# Pholis

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{{Short description|Genus of fish}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = Ecomare - botervis (botervis-sd).jpg
|image_caption = Rock gunnel (''Pholis gunnellus'')
|taxon = Pholis
|authority = [Scopoli](/source/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli), 1777
|type_species = ''Blennius gunnellus''
|type_species_authority = [Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), 1758
| synonyms = {{Genus list
|Allopholis | [Yatsu](/source/Akihito_Yatsu), 1981
|Centronotus | [Bloch](/source/Marcus_Elieser_Bloch) & [Schneider](/source/Johann_Gottlob_Theaenus_Schneider), 1801
|Dactyleptus | [Rafinesque](/source/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque),1815
|Enedrias | [Jordan](/source/David_Starr_Jordan) & [Gilbert](/source/Charles_Henry_Gilbert), 1898
|Gunnellus | [Fleming](/source/John_Fleming_(naturalist)), 1828
|Muraenoides | [Lacepède](/source/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de), 1800
|Ophisomus | [Swainson](/source/William_Swainson), 1839
|Urocentrus | [Kner](/source/Rudolf_Kner), 1868
}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Pholidae|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref>
}}

'''''Pholis''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of marine [ray-finned fish](/source/ray-finned_fish) belonging to the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Pholidae](/source/Pholidae), the gunnels. These fishes are found in shallow coastal waters of the North Pacific, Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.

==Taxonomy==
''Pholis'' was first proposed as a genus in 1777 by the Italian [naturalist](/source/naturalist) [Giovanni Antonio Scopoli](/source/Giovanni_Antonio_Scopoli). The [type species](/source/type_species) was later designated to be ''Blennius gunnellus'',<ref name = CofF/> which Linnaeus had [described](/source/Species_description) in 1758 in the 10th edition of the ''[Systema Naturae](/source/Systema_Naturae)''.<ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus|genus=Pholis|access-date=31 July 2022}}</ref> The genus is the only genus in the [monotypic](/source/Monotypic_taxon) [subfamily](/source/subfamily) Pholinae, one of two subfamilies in the family Pholidae.<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |author1=[J. S. Nelson](/source/Joseph_S._Nelson) |author2=T. C. Grande |author3=M. V. H. Wilson |year=2016 |pages=478–482 |publisher=Wiley |ISBN=978-1-118-34233-6 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |archive-date=2019-04-08 |access-date=2022-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408194051/https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The genus name ''Pholis'' is an [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) name for a fish that hides in a hole, the name dating at least as far back in history to [Aristotle](/source/Aristotle).<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://etyfish.org/perciformes15/ | title = Order Perciformes (Part 11): Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Families: Anarhichadidae, Neozoarcidae, Eulophias, Stichaeidae, Lumpenidae, Ophistocentridae, Pholidae, Ptilichthyidae, Zaproridae, Cryptacanthodidae, Cebidichthyidae, Scytalinidae and Bathymasteridae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | editor1 = Christopher Scharpf | editor2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | date = 4 July 2021 | access-date = 31 July 2022 | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | archive-date = 22 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220922081108/https://etyfish.org/perciformes15/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Species==
''Pholis'' contains 11 species:<ref name= Fishbase>{{FishBase genus|genus=Pholis|month=February|year=2022}}</ref>
{{Linked species list 
|Pholis clemensi | [Rosenblatt](/source/Richard_Heinrich_Rosenblatt), 1964
|Pholis crassispina | ([Temminck](/source/Coenraad_Jacob_Temminck) & [Schlegel](/source/Hermann_Schlegel), 1845)
|Pholis fangi | (Wang & Wang, 1935)
|Pholis fasciata | [Bloch](/source/Marcus_Elieser_Bloch) & [Schneider](/source/Johann_Gottlob_Theaenus_Schneider), 1801)
|Pholis gunnellus | ([Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), 1758)
|Pholis laeta | ([Cope](/source/Edward_Drinker_Cope), 1873)
|Pholis nea | [Peden](/source/Alex_E._Peden) & [Hughes](/source/Grant_W._Hughes), 1984
|Pholis nebulosa | (Temminck & Schlegel, 1845)
|Pholis ornata | ([Girard](/source/Charles_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Girard), 1854)
|Pholis picta | ([Kner](/source/Rudolf_Kner), 1868)
|Pholis schultzi | [Schultz](/source/Leonard_Peter_Schultz), 1931
}}

==Characteristics==
Philos species have the elongate, compressed bodies of other gunnels. They differ on that there is no interorbital pore and that the head lacks scales or has small scales which are only present in larger adults.<ref name = Yatsu>{{cite journal | author = Yatsu, A. | year = 1981 | title = A revision of the gunnel family Pholididae (Pisces, Blennioidei) | journal = Bulletin of the National Science Museum | series = Series A (Zoology) | volume = 7 | issue = 4 | pages = 165–190}}</ref> These fishes vary in maximum published [total length](/source/total_length) varying from {{cvt|7.9|cm}} in ''P. nea'' and {{cvt|31|cm}} in ''P. picta''.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==Distribution, habitat and biology==
''Pholis'' gunnels are predominantly found in the temperate and boreal wasters of the North Pacific Ocean but ''P. fasciatus'' and ''P. gunnellus'' are found in the Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans, the only gunnels to occur outside the Pacific Ocean. These fishes are found in rocky areas in the intertidal zone and in the shallow waters below the low tide mark.<ref name = Mecklenburg>{{cite book | author = Mecklenburg, C. W. | year = 2003 | title = Family Pholidae Gill 1893 — gunnels | series = California  Academy of Sciences. Annotated Checklists of Fishes | volume = 9 | issn = 1545-150X | url = https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pholidae.pdf | archive-date = 2022-07-30 | access-date = 2022-07-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220730153523/https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pholidae.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> They feed on invertebrates and fish eggs. They are [oviparous](/source/oviparous), laying eggs in a large mass which is guarded.<ref name = Fishbase2>{{FishBase|Pholis|gunnellus|month=February|year=2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2704983}}
{{Authority control}}

Category:Pholidae
Category:Pholis
Category:Taxa named by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Pholis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholis) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pholis?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.