2017). [*Pop Culture in Europe*](https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk83DwAAQBAJ). ABC-CLIO. p. 65. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4408-4466-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-4466-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Meet Olympic Phryge and Paralympic Phryge: The story of the Paris 2024 mascots"](https://olympics.com/en/news/new-paris-2024-olympic-paralympic-mascots-revealed). 14 November 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022.

## Bibliography

### Russian sources

- Semyonov, L. P. (1959). ["Фригийские мотивы в древней ингушской культуре"](https://ghalghay.com/2009/11/22/frigia-2/) [Phrygian motifs in ancient Ingush culture]. *Izv. ChINIIIYAL* (in Russian). **1**. [Grozny](/source/Grozny): ChI kn. izd-vo: 197–219.

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Phrygian caps](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phrygian_caps).

- The dictionary definition of [*Phrygian cap*](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Phrygian_cap) at Wiktionary

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Brunswick Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Andrei Rosenberg Spain Luis Fermin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos Other significant figures and factions Patriotic Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean-Sifrein Maury François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean-François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean-Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer-Collard Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Girondins Jacques Pierre Brissot Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Olympe de Gouges Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles-François Lebrun Pierre-Joseph Cambon Bertrand Barère Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours Nicolas François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean-Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint-Just Paul Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau Jacques-Louis David Marquis de Sade Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean-Henri Voulland Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean-Pierre-André Amar Prieur de la Côte-d'Or Gilbert Romme Jeanbon Saint-André Jean-Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles-Philippe Ronsin Antoine-François Momoro François-Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas-Marie Maillard Charles-Philippe Ronsin Jean-François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Figures Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien Louis Henri, Prince of Condé Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques-Donatien Le Ray Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target Catherine Théot Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne Jacques Necker Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil List of people associated with the French Revolution Factions Jacobins Cordeliers Panthéon Club Social Club Influential thinkers Les Lumières Influence of the American Revolution on the French Revolution Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean-Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft Cultural impact La Marseillaise Cockade of France Flag of France Liberté, égalité, fraternité Marianne Muscadin Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican calendar Metric system Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Napoleonic Code Sans-culottes Phrygian cap Tree of Liberty Women in the French Revolution Incroyables and merveilleuses Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution Films

v t e National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag Great Seal Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia Phrygian cap General Grant Tree American Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak Bison Landmarks Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Mottos In God We Trust E pluribus unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Songs "The Star-Spangled Banner" "Dixie" "America the Beautiful" "Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean" "The Stars and Stripes Forever" "Hail to the Chief" "Hail, Columbia" "America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)" "God Bless America" "Lift Every Voice and Sing" "The Army Goes Rolling Along" "Anchors Aweigh" "Marines' Hymn" "Semper Fidelis" "The Air Force Song" "Semper Paratus" "Semper Supra" "National Emblem March" "The Washington Post March" "Battle Hymn of the Republic" "Yankee Doodle" "You're a Grand Old Flag" "When Johnny Comes Marching Home" "This Land Is Your Land" "Battle Cry of Freedom" "God Bless the U.S.A."

v t e Hats and caps List of hat styles List of headgear List of fur headgear Western culture Formal Cartwheel Cloche Cocktail Doll Draped turban Eugénie Fascinator Half Halo Juliet Mushroom lampshade Picture peach Pillbox Tam Top opera Semi-formal Homburg Anthony Eden Boater Bowler Buntal Informal Cabbage-tree Chupalla Fedora trilby Flat coppola newsboy Panama Pork pie Smoking Wideawake Uniforms Aviator Bearskin Bell-boy hat Bicorne Black Boonie Budenovka Busby Campaign Cap comforter Cappello Alpino Casquette d'Afrique Caubeen Cavalry Stetson Czapka Doctoral Feather bonnet Forage karvalakki Fur wedge Hardee Jeep Kepi Mazepynka Nurse's Maintenance/Chapeau Military beret/Uniform beret black blue green maroon red tan Patrol Peaked mariner's sailor Printer's Rogatywka Shako Side titovka triglavka Ski Slouch Sou'wester Student faluche Square academic Tricorne Utility cover Religious Christian Western Biretta Canterbury Camauro Capirote Cappello romano Capuchon Christening cap Galero Head covering for Christian women Easter bonnet mantilla wimple Mitre papal tiara Pilgrim's Salvation Army bonnet Shovel Zucchetto Eastern Klobuk epanokalimavkion kalimavkion koukoulion Skufia Jewish Jewish Head covering for Jewish women Tichel Haredi burqa sect Kashket Kippah Kolpik Spodik Shtreimel Islamic Muslim head covering Burqa Chador Hijab Niqāb Casual Animal Ascot Barretina Beanie Beret Bobble Breton Bucket Chilote Cowboy Boss of the Plains Fruit Knit Monmouth Legionnaire Party Shower Tin foil Umbrella Whoopee Sports Cricket baggy green Balaclava facekini Baseball trucker Bicycle clip Casquette Deerstalker Horse racing Mounteere Rally Sports visor green eyeshade Stormy Kromer Swimming Water polo Historical Attifet Apex Beaver Bergère Boudoir Boyar Bycocket Capotain Cavalier Coal scuttle bonnet Coif Dolly Varden Dunce Fontange French hood Phrygian Gable hood Hennin Kausia Kokoshnik Miner's Mob Modius Pamela Petasos Pileus Poke bonnet Pudding Toque Witch Gediminas' Cap Folk Arakhchin Asian conical Aso Oke Astrakhan (hat) Ayam Balmoral bonnet Bell-boy Beonggeoji Bhadgaunle Topi Birke topi Blangkon Blue bonnet Chapan Chullo Coloured Coonskin Cork Dhaka topi Doppa Dutch Energy dome Fez Four Winds Fujin Fulani Futou Gandhi Gat Glengarry Icelandic tail Jaapi Jeongjagwan Jobawi Kalpak Karakul Kasa Kashket Keffiyeh Kofia Kufi Kuma Labbadeh Lika Malahai Montenegrin Montera picona Mooskappe Nambawi Nón quai thao Ochipok Paag Pahlavi Pakol Papakha Taqin Pungcha Qeleshe Qing Rastacap Šajkača Salako Salakot Senufo bird Shyade Šibenik Sidara Sindhi Siung Sombrero sombrero calañés sombrero cordobés sombrero de catite sombrero vueltiao Song Songkok Stormy Kromer cap Straw Šubara Sun Tam o' shanter Tang Tanggeon Tantour Taqiyah Tembel Tokin Topor Tsunokakushi Tubeteika Tuque Tyrolean Upe Ushanka Welsh Yanggwan Wrapped headwear Apostolnik Bashlyk Birrus Bonnet Boshiya Caul Chaperon Cornette Dastar Do-rag Dumalla Emamah Għonnella Gook Gugel Gulle Hogeon Hood Jang-ot Khăn vấn Litham Mysore peta Pagri Paranja Pheta Puneri Pagadi Roach Snood Sudra Tudong Turban Veil Yashmak Hat parts Agal Aigrette Brim Bumper brim Campaign cord Cointoise Gamsbart Hackle Lappet Plume Sarpech Visor Accessories Cockade Feathers Hat box Hatpin

v t e Historical clothing Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings Body-length Abolla Banyan Brunswick Court dress (Empire of Japan) Chiton Frock Frock coat Justacorps Paenula Peplos Stola Toga Tunic Tops Basque Bedgown Bodice Doublet Peascod belly Poet shirt Sbai Suea pat Trousers Braccae Breeches Sompot Chong Kben Culottes Harem Knickerbockers Zaragüelles Skirts Hobble Poodle Safeguard Sompot Sinh Train Dresses Bliaut Close-bodied gown Debutante Gown Kirtle Mantua Polonaise Robe de cour Sack-back gown Sailor Tea gown Zaju chuishao fu Outerwear Capote Car coat Caraco Cardinal cloak Chamail Chlamys Cloak Kinsale cloak Dolman Doublet Duster Ependytes Exomis Greatcoat Himation Houppelande Inverness cape Jerkin Kandys Mackinaw jacket Nadiri Norfolk jacket Overfrock Pañuelo Palla Pallium Pelisse Poncho Shadbelly Shawl Galway shawl Kullu Smock-frock Spencer Surcoat Surtout Ulster coat Visite Witzchoura Underwear Basque Bustle Chausses Chemise Codpiece Corselette Corset Waist cincher Dickey Garter Hoop skirt Crinoline Farthingale Pannier Hose Liberty bodice Loincloth Open drawers Pantalettes Petticoat Peignoir Pettipants Union suit Yếm Headwear Anthony Eden Apex Arakhchin Attifet Aviator Ba tầm Bergère Blessed hat Bonnet Calath crown (headdress) Capotain Caubeen Cavalier Coif Coonskin Cornette Dunce Fillet French hood Fontange Futou Gable hood Hennin Jeongjagwan Jewish Kausia Khat (apparel) Kokoshnik Llawt'u Malahai Matron's badge Miner's Mob Modius Monmouth Mooskappe Motoring hood Mounteere Nemes Nightcap Ochipok Pahlavi Petasos Phrygian Pileus Printer's Pudding Qeleshe Qing Salakot Snood Smoking Stephane (headdress) Tainia Taranga Welsh hat Welsh Wig Wimple Footwear Buskins Calcei Caligae Carbatina Chinese styles Chopines Duckbills Episcopal sandals Hessian Lotus shoes Manchu platform shoes Pampooties Pattens Pigaches Poulaines Socci Tiger-head shoes Turnshoes Accessories Ascot tie Belt hook Cointoise Cravat (early) Hairpin Hatpin Jabot Lavallière Muff Oes Partlet Perfumed gloves Ruff Shoe buckle Visard Clothing portal

Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Phrygian cap](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_cap) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_cap?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.