# Philadelphia

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Most populous city in Pennsylvania, US

"Philly" redirects here; not to be confused with [Filly](/source/Filly), [Filadelfia](/source/Filadelfia), or [Philadelphi Corridor](/source/Philadelphi_Corridor). For other uses, see [Philly (disambiguation)](/source/Philly_(disambiguation)) and [Philadelphia (disambiguation)](/source/Philadelphia_(disambiguation)).

Consolidated city-county in the United States

Philadelphia Consolidated city-county Skyline of Center City Independence National Historical Park Philadelphia City Hall Elfreth's Alley SEPTA Rail Philadelphia Museum of Art University of Pennsylvania Flag Seal Logo Etymology: Ancient Greek φίλος phílos ('beloved, dear') and ἀδελφός adelphós ('brother, brotherly') Nicknames: "Philly", "The City of Brotherly Love", others Motto: Philadelphia maneto (Latin for "Let brotherly love endure" or "... continue") [1][2] Interactive map of Philadelphia Philadelphia Location within Pennsylvania Show map of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Location within the United States Show map of the United States Philadelphia Location within North America Show map of North America Coordinates: 39°57′10″N 75°09′49″W / 39.9528°N 75.1636°W / 39.9528; -75.1636 Country United States State Pennsylvania County Philadelphia Historic countries Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain Netherlands Sweden Lenape Historic colony Province of Pennsylvania Founded 1682; 344 years ago (1682)[3] Incorporated October 25, 1701 Founded by William Penn Government • Type Mayor–council, consolidated city-county • Body Philadelphia City Council • Mayor Cherelle Parker (D) Area [4] • Consolidated city-county 142.70 sq mi (369.59 km2) • Land 134.36 sq mi (347.98 km2) • Water 8.34 sq mi (21.61 km2) Elevation 39 ft (12 m) Population (2020)[5] • Consolidated city-county 1,603,797 • Estimate (2025[6]) 1,574,281 • Rank 13th in North America 6th in the United States 1st in Pennsylvania • Density 11,936.9/sq mi (4,608.86/km2) • Urban [8] 5,696,125 (US: 7th) • Urban density 3,001/sq mi (1,158.6/km2) • Metro [7] 6,245,051 (US: 9th) Demonym Philadelphian GDP [9] • Consolidated city-county $134.989 billion (2024) • Metro $582.086 billion (2024) Time zone UTC−5 (EST) • Summer (DST) UTC−4 (EDT) ZIP Codes 19092–19093, 19099, 191xx Area codes 215, 267, 445 FIPS code 42-60000 GNIS feature ID 1215531[10] Website phila.gov

**Philadelphia** ([/ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Philadelphia.wav) [*FIL-ə-DEL-fee-ə*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)), colloquially referred to as **Philly**, is the [most populous city](/source/List_of_municipalities_in_Pennsylvania) in the U.S. state of [Pennsylvania](/source/Pennsylvania) and the [sixth-most populous city in the United States](/source/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population).[11] Its population was 1.60 million at the 2020 census and estimated at 1.57 million in 2025.[6] The Philadelphia metropolitan area, also called the [Delaware Valley](/source/Delaware_Valley), has 6.33 million residents and is the nation's [ninth-largest metropolitan area](/source/Metropolitan_statistical_area).[12] Philadelphia is known for [its culture](/source/Culture_of_Philadelphia), [cuisine](/source/Philadelphia_cuisine), and [history](/source/History_of_Philadelphia), maintaining contemporary influence in [business and technology](/source/Economy_of_Philadelphia), sports, and music.[13][14]

Philadelphia was founded in 1682 by [William Penn](/source/William_Penn), an English [Quaker](/source/Quakers) and advocate of [religious freedom](/source/Freedom_of_religion), and served as the capital of the colonial era [Province of Pennsylvania](/source/Province_of_Pennsylvania).[3][15] It then played a vital role during the [American Revolution](/source/American_Revolution) and [Revolutionary War](/source/American_Revolutionary_War). It served as the central meeting place for the [nation's Founding Fathers](/source/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States) in hosting the [First Continental Congress](/source/First_Continental_Congress) (1774) and the [Second Continental Congress](/source/Second_Continental_Congress), during which the Founders formed the [Continental Army](/source/Continental_Army), elected [George Washington](/source/George_Washington) as its commander, and adopted the [Declaration of Independence](/source/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) on July 4, 1776. During the Revolutionary War's [Philadelphia campaign](/source/Philadelphia_campaign), the city fell to the [British Army](/source/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War), which occupied Philadelphia for nine months from September 1777 to June 1778.[16] Following the end of the Revolutionary War, the [U.S. Constitution](/source/Constitution_of_the_United_States) was ratified at the [Philadelphia Convention](/source/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)). Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until 1790, and it served as the nation's first capital from May 10, 1775, until December 12, 1776, and on [four subsequent occasions](/source/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States) until 1800, when construction of the new national capital in Washington, D.C. was completed.[17]

With [17 four-year universities and colleges](/source/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Philadelphia) in the city, Philadelphia is one of the nation's leading centers for higher education and academic research.[18][19] The city hosts more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other city in the nation.[20][21] [Fairmount Park](/source/Fairmount_Park), when combined with adjacent [Wissahickon Valley Park](/source/Wissahickon_Valley_Park) in the same [watershed](/source/Drainage_basin), has an area of 2,052 acres (830 ha), representing one of the nation's largest urban parks and the [world's 55th largest](/source/List_of_urban_parks_by_size).[22] With [five professional sports teams](/source/Sports_in_Philadelphia) and one of the nation's most loyal and passionate fan bases, Philadelphia is often ranked as the nation's best city for professional sports fans.[23][24][25][26] The city has a culturally and philanthropically active [LGBTQ+ community](/source/LGBT_culture_in_Philadelphia). Philadelphia also has played an [influential historic and ongoing role](/source/Music_of_Philadelphia) in the development and evolution of American music, especially [R&B](/source/Rhythm_and_blues), [soul](/source/Soul_music), and rock.[27][28]

As of 2023[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), the Philadelphia metropolitan area had a [gross metropolitan product](/source/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP) of US$557.6 billion[29] and is home to 13 [*Fortune* 500](/source/Fortune_500) corporate headquarters.[30] Metropolitan Philadelphia ranks as one of the nation's Big Five [venture capital](/source/Venture_capital) hubs, facilitated by its proximity to both the [financial ecosystems](/source/Wall_Street) of New York City and the regulatory environment of Washington, D.C.[31] Metropolitan Philadelphia is also a [biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology) hub and has garnered the nickname "Cellicon Valley" for its central role in the development of [immunotherapies](/source/Immunotherapy) to treat different cancers.[32] The [Philadelphia Stock Exchange](/source/Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange), owned by [Nasdaq](/source/Nasdaq) since 2008, is the nation's oldest stock exchange and a global leader in [options](/source/Option_(finance)) trading.[33] [30th Street Station](/source/30th_Street_Station), the city's primary rail station, is the [third-busiest Amtrak hub](/source/List_of_busiest_Amtrak_stations) in the nation with over 4.1 million passengers in 2023. The city's [multimodal transportation](/source/Multimodal_transportation) and logistics infrastructure includes [Philadelphia International Airport](/source/Philadelphia_International_Airport),[34] the [PhilaPort seaport](/source/Port_of_Philadelphia),[35] and [Interstate 95](/source/Interstate_95_in_Pennsylvania), a primary component of the north–south highway system along the [U.S. East Coast](/source/East_Coast_of_the_United_States).

Philadelphia is a city of many firsts, including the nation's first [library](/source/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia) (1731),[36] [hospital](/source/Pennsylvania_Hospital) (1751),[36] [medical school](/source/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania) (1765),[37] [national capital](/source/First_Continental_Congress) (1774),[38] [university (by some accounts)](/source/First_university_in_the_United_States) (1779),[39] [central bank](/source/Bank_of_North_America) (1781),[40] [stock exchange](/source/Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange) (1790),[36] [zoo](/source/Philadelphia_Zoo) (1874),[41] and [business school](/source/Wharton_School_of_the_University_of_Pennsylvania) (1881).[42] Philadelphia contains 67 [National Historic Landmarks](/source/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Philadelphia), including [Independence Hall](/source/Independence_Hall).[43][44][19] From the city's 17th century founding through the present, Philadelphia has been the birthplace of or home to many [prominent and influential Americans](/source/List_of_people_from_Philadelphia).

## History

Main article: [History of Philadelphia](/source/History_of_Philadelphia)

For a chronological guide, see [Timeline of Philadelphia](/source/Timeline_of_Philadelphia).

See also: [List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Philadelphia) and [National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Philadelphia)

### Native peoples

Prior to the arrival of Europeans in the early 17th century, the [Lenape](/source/Lenape), an [Indian tribe](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) also known as the Delaware Indians, lived in the village of [Shackamaxon](/source/Treaty_of_Shackamaxon) in present-day Philadelphia and the surrounding area.[45] The Lenape historically lived along the [Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River) [watershed](/source/Drainage_basin), western [Long Island](/source/Long_Island), and the [Lower Hudson Valley](/source/Hudson_Valley).[a] Most Lenape were pushed out of the region during the 18th century as the original [Thirteen Colonies](/source/Thirteen_Colonies) expanded, which was further exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts.[45] Lenape communities were also weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly [smallpox](/source/Smallpox), and conflicts with Europeans. The [Iroquois](/source/Iroquois) occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper [Ohio River](/source/Ohio_River) basin. Following the [American Revolutionary War](/source/American_Revolutionary_War) and the subsequent establishment of the United States, the Lenape began moving further west. In the 1860s, the [U.S. federal government](/source/Federal_government_of_the_United_States) sent most remaining Lenape in the [eastern United States](/source/East_Coast_of_the_United_States) to the [Indian Territory](/source/Indian_Territory) in present-day [Oklahoma](/source/Oklahoma) and surrounding territories as part of the [Indian removal](/source/Indian_removal) policy.

### Colonial era

[William Penn](/source/William_Penn) (holding paper) and [King Charles II](/source/Charles_II_of_England) depicted in *The Birth of Pennsylvania 1680*, a portrait by [Jean Leon Gerome Ferris](/source/Jean_Leon_Gerome_Ferris)

William Penn's 1682 [Treaty of Shackamaxon](/source/Treaty_of_Shackamaxon) with the [Lenape](/source/Lenape) tribe depicted in *[Penn's Treaty with the Indians](/source/Penn's_Treaty_with_the_Indians)*, a 1772 portrait by [Benjamin West](/source/Benjamin_West)

A 1683 portrait of Philadelphia by [Thomas Holme](/source/Thomas_Holme), believed to be the city's first map

Europeans first entered Philadelphia and the surrounding [Delaware Valley](/source/Delaware_Valley) in the early 17th century. The first settlements were founded by [Dutch colonists](/source/Dutch_colonization_of_the_Americas), who built [Fort Nassau](/source/Fort_Nassau_(South_River)) on the [Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River) in 1623 in what is now [Brooklawn, New Jersey](/source/Brooklawn%2C_New_Jersey). The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their [New Netherland](/source/New_Netherland) colony. In 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of [New Sweden](/source/New_Sweden) at [Fort Christina](/source/Fort_Christina), located in present-day [Wilmington, Delaware](/source/Wilmington%2C_Delaware), and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the [Susquehannocks](/source/Susquehannock) in their war against [Maryland](/source/Province_of_Maryland) colonists.[46] In 1648, the Dutch built [Fort Beversreede](/source/Fort_Beversreede) on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the [Schuylkill River](/source/Schuylkill_River) near the present-day [Eastwick](/source/Eastwick%2C_Philadelphia) section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area. The [Swedes](/source/Swedes) responded by building [Fort Nya Korsholm](/source/New_Sweden#Forts), or New [Korsholm](/source/Korsholm), named after a town in Finland with a Swedish majority.

In 1655, a [Dutch military](/source/Dutch_armed_forces) campaign led by New Netherland Director-General [Peter Stuyvesant](/source/Peter_Stuyvesant) took control of the Swedish colony, ending its claim to independence. The Swedish and [Finnish](/source/Finnish_people) settlers continued to have their own [militia](/source/Militia), religion, and court, and to enjoy substantial autonomy under the Dutch. An English fleet captured the New Netherland colony in 1664, though the situation did not change substantially until 1682, when the area was included in [William Penn](/source/William_Penn)'s charter for Pennsylvania.[47]

In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, [Charles II of England](/source/Charles_II_of_England) granted Penn a [charter](/source/Charter) for what would become the [Pennsylvania colony](/source/Province_of_Pennsylvania). Despite the royal charter, Penn bought the land from the local [Lenape](/source/Lenape) in an effort to establish good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for the colony.[48] Penn made a [treaty of friendship](/source/Treaty_of_Shackamaxon) with Lenape chief [Tammany](/source/Tamanend) under an elm tree at [Shackamaxon](/source/Shackamaxon), in what is now the city's [Fishtown](/source/Fishtown%2C_Philadelphia) neighborhood.[3] Penn named the city Philadelphia, which is Greek for 'brotherly love', derived from the [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) terms [φίλος](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82) *phílos* ('beloved, dear') and [ἀδελφός](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%82) *adelphós* ('brother, brotherly'). There were a number of cities named *[Philadelphia](/source/Philadelphia_(disambiguation)#Ancient)* ([Φιλαδέλφεια](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1)) in the [Eastern Mediterranean](/source/Eastern_Mediterranean) during the Greek and Roman periods, including modern [Alaşehir](/source/Ala%C5%9Fehir), mentioned as the site of an early Christian congregation in the [Book of Revelation](/source/Book_of_Revelation). As a [Quaker](/source/Quakers), Penn had experienced [religious persecution](/source/Religious_persecution) and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely. This tolerance, which exceeded that of other colonies, led to better relations with the local native tribes and fostered Philadelphia's rapid growth into America's most important city.[49]

Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government. Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city, Penn laid out roads on a [grid plan](/source/Grid_plan) to keep houses and businesses spread far apart with areas for gardens and [orchards](/source/Orchard).

The city's inhabitants did not follow Penn's plans, however, and instead crowded the present-day [Port of Philadelphia](/source/Port_of_Philadelphia) on the Delaware River and subdivided and resold their lots.[50] Before Penn left Philadelphia for the final time, he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city. Though poor at first, Philadelphia became an important trading center with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s. [Benjamin Franklin](/source/Benjamin_Franklin), a leading citizen, helped improve city services and founded new ones that were among the first in the nation, including a [fire company](/source/Union_Fire_Company), [library](/source/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia), and [hospital](/source/Pennsylvania_Hospital).

A number of [philosophical societies](/source/Philosophy) were formed, which were centers of the city's intellectual life, including the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture (1785), the Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Useful Arts (1787), the [Academy of Natural Sciences](/source/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Drexel_University) (1812), and the [Franklin Institute](/source/Franklin_Institute) (1824).[51] These societies developed and financed new industries that attracted skilled and knowledgeable immigrants from Europe.

### American Revolution

See also: [Pennsylvania in the American Revolution](/source/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution) and [Philadelphia campaign](/source/Philadelphia_campaign)

The [Committee of Five](/source/Committee_of_Five) presenting their draft of the [Declaration of Independence](/source/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) in [Independence Hall](/source/Independence_Hall) on June 28, 1776, depicted in [an 1818 painting](/source/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)) by [John Trumbull](/source/John_Trumbull); historian [Joseph Ellis](/source/Joseph_Ellis) called the Declaration "the most potent and consequential words in American history."[52]

[President's House](/source/President's_House_(Philadelphia)) on [Market Street](/source/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)) served as the presidential mansion for the nation's first two presidents, [George Washington](/source/George_Washington) and [John Adams](/source/John_Adams), from 1790 to 1800 prior to the completion of the [White House](/source/White_House) and the development of Washington, D.C. as the nation's new capital.

[Independence Hall](/source/Independence_Hall) on [Chestnut Street](/source/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)) between 5th and 6th streets, where the [Declaration of Independence](/source/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) was signed and the [Constitution](/source/United_States_Constitution) was ratified, on July 4, 1776, and June 21, 1788, respectively

Philadelphia's importance and central location in the colonies made it a natural center for [America's revolutionaries](/source/American_Revolution). By the 1750s, Philadelphia surpassed [Boston](/source/Boston) as the largest city and busiest port in [British America](/source/British_America), and the second-largest city in the entire [British Empire](/source/British_Empire) after London.[53][54] In 1774, as resentment of the [British government's](/source/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom) policies towards the colonies and support for independence began burgeoning in the colonies, Philadelphia hosted the [First Continental Congress](/source/First_Continental_Congress) at [Carpenters' Hall](/source/Carpenters'_Hall), and 12 of the original 13 colonies sent delegates to the Congress.

From 1775 to 1781, Philadelphia hosted the [Second Continental Congress](/source/Second_Continental_Congress),[55] whose 56 delegates unanimously adopted the [Declaration of Independence](/source/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) inside what was then called Pennsylvania State House and was later renamed [Independence Hall](/source/Independence_Hall). Written predominantly by [Thomas Jefferson](/source/Thomas_Jefferson) from his second-floor apartment on [Market Street](/source/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)) within walking distance of Independence Hall, the Declaration has been described by [Pulitzer Prize](/source/Pulitzer_Prize_for_History)-winning historian [Joseph Ellis](/source/Joseph_Ellis) as "the most potent and consequential words in American history,"[16] and its adoption represented a declaration of war against [Great Britain](/source/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain). Since the Declaration's July 4, 1776, adoption, its signing has been cited globally and repeatedly by various peoples of the world seeking independence and liberty. It also has been, since its adoption, the basis for annual celebration by Americans; in 1938, this celebration of the Declaration was formalized as [Independence Day](/source/Independence_Day_(United_States)), one of only [eleven designated U.S. federal holidays](/source/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States).

After [George Washington](/source/George_Washington)'s defeat at the [Battle of Brandywine](/source/Battle_of_Brandywine) in [Chadds Ford Township](/source/Chadds_Ford_Township%2C_Pennsylvania), on September 11, 1777, during the [Philadelphia campaign](/source/Philadelphia_campaign), the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia was defenseless, and the city prepared for what was perceived to be an inevitable British attack. Because bells could easily be recast into munitions, the [Liberty Bell](/source/Liberty_Bell), then known as the Pennsylvania State Bell, and bells from two Philadelphia churches, [Christ Church](/source/Christ_Church%2C_Philadelphia) and [St. Peter's Church](/source/St._Peter's_Episcopal_Church_(Philadelphia)), were hastily taken down and transported by heavily guarded wagon train out of the city. The Liberty Bell was taken to [Zion German Reformed Church](/source/High_German_Evangelical_Reformed_Church) in Northampton Town, which is present-day [Allentown](/source/Allentown%2C_Pennsylvania), where it was hidden under the church's floor boards for nine months from September 1777 until departure of British forces from Philadelphia in June 1778.[56] Two Revolutionary War battles, the [Siege of Fort Mifflin](/source/Siege_of_Fort_Mifflin), fought between September 26 and November 16, 1777, and the [Battle of Germantown](/source/Battle_of_Germantown), fought on October 4, 1777, took place within Philadelphia's city limits.

In Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress adopted the [Articles of Confederation](/source/Articles_of_Confederation) on November 15, 1777. Independence Hall in Philadelphia was the meeting place for the [Constitutional Convention](/source/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)), which ratified the [Constitution](/source/United_States_Constitution) on September 17, 1787, which is now the longest-standing codified national constitution.

Philadelphia served as capital of the United States for most of the colonial and early post-colonial period, including for a decade, from 1790 to 1800, while Washington, D.C. was being constructed and prepared to serve as the new national capital, and [on five prior occasions](/source/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States) between 1776 and 1790.[57] In 1793, the largest [yellow fever epidemic](/source/1793_Philadelphia_yellow_fever_epidemic) in U.S. history killed approximately 4,000 to 5,000 people in Philadelphia, or about ten percent of the city's population at the time.[58][59] The capital of the United States was moved to Washington, D.C. in 1800 upon completion of the [White House](/source/White_House) and [U.S. Capitol](/source/United_States_Capitol) buildings.

The state capital was moved from Philadelphia to [Lancaster](/source/Lancaster%2C_Pennsylvania) in 1799, then ultimately to [Harrisburg](/source/Harrisburg%2C_Pennsylvania) in 1812. Philadelphia remained the nation's largest city until the late 18th century. It also was the nation's financial and cultural center until ultimately being eclipsed in total population by [New York City](/source/New_York_City) in 1790. In 1816, the city's free Black community founded the [African Methodist Episcopal Church](/source/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church), the first independent Black denomination in the country, and the first Black [Episcopal Church](/source/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)). The free Black community also established many schools for its children with the help of [Quakers](/source/Quakers). Large-scale construction projects for new roads, [canals](/source/Canal), and railroads made Philadelphia the first major [industrial](/source/Industrial_Revolution) city in the United States.

### 19th century

Further information: [Pennsylvania in the American Civil War](/source/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War)

Opening day ceremonies at the [Centennial Exposition](/source/Centennial_Exposition) at [Memorial Hall](/source/Memorial_Hall_(Philadelphia)) in [Fairmount Park](/source/Fairmount_Park) in 1876, the first [world fair](/source/World's_fair) held in the U.S. on the centennial anniversary of the nation's founding

Throughout the 19th century, Philadelphia hosted a variety of industries and businesses; the largest was the [textile industry](/source/Textile_industry). Major corporations in the 19th and early 20th centuries included the [Baldwin Locomotive Works](/source/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works), [William Cramp & Sons Shipbuilding Company](/source/William_Cramp_%26_Sons), and the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/source/Pennsylvania_Railroad).[60] Established in 1870, the Philadelphia Conveyancers' Association was chartered by the state in 1871. Along with the U.S. Centennial in 1876, the city's industry was celebrated in the [Centennial Exposition](/source/Centennial_Exposition), the first official [World's fair](/source/World's_fair) in the U.S.

Immigrants, mostly from Ireland and Germany, settled in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts. These immigrants were largely responsible for the [first general strike in North America](/source/1835_Philadelphia_general_strike) in 1835, in which workers in the city won the ten-hour workday. The city was a destination for thousands of Irish immigrants fleeing the [Great Famine](/source/Great_Famine_(Ireland)) in the 1840s; housing for them was developed south of [South Street](/source/South_Street_(Philadelphia)) and later occupied by succeeding immigrants. They established a network of [Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church) churches and schools and dominated the Catholic clergy for decades. Anti-Irish, anti-Catholic [nativist](/source/Nativism_(politics)) [riots](/source/Philadelphia_nativist_riots) erupted in Philadelphia in 1844. The rise in population of the surrounding districts helped lead to the [Act of Consolidation of 1854](/source/Act_of_Consolidation%2C_1854), which extended the city limits from the 2 square miles (5.2 km2) of [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia) to the roughly 134 square miles (350 km2) of [Philadelphia County](/source/Philadelphia_County%2C_Pennsylvania).[61][62] In the latter half of the 19th century and leading into the 20th century, immigrants from Russia, Eastern Europe, and Italy, and African Americans from the [southern U.S.](/source/Southern_United_States) settled in the city.[63]

Philadelphia was represented by the [Washington Grays](/source/Washington_Grays_(Philadelphia)) in the [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War). The African-American population of Philadelphia increased from 31,699 to 219,559 between 1880 and 1930, largely stemming from the [Great Migration](/source/Great_Migration_(African_American)) from the [South](/source/Southern_United_States).[64][65]

### 20th century

By the 20th century, Philadelphia had an entrenched [Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) [political machine](/source/Political_machine) and a complacent population.[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*][66] In 1910, [a general strike](/source/Philadelphia_general_strike_(1910)) shut down the entire city.[67]

In 1917, following outrage over the election-year murder of a Philadelphia police officer, the [City Council](/source/Philadelphia_City_Council) shrank from two houses to just one.[68] In July 1919, Philadelphia was one of more than 36 industrial cities nationally to suffer a [race riot](/source/Race_riots_in_Philadelphia_during_the_1919_Red_Summer) during [Red Summer](/source/Red_Summer) in post-[World War I](/source/World_War_I) unrest as recent immigrants competed with Black residents for jobs. In the 1920s, the public flouting of [Prohibition](/source/Prohibition_in_the_United_States) laws, [organized crime](/source/Organized_crime), mob violence, and corrupt police involvement in illegal activities led to the appointment of [Brig. Gen.](/source/Brigadier_general) [Smedley Butler](/source/Smedley_Butler) of the [U.S. Marine Corps](/source/United_States_Marine_Corps) as the city's director of public safety, but political pressure still prevented long-term success in fighting crime and corruption.[69][*[full citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include)*]

In 1940, [non-Hispanic whites](/source/Non-Hispanic_whites) constituted 86.8% of the city's population.[70] In 1950, the population peaked at more than two million residents, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry that led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization enticed many affluent residents to depart the city for its outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. The resulting reduction in Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government caused the city to struggle through a long period of adjustment, and it approached bankruptcy by the late 1980s.[71][72]

In 1985, the [Philadelphia Police Department](/source/Philadelphia_Police_Department), utilizing a [Pennsylvania State Police](/source/Pennsylvania_State_Police) helicopter, [bombed](/source/Aerial_bombing) the [Cobbs Creek](/source/Cobbs_Creek%2C_Philadelphia) neighborhood to execute arrest warrants on [MOVE](/source/MOVE_(Philadelphia_organization)) members, a [Black liberation](/source/Black_power_movement) movement. [The incident](/source/1985_MOVE_bombing) killed 11 people, destroyed 61 homes, and displaced 250 residents, marking one of the only times a US city intentionally bombed its own civilians.[73]

Revitalization and [gentrification](/source/Gentrification) of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century with much of the development occurring in the [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia) and [University City](/source/University_City%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania) neighborhoods. But this expanded a shortage of [affordable housing](/source/Affordable_housing) in the city. After many manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to market itself more aggressively as a tourist destination. Contemporary glass-and-granite [skyscrapers](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Philadelphia) were built in Center City beginning in the 1980s. Historic areas such as [Old City](/source/Old_City%2C_Philadelphia) and [Society Hill](/source/Society_Hill) were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s, making both areas among the most desirable Center City neighborhoods. Immigrants from around the world began to enter the U.S. through Philadelphia as their gateway, leading to a reversal of the city's population decline between 1950 and 2000, during which it lost about 25 percent of its residents.[74][75]

### 21st century

Philadelphia eventually began experiencing a growth in its population in 2007, which continued with incremental annual increases through the present.[76][77] A migration pattern has been established from New York City to Philadelphia by residents opting for a large city with relative proximity and a lower [cost of living](/source/Cost_of_living).[78][79]

## Geography

### Topography

Philadelphia's geographic center is about 40° 0′ 34″ north latitude and 75° 8′ 0″ west longitude. The [40th parallel north](/source/40th_parallel_north) passes through neighborhoods in [Northeast Philadelphia](/source/Northeast_Philadelphia), [North Philadelphia](/source/North_Philadelphia), and [West Philadelphia](/source/West_Philadelphia) including [Fairmount Park](/source/Fairmount_Park). The city encompasses 142.71 square miles (369.62 km2), of which 134.18 square miles (347.52 km2) is land and 8.53 square miles (22.09 km2), or 6%, is water.[80] Natural bodies of water include the [Delaware](/source/Delaware_River) and [Schuylkill](/source/Schuylkill_River) rivers, lakes in [Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park](/source/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Park), and [Cobbs](/source/Cobbs_Creek), [Wissahickon](/source/Wissahickon_Creek), and [Pennypack](/source/Pennypack_Creek) creeks. The largest artificial body of water is East Park Reservoir in [Fairmount Park](/source/Fairmount_Park).

The lowest point is sea level and the highest point is in [Chestnut Hill](/source/Chestnut_Hill%2C_Philadelphia), about 446 feet (136 m) above sea level on Summit Street near the intersection of Germantown Avenue and [Bethlehem Pike](/source/Bethlehem_Pike) at: 40.07815 N, 75.20747 W.[81][82] Philadelphia is located on the [Atlantic Seaboard Fall Line](/source/Atlantic_Seaboard_Fall_Line) that separates the [Atlantic Plain](/source/Atlantic_Plain) from the [Piedmont](/source/Piedmont_(United_States)).[83] The Schuylkill River's rapids at [East Falls](/source/East_Falls%2C_Philadelphia) were inundated by completion of the dam at [Fairmount Water Works](/source/Fairmount_Water_Works).[84]

The city is the seat of [its own county](/source/Philadelphia_County%2C_Pennsylvania). The city is bordered by six adjacent counties: [Montgomery](/source/Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania) to the northwest; [Bucks](/source/Bucks_County%2C_Pennsylvania) to the north and northeast; [Burlington County, New Jersey](/source/Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey) to the east; [Camden County, New Jersey](/source/Camden_County%2C_New_Jersey) to the southeast; [Gloucester County, New Jersey](/source/Gloucester_County%2C_New_Jersey) to the south; and [Delaware County](/source/Delaware_County%2C_Pennsylvania) to the southwest.

### Cityscape

See also: [Architecture of Philadelphia](/source/Architecture_of_Philadelphia) and [List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Philadelphia)

#### City planning

See also: [List of Philadelphia neighborhoods](/source/List_of_Philadelphia_neighborhoods)

The skyline of Philadelphia seen from the northwest on [Spring Garden Street Bridge](/source/Spring_Garden_Street_Bridge) over the [Schuylkill River](/source/Schuylkill_River) in April 2018 (annotated version)

Philadelphia's skyline at twilight from the southwest on [South Street Bridge](/source/South_Street_Bridge_(Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania)) with the [Schuylkill River](/source/Schuylkill_River) on the left in July 2016 (annotated version)

Philadelphia was created in the 17th century, following the plan by [William Penn](/source/William_Penn)'s surveyor [Thomas Holme](/source/Thomas_Holme). [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia) is structured with long, straight streets running nearly due east–west and north–south, forming a grid pattern between the [Delaware](/source/Delaware_River) and [Schuylkill](/source/Schuylkill_River) rivers that is aligned with their courses. The original city plan was designed to allow for easy travel and to keep residences separated by open space that would help prevent the spread of fire.[85] In keeping with the idea of a "Greene Countrie Towne", and inspired by the many types of trees that grew in the region, Penn named many of the east–west streets for local trees.[86] Penn planned the creation of five public parks in the city which were renamed in 1824.[85] Centre Square was renamed [Penn Square](/source/Penn_Square%2C_Philadelphia);[87] Northeast Square was renamed [Franklin Square](/source/Franklin_Square_(Philadelphia)); Southeast Square was renamed [Washington Square](/source/Washington_Square_(Philadelphia)); Southwest Square was renamed [Rittenhouse Square](/source/Rittenhouse_Square); and Northwest Square was renamed [Logan Circle/Square](/source/Logan_Circle_(Philadelphia)).[88] [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia) had an estimated 183,240 residents as of 2015[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), making it the second-most populated downtown area in the United States after [Midtown Manhattan](/source/Midtown_Manhattan) in New York City.[89]

Philadelphia's neighborhoods are divided into six large sections that surround Center City: [North Philadelphia](/source/North_Philadelphia), [Northeast Philadelphia](/source/Northeast_Philadelphia), [South Philadelphia](/source/South_Philadelphia), [Southwest Philadelphia](/source/Southwest_Philadelphia), [West Philadelphia](/source/West_Philadelphia), and [Northwest Philadelphia](/source/Northwest_Philadelphia). The city's geographic boundaries have been largely unchanged since these neighborhoods were consolidated in 1854. However, each of these large areas contains numerous neighborhoods, some of whose boundaries derive from the boroughs, townships, and other communities that constituted [Pennsylvania County](/source/Philadelphia_County%2C_Pennsylvania) before their inclusion within the city.[90]

The [City Planning Commission](/source/City_Planning_Commission_(Philadelphia)), tasked with guiding growth and development of the city, has divided the city into 18 planning districts as part of the Philadelphia2035 physical development plan.[91][92] Much of the city's 1980 zoning code was overhauled from 2007 to 2012 as part of a joint effort between former mayors [John F. Street](/source/John_F._Street) and [Michael Nutter](/source/Michael_Nutter). The zoning changes were intended to rectify incorrect zoning maps to facilitate future community development, as the city forecasts an additional 100,000 residents and 40,000 jobs will be added by 2035.

The [Philadelphia Housing Authority](/source/Philadelphia_Housing_Authority) (PHA) is the largest landlord in Pennsylvania. Established in 1937, the PHA is the nation's fourth-largest housing authority, serving about 81,000 people with affordable housing, while employing 1,400 on a budget of $371 million.[93] The [Philadelphia Parking Authority](/source/Philadelphia_Parking_Authority) is responsible for ensuring adequate parking for city residents, businesses, and visitors.[94]

#### Architecture

Main articles: [Architecture of Philadelphia](/source/Architecture_of_Philadelphia) and [List of tallest buildings in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Philadelphia)

[Chestnut Street](/source/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)) in [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia) at night in February 2016

[Philadelphia City Hall](/source/Philadelphia_City_Hall) at night in December 2012

Two of [Center City Philadelphia's](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia) most prominent high-rise buildings, [One Liberty Place](/source/Liberty_Place#One_Liberty_Place), built between 1985 and 1987 (in background), and [Philadelphia City Hall](/source/Philadelphia_City_Hall), built between 1871 and 1901 (in foreground)

Philadelphia's architectural history dates back to [colonial](/source/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States) times and includes a wide range of styles. The earliest structures were constructed with [logs](/source/Log_house), but brick structures were common by 1700. During the 18th century, the [cityscape](/source/Cityscape) was dominated by [Georgian architecture](/source/Georgian_architecture), including [Independence Hall](/source/Independence_Hall) and [Christ Church](/source/Christ_Church%2C_Philadelphia).

In the first decades of the 19th century, [Federal](/source/Federal_architecture) and [Greek Revival architecture](/source/Greek_Revival_architecture) were the dominant styles produced by Philadelphia architects such as [Benjamin Latrobe](/source/Benjamin_Henry_Latrobe), [William Strickland](/source/William_Strickland_(architect)), [John Haviland](/source/John_Haviland), [John Notman](/source/John_Notman), [Thomas Walter](/source/Thomas_Ustick_Walter), and [Samuel Sloan](/source/Samuel_Sloan_(architect)).[95] [Frank Furness](/source/Frank_Furness) is considered Philadelphia's greatest architect of the second half of the 19th century. His contemporaries included [John McArthur Jr.](/source/John_McArthur_Jr.), [Addison Hutton](/source/Addison_Hutton), [Wilson Eyre](/source/Wilson_Eyre), the [Wilson Brothers](/source/Wilson_Brothers_%26_Company), and [Horace Trumbauer](/source/Horace_Trumbauer). In 1871, construction began on the [Second Empire](/source/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada)-style [Philadelphia City Hall](/source/Philadelphia_City_Hall). The [Philadelphia Historical Commission](/source/Philadelphia_Historical_Commission) was created in 1955 to preserve the cultural and architectural history of the city. The commission maintains the [Philadelphia Register of Historic Places](/source/Philadelphia_Register_of_Historic_Places), adding historic buildings, structures, sites, objects and districts as it sees fit.[96]

In 1932, Philadelphia became home to the first modern [International Style](/source/International_Style_(architecture)) skyscraper in the United States, the [PSFS Building](/source/Loews_Philadelphia_Hotel), designed by [George Howe](/source/George_Howe_(architect)) and [William Lescaze](/source/William_Lescaze). The 548 ft (167 m) City Hall remained the tallest building in the city until 1987 when [One Liberty Place](/source/Liberty_Place#One_Liberty_Place) was completed. Numerous glass and granite skyscrapers were built in Center City beginning in the late 1980s. In 2007, the [Comcast Center](/source/Comcast_Center) surpassed One Liberty Place to become the city's tallest building. The [Comcast Technology Center](/source/Comcast_Technology_Center) was completed in 2018, reaching a height of 1,121 ft (342 m), as the [tallest building in the United States](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_United_States) outside of [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan) and Chicago.[97]

For much of Philadelphia's history, the typical home has been the [row house](/source/Terraced_house). The row house was introduced to the United States via Philadelphia in the early 19th century and, for a time, row houses built elsewhere in the United States were known as "Philadelphia rows".[95] A variety of row houses are found throughout the city, from Federal-style continuous blocks in [Old City](/source/Old_City%2C_Philadelphia) and [Society Hill](/source/Society_Hill) to Victorian-style homes in [North Philadelphia](/source/North_Philadelphia) to twin row houses in [West Philadelphia](/source/West_Philadelphia). While newer homes have been built recently, much of the housing dates to the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, which has created problems such as [urban decay](/source/Urban_decay) and vacant lots. Some neighborhoods, including [Northern Liberties](/source/Northern_Liberties%2C_Philadelphia) and Society Hill, have been rehabilitated through [gentrification](/source/Gentrification).[98][99]

		- [Elfreth's Alley](/source/Elfreth's_Alley), first developed in 1703, is the nation's oldest residential street.[100]

		- [Carpenters' Hall](/source/Carpenters'_Hall), built between 1770 and 1774 in [Georgian architecture](/source/Georgian_architecture) style

		- The [Second Bank of the United States](/source/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States), built between 1818 and 1824, exhibiting [Greek Revival architecture](/source/Greek_Revival_architecture)

		- [Second Empire](/source/Second_Empire_architecture_in_the_United_States_and_Canada)-style [Philadelphia City Hall](/source/Philadelphia_City_Hall), built between 1871 and 1901, on South [Broad Street](/source/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia))

#### Parks

See also: [Drinking fountains in Philadelphia](/source/Drinking_fountains_in_Philadelphia), [Fairmount Park](/source/Fairmount_Park), and [List of parks in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_parks_in_Philadelphia)

Philadelphia's [Fairmount Park](/source/Fairmount_Park) on the [Schuylkill River](/source/Schuylkill_River), the city's largest and one of the world's largest public parks

As of 2014[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), the city's total park space, including municipal, state, and federal parks in the city, amounts to 11,211 acres (17.5 sq mi).[22] Philadelphia's largest park is [Fairmount Park](/source/Fairmount_Park), which includes the [Philadelphia Zoo](/source/Philadelphia_Zoo) and encompasses 2,052 acres (3.2 sq mi) of the total parkland. Fairmount Park's adjacent [Wissahickon Valley Park](/source/Wissahickon_Valley_Park) contains 2,042 acres (3.2 sq mi).[101] Fairmount Park, when combined with Wissahickon Valley Park, is one of the largest contiguous [urban park](/source/Urban_park) areas in the U.S.[22] The two parks, along with the [Colonial Revival](/source/Colonial_Revival_architecture), [Georgian](/source/Georgian_architecture) and [Federal](/source/Federal_architecture)-style [mansions](/source/List_of_houses_in_Fairmount_Park) in them, have been listed as one entity on the [National Register of Historic Places](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places) since 1972.[102]

### Climate

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Climate chart (explanation) J F M A M J J A S O N D 3.1 41 26 2.8 44 28 4 53 34 3.5 65 44 3.3 74 54 4 83 64 4.4 88 70 4.3 86 68 4.4 79 61 3.5 67 49 2.9 56 39 4 46 31 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches Metric conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D 80 5 −3 70 7 −3 101 12 1 88 18 7 85 24 12 103 28 18 111 31 21 109 30 20 112 26 16 88 20 10 74 13 4 101 8 0 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm

Within the [Köppen climate classification](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification), Philadelphia falls under the northern periphery of the [humid subtropical climate](/source/Humid_subtropical_climate) zone (Köppen *Cfa*),[103] while under the [Trewartha climate classification](/source/Trewartha_climate_classification), the city is classified as a [maritime climate](/source/Maritime_climate) (*Do*) bordered to the north by the [continental](/source/Continental_climate) (*Dc*) zone.[104] Summers are typically hot and muggy. Fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is moderately cold. The plant life [hardiness zones](/source/Hardiness_zone#Selected_U.S._cities) are 7a and 7b, reflecting an average annual extreme minimum temperature between 0 and 10 °F (−18 and −12 °C).[105]

Snowfall is highly variable. Some winters have only light snow while others include major snowstorms. The normal seasonal snowfall averages 22.4 in (57 cm), with rare snowfalls in November or April, and rarely any sustained snow cover.[106] Seasonal snowfall accumulation has ranged from trace amounts in 1972–73, to 78.7 inches (200 cm) in the winter of 2009–10.[106][b] The city's [heaviest single-storm snowfall](/source/North_American_blizzard_of_1996#Philadelphia_and_Pennsylvania) was 30.7 in (78 cm), which occurred in January 1996.[107]

Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to eleven wet days per month,[108] at an average annual rate of 44.1 inches (1,120 mm), but historically ranging from 29.31 in (744 mm) in 1922 to 64.33 in (1,634 mm) in 2011.[106] The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at [Philadelphia International Airport](/source/Philadelphia_International_Airport).[106] Philadelphia has a moderately sunny climate with an average of 2,498 [hours of sunshine](/source/Sunshine_duration) annually. The percentage of sunshine ranges from 47% in December to 61% in June, July, and August.[109]

The January daily average temperature is 33.7 °F (0.9 °C). The temperature frequently rises to 50 °F (10 °C) during thaws. July averages 78.7 °F (25.9 °C). Heat waves accompanied by high humidity and [heat indices](/source/Heat_index) are frequent, with highs reaching or exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 30 days of the year. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 6 to April 2,[106] allowing a growing season of 217 days. Early fall and late winter are generally dry, with February having the lowest average precipitation at 2.75 inches (70 mm). The dewpoint in the summer averages between 59.1 and 64.5 °F (15 and 18 °C).[106]

The highest recorded temperature was 106 °F (41 °C) on August 7, 1918. Temperatures at or above 100 °F (38 °C) are not common, with the last occurrence of such a temperature being July 21, 2019.[110] The lowest officially recorded temperature was −11 °F (−24 °C) on February 9, 1934.[110] Temperatures at or below 0 °F (−18 °C) are rare, with the last such occurrence being [January 19, 1994](/source/1994_North_American_cold_wave).[106] The record low maximum is 5 °F (−15 °C) on February 10, 1899, and December 30, 1880. The record high minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on July 23, 2011, and July 24, 2010.[111] The record high dew point is 82 °F (28 °C) which occurred on July 15, 1995.[112]

v t e Climate data for Philadelphia (Philadelphia Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[c] extremes 1872–present[d] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 74 (23) 79 (26) 87 (31) 95 (35) 98 (37) 102 (39) 104 (40) 106 (41) 102 (39) 96 (36) 84 (29) 73 (23) 106 (41) Mean maximum °F (°C) 63.3 (17.4) 63.5 (17.5) 73.8 (23.2) 84.3 (29.1) 90.2 (32.3) 94.8 (34.9) 97.1 (36.2) 94.8 (34.9) 90.6 (32.6) 82.6 (28.1) 72.4 (22.4) 64.2 (17.9) 98.1 (36.7) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 41.3 (5.2) 44.3 (6.8) 52.8 (11.6) 64.7 (18.2) 74.4 (23.6) 83.2 (28.4) 87.8 (31.0) 85.8 (29.9) 78.9 (26.1) 67.2 (19.6) 55.9 (13.3) 46.0 (7.8) 65.2 (18.4) Daily mean °F (°C) 33.7 (0.9) 35.9 (2.2) 43.6 (6.4) 54.5 (12.5) 64.3 (17.9) 73.5 (23.1) 78.7 (25.9) 76.8 (24.9) 69.9 (21.1) 58.2 (14.6) 47.4 (8.6) 38.6 (3.7) 56.3 (13.5) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 26.0 (−3.3) 27.5 (−2.5) 34.3 (1.3) 44.3 (6.8) 54.2 (12.3) 63.9 (17.7) 69.6 (20.9) 67.9 (19.9) 60.9 (16.1) 49.2 (9.6) 38.8 (3.8) 31.2 (−0.4) 47.3 (8.5) Mean minimum °F (°C) 10.7 (−11.8) 13.7 (−10.2) 20.8 (−6.2) 33.0 (0.6) 43.1 (6.2) 53.2 (11.8) 62.2 (16.8) 60.3 (15.7) 49.5 (9.7) 37.1 (2.8) 26.4 (−3.1) 19.0 (−7.2) 8.6 (−13.0) Record low °F (°C) −7 (−22) −11 (−24) 5 (−15) 14 (−10) 28 (−2) 44 (7) 51 (11) 44 (7) 35 (2) 25 (−4) 8 (−13) −5 (−21) −11 (−24) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.13 (80) 2.75 (70) 3.96 (101) 3.47 (88) 3.34 (85) 4.04 (103) 4.38 (111) 4.29 (109) 4.40 (112) 3.47 (88) 2.91 (74) 3.97 (101) 44.11 (1,120) Average snowfall inches (cm) 7.1 (18) 8.4 (21) 3.6 (9.1) 0.3 (0.76) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.51) 3.5 (8.9) 23.1 (59) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.0 9.7 10.9 10.9 11.0 10.3 10.1 8.9 9.3 9.1 8.6 11.0 120.8 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 4.1 3.8 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.8 12.0 Average relative humidity (%) 66.2 63.6 61.7 60.4 65.4 67.8 69.6 70.4 71.6 70.8 68.4 67.7 67.0 Average dew point °F (°C) 19.8 (−6.8) 21.0 (−6.1) 28.6 (−1.9) 37.0 (2.8) 49.5 (9.7) 59.2 (15.1) 64.6 (18.1) 63.7 (17.6) 57.2 (14.0) 45.7 (7.6) 35.6 (2.0) 25.5 (−3.6) 42.3 (5.7) Mean monthly sunshine hours 155.7 154.7 202.8 217.0 245.1 271.2 275.6 260.1 219.3 204.5 154.7 137.7 2,498.4 Percentage possible sunshine 52 52 55 55 55 61 61 61 59 59 52 47 56 Average ultraviolet index 2 3 4 6 8 9 9 8 6 4 2 2 5 Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[116][117][114] Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV index)[118]

Climate data for Philadelphia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature °F (°C) 41.8 (5.5) 39.9 (4.4) 41.2 (5.1) 46.7 (8.2) 53.9 (12.2) 66.3 (19.0) 74.0 (23.3) 75.9 (24.4) 71.4 (21.9) 64.2 (17.9) 55.1 (12.8) 47.7 (8.8) 56.5 (13.6) Mean daily daylight hours 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.2 Source: Weather Atlas [118]

### Time Series

This graph was using the legacy Graph extension, which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to the new Chart extension.

See or edit [raw graph data](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/data:Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Philadelphia.tab).

#### Air quality

Philadelphia County received an [ozone](/source/Ozone) grade of F and a 24-hour [particle pollution](/source/Particulates) rating of D in the [American Lung Association](/source/American_Lung_Association)'s 2017 State of the Air report, which analyzed data from 2013 to 2015.[119][120] The city was ranked 22nd for ozone, 20th for short-term particle pollution, and 11th for year-round particle pollution.[121] According to the same report, the city experienced a significant reduction in high ozone days since 2001—from nearly 50 days per year to fewer than 10—along with fewer days of high particle pollution since 2000—from about 19 days per year to about 3—and an approximate 30% reduction in annual levels of particle pollution since 2000.[120]

Five of the ten largest [combined statistical areas](/source/Combined_statistical_area#List_of_combined_statistical_areas) (CSAs) were ranked higher for ozone: Los Angeles (1st), New York City (9th), [Houston](/source/Houston) (12th), [Dallas](/source/Dallas) (13th), and [San Jose, California](/source/San_Jose%2C_California) (18th). Many smaller CSAs were also ranked higher for ozone, including [Sacramento](/source/Sacramento%2C_California) (8th), [Las Vegas](/source/Las_Vegas) (10th), [Denver](/source/Denver) (11th), [El Paso](/source/El_Paso%2C_Texas) (16th), and [Salt Lake City](/source/Salt_Lake_City) (20th). Only two of those same ten CSAs, San Jose and Los Angeles, were ranked higher than Philadelphia for both year-round and short-term particle pollution.[121]

## Demographics

Main article: [Demographics of Philadelphia](/source/Demographics_of_Philadelphia)

See also: [Chinese in Philadelphia](/source/Chinese_in_Philadelphia); [History of Irish Americans in Philadelphia](/source/History_of_Irish_Americans_in_Philadelphia); [History of Italian Americans in Philadelphia](/source/History_of_Italian_Americans_in_Philadelphia); [Koreans in Philadelphia](/source/Koreans_in_Philadelphia); [Little Saigon, Philadelphia](/source/Little_Saigon%2C_Philadelphia); [History of Jews in Philadelphia](/source/History_of_Jews_in_Philadelphia); [LGBT culture in Philadelphia](/source/LGBT_culture_in_Philadelphia); and [Puerto Ricans in Philadelphia](/source/Puerto_Ricans_in_Philadelphia)

‹ The [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template) *[Historical populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historical_populations)* is being [considered for merging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2026_June_24#Template:Infobox_demographics). ›

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1683 600 — 1731 12,000 +1900.0% 1790 28,522 +137.7% 1800 41,220 +44.5% 1810 53,722 +30.3% 1820 63,802 +18.8% 1830 80,462 +26.1% 1840 93,665 +16.4% 1850 121,376 +29.6% 1860 565,529 +365.9% 1870 674,022 +19.2% 1880 847,170 +25.7% 1890 1,046,964 +23.6% 1900 1,293,697 +23.6% 1910 1,549,008 +19.7% 1920 1,823,779 +17.7% 1930 1,950,961 +7.0% 1940 1,931,334 −1.0% 1950 2,071,605 +7.3% 1960 2,002,512 −3.3% 1970 1,948,609 −2.7% 1980 1,688,210 −13.4% 1990 1,585,577 −6.1% 2000 1,517,550 −4.3% 2010 1,526,006 +0.6% 2020 1,603,797 +5.1% 2025 (est.) 1,574,281 −1.8% U.S. Decennial Census[123] 2010–2020[11] 2025[6] Source: U.S. Decennial Census[122]

As of the [2020 U.S. census](/source/2020_United_States_census), there were 1,603,797 people residing in Philadelphia, representing a 1.2% increase from the 2019 census estimate.[77] The racial composition of the city was 39.3% Black alone (42.0% Black alone or in combination), 36.3% White alone (41.9% White alone or in combination), 8.7% Asian alone, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 8.7% some other race, and 6.9% multiracial. 14.9% of residents were Hispanic or Latino.[124]

34.8% had a bachelor's degree or higher. 23.9% spoke a language other than English at home, the most common of which was Spanish (10.8%). 15.0% of the population is foreign born, roughly half of whom are naturalized U.S. citizens. 3.7% of the population are veterans. The median household income was $52,889 and 22.8% of the population lived in poverty. 49.5% of the population drove alone to work, while 23.2% used public transit, 8.2% carpooled, 7.9% walked, and 7.0% worked from home. The average commute is 31 minutes.[124]

After the [1950 census](/source/1950_United_States_census), when a record high of 2,071,605 was recorded, the city's population began a long decline. The population dropped to a low of 1,488,710 residents in 2006 before beginning to rise again. Between 2006 and 2017, Philadelphia added 92,153 residents. In 2017, the U.S. Census Bureau estimated that the racial composition of the city was 41.3% Black (non-Hispanic), 34.9% White (non-Hispanic), 14.1% Hispanic or Latino, 7.1% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0.05% Pacific Islander, and 2.8% multiracial.[125]

Census racial composition 2020[124] 2010[126] 2000 1990[127] 1980[127] 1970[127] Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 38.3% 42.2% 42.6% 39.3% 37.5% 33.3%[e] White (non-Hispanic) 34.3% 36.9% 42.5% 52.1% 57.1% 63.8[e] Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 14.9% 12.3% 8.5% 5.6% 3.8% 2.4%[e] Asian 8.3% 6.3% 4.5% 2.7% 1.1% 0.3% Pacific Islanders 0.1% <0.1% <0.1% <0.1% Native Americans 0.4% 0.5% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% Two or more races 6.9% 2.8% 2.2% n/a[128] n/a n/a

Ethnic origins in Philadelphia

### Immigration and cultural diversity

Philadelphia's famed [Italian Market](/source/Italian_Market%2C_Philadelphia) in [South Philadelphia](/source/South_Philadelphia)

A [Gayborhood](/source/LGBT_culture_in_Philadelphia) [street sign](/source/Rainbow_flag_(LGBT_movement)) near [Washington Square](/source/Washington_Square_West%2C_Philadelphia)

In addition to the city's economic growth, the city's population has been fueled by foreign immigration. According to [The Pew Charitable Trusts](/source/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts), the city's [foreign-born](/source/Foreign_born) population increased by 69% between 2000 and 2016 to constitute nearly 20% of Philadelphia's workforce,[129] and it doubled between 1990 and 2017 to constitute 13.8% of the city's total population, with the top five countries of origin being China by a significant margin followed by the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, India, and Vietnam.[130]

Top 10 countries of origin for foreign-born Philadelphians, 2017[131] Country Population China 22,140 Dominican Republic 13,792 Jamaica 13,500 India 11,382 Vietnam 10,132 Haiti 9,186 Mexico 7,823 Ukraine 6,898 Albania 5,258 Korea/ North Korea 4,385

Irish, Italian, German, Polish, English, Russian, Ukrainian, and French ancestries constitute the largest [European](/source/European_emigration) ethnic groups in the city.[132] Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States after New York City. [South Philadelphia](/source/South_Philadelphia) remains one of the largest [Italian](/source/Italian-American) neighborhoods in the country and is home to the [Italian Market](/source/Italian_Market%2C_Philadelphia).

The [Pennsport](/source/Pennsport%2C_Philadelphia) neighborhood and [Gray's Ferry](/source/Grays_Ferry%2C_Philadelphia) section of South Philadelphia, home to many [Mummer](/source/Mummers_Parade) clubs, are well known as [Irish](/source/Irish-American) neighborhoods. The [Kensington](/source/Kensington%2C_Philadelphia), [Port Richmond](/source/Port_Richmond%2C_Philadelphia), and [Fishtown](/source/Fishtown%2C_Philadelphia) neighborhoods have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is a center for the Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. [Northeast Philadelphia](/source/Northeast_Philadelphia), although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is home to a Jewish and Russian population. [Mount Airy](/source/Mount_Airy%2C_Philadelphia) in [Northwest Philadelphia](/source/Northwest_Philadelphia) also contains a Jewish community. Nearby [Chestnut Hill](/source/Chestnut_Hill%2C_Philadelphia) is historically known as an [Anglo-Saxon Protestant](/source/White_Anglo-Saxon_Protestant) community.

Philadelphia's [Black American](/source/African_Americans) population is the fourth-largest in the country after New York City, Chicago, and [Houston](/source/Houston). [West Philadelphia](/source/West_Philadelphia) and [North Philadelphia](/source/North_Philadelphia) are largely African-American neighborhoods, but many are leaving those areas in favor of the Northeast and Southwest sections of Philadelphia. A higher proportion of [African-American Muslims](/source/African-American_Muslims) reside in Philadelphia than most other major U.S. cities. West Philadelphia and [Southwest Philadelphia](/source/Southwest_Philadelphia) are home to various [Afro-Caribbean](/source/West_Indian_Americans) and [African immigrant](/source/African_immigration_to_the_United_States) communities.[133]

The [Puerto Rican](/source/Puerto_Ricans_in_Philadelphia) population in Philadelphia is the second-largest on the U.S. mainland after New York City, and the second-fastest growing after [Orlando](/source/Orlando%2C_Florida).[134] Eastern North Philadelphia, particularly [Fairhill](/source/Fairhill%2C_Philadelphia) and surrounding areas to the north and east, has one of the highest concentrations of Puerto Ricans outside Puerto Rico, with many large swaths of blocks being close to 100% Puerto Rican.[135][136] Puerto Rican and [Dominican](/source/Dominican_Americans) populations reside in [North Philadelphia](/source/North_Philadelphia) and the Northeast, and [Mexican](/source/Mexican_American) and Central American populations exist in South Philadelphia.[137] South American migrants were being transported by bus from [Texas](/source/Texas) to Philadelphia beginning in 2022.[138]

Philadelphia's [Asian American](/source/Asian_Americans) population includes those of Chinese, Indians, Vietnamese, South Koreans, Filipinos, Cambodians, and Indonesians. Over 35,000 Chinese Americans lived in the city in 2015,[139] including a [Fuzhounese](/source/Fuzhounese_Americans) population. Center City hosts a [Chinatown](/source/Chinatown%2C_Philadelphia) that is served by [Chinatown bus lines](/source/Chinatown_bus_lines) with service to/from [Chinatown, Manhattan](/source/Chinatown%2C_Manhattan).[140] [Indians](/source/Indians_in_the_Philadelphia_metropolitan_area) make up the second-largest Asian group in the city of Philadelphia,[141] while making up the largest foreign-born population in the [Delaware Valley](/source/Delaware_Valley).[142] A Korean community initially settled in the North Philadelphia neighborhood of [Olney](/source/Olney%2C_Philadelphia); however, the primary [Koreatown](/source/Koreatown%2C_Philadelphia) has subsequently shifted further north, straddling the city's border with adjacent [Cheltenham](/source/Cheltenham%2C_Pennsylvania) in [Montgomery County](/source/Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania) and [Cherry Hill](/source/Cherry_Hill%2C_New_Jersey) in [South Jersey](/source/South_Jersey). South Philadelphia is home to [Vietnamese-Americans](/source/Vietnamese-American) in [Little Saigon](/source/Little_Saigon%2C_Philadelphia) and [Cambodian-Americans](/source/Cambodian-Americans) in [Cambodia Town](/source/Little_Cambodia#Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania), as well as [Thai-American](/source/Thai-American), [Indonesian-American](/source/Indonesian-American), and Chinese-American communities.

Philadelphia's [Gay village](/source/Gay_village) near [Washington Square](/source/Washington_Square_(Philadelphia)) is home to a concentration of gay and lesbian-friendly businesses, restaurants, and bars.[143][144]

### Religion

Main article: [Religion in Philadelphia](/source/Religion_in_Philadelphia)

In a 2014 study by the [Pew Research Center](/source/Pew_Research_Center), 68% of the population of the city identified themselves as [Christian](/source/Christians).[145] Approximately 41% of Christians in the city and area professed attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered [Protestant](/source/Protestant), while 26% professed [Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church) beliefs.

The [Protestant](/source/Protestant) Christian community in Philadelphia is dominated by [mainline Protestant denominations](/source/Mainline_Protestant) including the [Evangelical Lutheran Church in America](/source/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America), [United Church of Christ](/source/United_Church_of_Christ), the [Episcopal Church in the United States](/source/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)), [Presbyterian Church (USA)](/source/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)) and [American Baptist Churches USA](/source/American_Baptist_Churches_USA). One of the most prominent mainline Protestant jurisdictions is the [Episcopal Diocese of Pennsylvania](/source/Episcopal_Diocese_of_Pennsylvania). The [African Methodist Episcopal Church](/source/African_Methodist_Episcopal_Church) was established in Philadelphia. Historically, the city has strong connections to the [Quakers](/source/Quakers), [Unitarian Universalism](/source/Unitarian_Universalism), and the [Ethical Culture movement](/source/Ethical_movement), all of which continue to be represented in the city. The Quaker [Friends General Conference](/source/Friends_General_Conference) is based in Philadelphia. Evangelical Protestants making up less than 15% of the population were also prevalent.

Evangelical Protestant bodies included the [Anglican Church in North America](/source/Anglican_Church_in_North_America), [Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod](/source/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod), [Presbyterian Church in America](/source/Presbyterian_Church_in_America), and [National Baptist Convention of America](/source/National_Baptist_Convention_of_America_International%2C_Inc.). The Catholic community is primarily served by the [Latin](/source/Latin_Church) [Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia](/source/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Philadelphia), the [Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Philadelphia](/source/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Philadelphia), and the [Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of the United States of America and Canada](/source/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_United_States_of_America_and_Canada), though some [independent Catholic churches](/source/Independent_Catholicism) exist throughout Philadelphia and its suburbs. The Latin Church-based jurisdiction is headquartered in the city, and its see is the [Cathedral Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul](/source/Cathedral_Basilica_of_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_(Philadelphia)). The Ukrainian Catholic jurisdiction is headquartered in Philadelphia, and is seated at the [Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception](/source/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Philadelphia)).

Less than 1% of Philadelphia's Christians were [Mormons](/source/Mormons). The remainder of the Christian demographic is spread among smaller Protestant denominations and the [Eastern](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) and [Oriental Orthodox](/source/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches) among others. The [Diocese of Eastern Pennsylvania](/source/Orthodox_Church_in_America_Diocese_of_Eastern_Pennsylvania) ([Orthodox Church in America](/source/Orthodox_Church_in_America)) and [Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America](/source/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_America) ([Ecumenical Patriarchate](/source/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople)) divide the Eastern Orthodox in Philadelphia. The [Russian Orthodox](/source/Russian_Orthodox_Church) [St. Andrew's Cathedral](/source/St._Andrew's_Cathedral%2C_Philadelphia) is in the city. The same study says that other religions collectively compose about 8% of the population, including [Judaism](/source/Judaism), [Hinduism](/source/Hinduism), [Islam](/source/Islam), [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism), and [Sikhism](/source/Sikhism).[146] Philadelphia has the fifth-largest [Muslim](/source/Muslim) population among U.S. cities.[147] The remaining 24% claimed [no religious affiliation](/source/Irreligion).

The Philadelphia [metropolitan area](/source/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas)'s [Jewish](/source/History_of_the_Jews_in_Philadelphia) population was estimated at 206,000 in 2001, which was the sixth-largest in the U.S. at that time.[148] Jewish traders were operating in southeastern Pennsylvania long before [William Penn](/source/William_Penn). Jews in Philadelphia took a prominent part in the [War of Independence](/source/American_Revolutionary_War). Although the majority of the early Jewish residents were of Portuguese or Spanish descent, some among them had emigrated from Germany and Poland. About the beginning of the 19th century, a number of Jews from the latter countries, finding the services of the [Congregation Mickvé Israel](/source/Congregation_Mikveh_Israel) unfamiliar to them, resolved to form a new congregation which would use the ritual to which they had been accustomed.

[African diasporic religions](/source/Afro-American_religion) are practiced in some Latino and Hispanic and Caribbean communities in North and West Philadelphia.[149][150]

### Languages

As of 2010[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), 79.12% (1,112,441) of Philadelphia residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a [primary language](/source/Primary_language), while 9.72% (136,688) spoke Spanish, 1.64% (23,075) Chinese, 0.89% (12,499) [Vietnamese](/source/Vietnamese_language), 0.77% (10,885) Russian, 0.66% (9,240) French, 0.61% (8,639) [other Asian languages](/source/Languages_of_Asia), 0.58% (8,217) [African languages](/source/Languages_of_Africa), 0.56% (7,933) [Cambodian](/source/Cambodian_language) ([Mon-Khmer](/source/Austroasiatic_languages)), and Italian was spoken as a [main language](/source/Main_language) by 0.55% (7,773) of the population over the age of five. In total, 20.88% (293,544) of Philadelphia's population age 5 and older spoke a [mother language](/source/Mother_language) other than English.[151]

### Poverty

Philadelphia is home to many food poverty programs, of which two of the largest are [Philabundance](/source/Philabundance) which claims to feed 90000 people per week.[152][153][154][155] and [Share Food Program](/source/Share_Food_Program) which claims to feed 1 million people per month.[156]

## Economy

Main article: [Economy of Philadelphia](/source/Economy_of_Philadelphia)

Top publicly traded companies headquartered in Philadelphia Corporation 2019 rank Revenue (billions) Comcast 32 94.5 Aramark 198 15.8 FMC 556 4.7 Urban Outfitters 634 4.0 Carpenter Technology 940 2.2 Source: Fortune[157]

Philadelphia's close geographical and transportation connections to other large metropolitan economies along the [Eastern Seaboard](/source/East_Coast_of_the_United_States) of the United States have been cited as offering a significant competitive advantage for business creation and [entrepreneurship](/source/Entrepreneurship).[158] The city is the center of economic activity in both [Pennsylvania](/source/Pennsylvania) and the four-state [Delaware Valley](/source/Delaware_Valley) metropolitan region. Five [Fortune 500](/source/Fortune_500) companies are based in the city. As of 2021[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), the Philadelphia metropolitan area is estimated to produce a [gross metropolitan product](/source/Gross_metropolitan_product) (GMP) of US$479 billion,[159] an increase from the $445 billion calculated by the [Bureau of Economic Analysis](/source/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis) for 2017,[160] representing the [ninth-largest U.S. metropolitan economy](/source/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_by_GDP).

Philadelphia's economic sectors include [financial services](/source/Financial_services), health care, [biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology), information technology, trade and transportation, manufacturing, [oil refining](/source/Oil_refinery), [food processing](/source/Food_processing), and tourism. Metropolitan Philadelphia is one of the top five American [venture capital](/source/Venture_capital) hubs, credited to its proximity to New York City's [financial](/source/Financial_District%2C_Manhattan) and [tech and biotechnology ecosystems](/source/List_of_tech_companies_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area).[31] Financial activities account for the largest economic sector of the metropolitan area, which is one of the largest [health education](/source/Health_education) and research centers in the United States. The city's two largest employers are the federal and city governments. Philadelphia's largest private employer is the [University of Pennsylvania](/source/University_of_Pennsylvania) followed by [Children's Hospital of Philadelphia](/source/Children's_Hospital_of_Philadelphia).[161]

### Finance and corporations

Main article: [List of companies based in the Philadelphia area](/source/List_of_companies_based_in_the_Philadelphia_area)

The [Philadelphia Stock Exchange](/source/Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange) building, the nation's first [stock exchange](/source/Stock_exchange), at 1411 [Walnut Street](/source/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia))

The [Philadelphia Stock Exchange](/source/Philadelphia_Stock_Exchange), acquired by [Nasdaq](/source/Nasdaq) in 2007, is a global leader in [options](/source/Option_(finance)) trading.[33] The city is home to the headquarters of [Comcast](/source/Comcast), the nation's largest [multinational](/source/Multinational_corporation) telecommunications corporation; insurance conglomerates [Cigna](/source/Cigna), [Colonial Penn](/source/Colonial_Penn), and [Independence Blue Cross](/source/Independence_Blue_Cross); as well as food services company [Aramark](/source/Aramark), chemical makers [FMC Corporation](/source/FMC_Corporation) and [Rohm and Haas](/source/Rohm_and_Haas), pharmaceutical companies [GlaxoSmithKline](/source/GlaxoSmithKline), [Amicus Therapeutics](/source/Amicus_Therapeutics), [Spark Therapeutics](/source/Spark_Therapeutics), [apparel](/source/Apparel) retailers [Five Below](/source/Five_Below) and [Urban Outfitters](/source/Urban_Outfitters) and its subsidiary [Anthropologie](/source/Anthropologie), automotive parts retailer [Pep Boys](/source/Pep_Boys), and stainless steel producer [Carpenter Technology Corporation](/source/Carpenter_Technology_Corporation).

Other corporate headquarters in the city include [Crown Holdings](/source/Crown_Holdings), and [Brandywine Realty Trust](/source/Brandywine_Realty_Trust). The headquarters of [Boeing Rotorcraft Systems](/source/Boeing_Rotorcraft_Systems) and its main [rotorcraft](/source/Rotorcraft) factory are in the Philadelphia suburb of [Ridley Park](/source/Ridley_Park%2C_Pennsylvania); [The Vanguard Group](/source/The_Vanguard_Group) and the U.S. headquarters of [Siemens Healthineers](/source/Siemens_Healthineers) are headquartered in [Malvern, Pennsylvania](/source/Malvern%2C_Pennsylvania), a Philadelphia suburb. Healthcare [conglomerate](/source/Conglomerate_(company)) [AmerisourceBergen](/source/AmerisourceBergen) and the North American headquarters of furniture retailer [IKEA](/source/IKEA) are located in suburban [Conshohocken, Pennsylvania](/source/Conshohocken%2C_Pennsylvania). Across the [Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River) in adjacent [Camden County, New Jersey](/source/Camden_County%2C_New_Jersey), [Campbell Soup Company](/source/Campbell_Soup_Company) and [Subaru USA](/source/Subaru) are both headquartered in [Camden, New Jersey](/source/Camden%2C_New_Jersey), and [TD Bank (USA)](/source/TD_Bank_(USA)) is headquartered in [nearby](/source/Inner_suburb) suburban [Cherry Hill, New Jersey](/source/Cherry_Hill%2C_New_Jersey).

### Tech and biotech

[Comcast Technology Center](/source/Comcast_Technology_Center) in Center City is the tallest building in Philadelphia.

Philadelphia is a hub for information technology and [biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology).[162] Philadelphia and Pennsylvania are attracting new [life sciences](/source/Life_sciences) ventures.[163] As of 2024, the [Delaware Valley](/source/Delaware_Valley) ranks as one of the Big Five U.S. [venture capital](/source/Venture_capital) hubs, enabled by its proximity to both the [entrepreneurial](/source/Tech_companies_in_the_New_York_metropolitan_area) and [financial ecosystems](/source/Wall_Street) of New York City and to the [federal regulatory environment](/source/U.S._government) of Washington, D.C.[31][163]

### Tourism

See also: [List of tourist attractions in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Philadelphia)

Philadelphia's history attracts many tourists, with the [Independence National Historical Park](/source/Independence_National_Historical_Park), which includes the [Liberty Bell](/source/Liberty_Bell), [Independence Hall](/source/Independence_Hall), and other historic sites, received over 5 million visitors in 2016.[164] The city welcomed 42 million domestic tourists in 2016 who spent $6.8 billion, generating an estimated $11 billion in total economic impact in the city and surrounding four counties of Pennsylvania.[165] The annual [Naked Bike Ride](/source/World_Naked_Bike_Ride) attracts participants from around the United States and internationally to Philadelphia.

### Trade and transportation

Main article: [Transportation in Philadelphia](/source/Transportation_in_Philadelphia)

[Philadelphia International Airport](/source/Philadelphia_International_Airport), a major [Transatlantic](/source/Transatlantic_flight) gateway and transcontinental hub, has undergone a $900 million [infrastructural](/source/Infrastructure) expansion to increase passenger capacity and augment passenger experience, and the airport continues an ongoing capital expenditure program to upgrade facilities and add further amenities.[166][167] The [Port of Philadelphia](/source/Port_of_Philadelphia), having experienced the highest percentage growth by [tonnage](/source/Twenty-foot_equivalent_unit) loaded in 2017 among major U.S. seaports, has doubled its shipping [capacity](/source/Tonnage) to accommodate super-sized [post-Panamax](/source/Post-Panamax) shipping vessels since 2018.[168] Philadelphia's [30th Street Station](/source/30th_Street_Station) is the third-busiest [Amtrak](/source/Amtrak) rail hub, following [Penn Station](/source/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York)) in [Manhattan](/source/Manhattan) and [Union Station](/source/Washington_Union_Station) in Washington, D.C., transporting over 4 million [inter-city rail](/source/Inter-city_rail) passengers annually.[169]

## Culture

Main article: [Culture of Philadelphia](/source/Culture_of_Philadelphia)

See also: [List of National Historic Landmarks in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Philadelphia), [List of sites of interest in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_sites_of_interest_in_Philadelphia), and [List of tourist attractions in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Philadelphia)

The [Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts](/source/Kimmel_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts) at 300 [Broad Street](/source/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)), home of the [Philadelphia Orchestra](/source/Philadelphia_Orchestra)

Philadelphia is home to many [national historical sites](/source/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)) that relate to the founding of the United States. [Independence National Historical Park](/source/Independence_National_Historical_Park) is the center of these historical landmarks and one of the country's 22 [UNESCO World Heritage Sites](/source/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site). [Independence Hall](/source/Independence_Hall), where the [Declaration of Independence](/source/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence) was signed, and the [Liberty Bell](/source/Liberty_Bell) is housed, are among the city's most popular attractions. Other national historic sites include the homes of [Edgar Allan Poe](/source/Edgar_Allan_Poe_National_Historic_Site) and [Thaddeus Kosciuszko](/source/Thaddeus_Kosciuszko_National_Memorial), and early government buildings, including the [First](/source/First_Bank_of_the_United_States) and the [Second Bank of the United States](/source/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States), [Fort Mifflin](/source/Fort_Mifflin), and the [Gloria Dei (Old Swedes') Church](/source/Gloria_Dei_(Old_Swedes')_Church).[170] Philadelphia alone has 67 [National Historic Landmarks](/source/National_Historic_Landmark), the third most of any city in the country.[170]

Philadelphia's major science museums include the [Franklin Institute](/source/Franklin_Institute), which contains the [Benjamin Franklin National Memorial](/source/Benjamin_Franklin_National_Memorial), the [Academy of Natural Sciences](/source/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Drexel_University), the [Mütter Museum](/source/M%C3%BCtter_Museum), and the [University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology](/source/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology). History museums include the [National Constitution Center](/source/National_Constitution_Center), the [Museum of the American Revolution](/source/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution), the [Philadelphia History Museum](/source/Philadelphia_History_Museum), the [National Museum of American Jewish History](/source/National_Museum_of_American_Jewish_History), the [African American Museum in Philadelphia](/source/African_American_Museum_in_Philadelphia), the [Historical Society of Pennsylvania](/source/Historical_Society_of_Pennsylvania), the Masonic Library and Museum of Pennsylvania in the [Masonic Temple](/source/Masonic_Temple_(Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania)), and the [Eastern State Penitentiary](/source/Eastern_State_Penitentiary). Philadelphia is home to the United States's first [zoo](/source/Philadelphia_Zoo)[171] and [hospital](/source/Pennsylvania_Hospital),[172] as well as [Fairmount Park](/source/Fairmount_Park), one of America's oldest and largest urban parks,[22] founded in 1855.[173]

The city is home to important archival repositories, including the [Library Company of Philadelphia](/source/Library_Company_of_Philadelphia), established in 1731 by [Benjamin Franklin](/source/Benjamin_Franklin) at 1314 [Locust Street](/source/Locust_Street),[174] and the [Athenaeum of Philadelphia](/source/Athenaeum_of_Philadelphia), founded in 1814.[175] The [Presbyterian Historical Society](/source/Presbyterian_Historical_Society) is the country's oldest denominational historical society, organized in 1852.[176]

### Arts

See also: [List of museums in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_museums_in_Philadelphia), [List of public art in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_public_art_in_Philadelphia), and [Mummers Parade](/source/Mummers_Parade)

The [Philadelphia Museum of Art](/source/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art)

*Keys to Community*, a bust of [Benjamin Franklin](/source/Benjamin_Franklin) by [James Peniston](/source/James_Peniston) at 325 [Arch Street](/source/Arch_Street_(Philadelphia)) in [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia)

The city is home to multiple art museums, including the [Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts](/source/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts) and the [Rodin Museum](/source/Rodin_Museum), which holds the largest collection of work by [Auguste Rodin](/source/Auguste_Rodin) outside France. The city's largest art museum, the [Philadelphia Museum of Art](/source/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art), is one of the [largest art museums in the world](/source/List_of_largest_art_museums). The long flight of [steps](/source/Rocky_Steps) to the Art Museum's main entrance became famous after the film *[Rocky](/source/Rocky)* (1976).[177]

Annual events include the [Philadelphia Film Festival](/source/Philadelphia_Film_Festival), held annually each October, the [6abc Dunkin' Donuts Thanksgiving Day Parade](/source/6abc_Dunkin'_Donuts_Thanksgiving_Day_Parade), the nation's longest-running continuously held [Thanksgiving Day](/source/Thanksgiving_Day) parade, and the [Mummers Parade](/source/Mummers_Parade), the nation's longest continuously held folk parade, which is held every New Year's Day predominantly on [Broad Street](/source/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)).

Areas such as [South Street](/source/South_Street_(Philadelphia)) and the [Old City](/source/Old_City_(Philadelphia)) section of the city have a vibrant night life. The [Avenue of the Arts](/source/Avenue_of_the_Arts_(Philadelphia)) in [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia) contains many restaurants and theaters, such as the [Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts](/source/Kimmel_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts), home of the [Philadelphia Orchestra](/source/Philadelphia_Orchestra), and the [Academy of Music](/source/Academy_of_Music_(Philadelphia)), home of [Opera Philadelphia](/source/Opera_Philadelphia) and the [Pennsylvania Ballet](/source/Pennsylvania_Ballet).[177] The [Wilma Theatre](/source/Wilma_Theater_(Philadelphia)) and the [Philadelphia Theatre Company](/source/Philadelphia_Theatre_Company) at the [Suzanne Roberts Theatre](/source/Suzanne_Roberts_Theatre) produce a variety of new plays.[178][179] Several blocks to the east are the [Lantern Theater Company](/source/Lantern_Theater_Company) at [St. Stephens Episcopal Church](/source/St._Stephen's_Episcopal_Church_(Philadelphia));[180] and the [Walnut Street Theatre](/source/Walnut_Street_Theatre), a [National Historic Landmark](/source/National_Historic_Landmark) stated to be the oldest and most subscribed-to [theatre](/source/Theater_(structure)) in the [English-speaking world](/source/English-speaking_world), founded in 1809.[181] In May 2019, the Walnut Street Theatre announced a major expansion to begin in 2020.[182] [New Freedom Theatre](/source/New_Freedom_Theatre), Pennsylvania's oldest African-American theatre, is located on North Broad Street.

Philadelphia has more [public art](/source/Public_art) than any other American city.[183] In 1872, the [Association for Public Art](/source/Association_for_Public_Art), formerly the Fairmount Park Art Association, was created as the first private association in the United States dedicated to integrating public art and [urban planning](/source/Urban_planning).[184] In 1959, lobbying by the Artists Equity Association helped create the [Percent for Art](/source/Percent_for_Art) [ordinance](/source/Law), the first for a U.S. city.[185] The program, which has funded more than 200 pieces of public art, is administered by Creative Philadelphia,[f] the city's office of arts and culture.[187] The city has more murals than any other American city, due to the 1984 creation of the Department of Recreation's [Mural Arts Program](/source/Mural_Arts_Program), which seeks to beautify neighborhoods and provide an outlet for [graffiti](/source/Graffiti) artists. The program has funded more than 2,800 [murals](/source/Mural) by professional, staff and volunteer artists and educated more than 20,000 youth in underserved neighborhoods throughout Philadelphia.[188]

The city is home to a number of art organizations, including the regional art advocacy nonprofit Philadelphia Tri-State Artists Equity,[189] the [Philadelphia Sketch Club](/source/Philadelphia_Sketch_Club), one of the country's oldest artists' clubs,[190] and [The Plastic Club](/source/The_Plastic_Club), started by women excluded from the Sketch Club.[191] Many [Old City](/source/Old_City%2C_Philadelphia) art galleries stay open late on the [First Friday](/source/First_Friday_(public_event)) event of each month.[192]

### Cuisine

Main article: [Cuisine of Philadelphia](/source/Cuisine_of_Philadelphia)

[Pat's Steaks](/source/Pat's_King_of_Steaks) (foreground) and [Geno's Steaks](/source/Geno's_Steaks) (background) in [South Philadelphia](/source/South_Philadelphia)

The city is known for its [hoagies](/source/Submarine_sandwich), [stromboli](/source/Stromboli_(food)), [roast pork sandwich](/source/Roast_pork_sandwich), [scrapple](/source/Scrapple), [soft pretzels](/source/Pretzel#Pennsylvania), [water ice](/source/Italian_ice), [Irish potato candy](/source/Irish_potato_candy), [tastykakes](/source/Tastykake), and the [cheesesteak](/source/Cheesesteak) sandwich, which was developed by Italian immigrants.[193] The Philadelphia area has many establishments that serve cheesesteaks, including restaurants, [taverns](/source/Tavern), [delicatessens](/source/Delicatessen) and pizza parlors.[194][195][196] The originator of the thinly sliced steak sandwich in the 1930s, initially without cheese, is [Pat's King of Steaks](/source/Pat's_King_of_Steaks), which faces its rival [Geno's Steaks](/source/Geno's_Steaks), founded in 1966,[197] across the intersection of 9th Street and Passyunk Avenue in the [Italian Market](/source/Italian_Market%2C_Philadelphia) of [South Philadelphia](/source/South_Philadelphia).[198]

[McGillin's Olde Ale House](/source/McGillin's_Olde_Ale_House), opened in 1860 on Drury Street in [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia), is the oldest continuously operated tavern in the city.[199] The [City Tavern](/source/City_Tavern) is a replica of a historic 18th-century building first opened in 1773, demolished in 1854 after a fire, and rebuilt in 1975 on the same site as part of [Independence National Historical Park](/source/Independence_National_Historical_Park).[200] The tavern offers authentic 18th-century recipes, served in seven period dining rooms, three wine cellar rooms and an outdoor garden.[201]

The [Reading Terminal Market](/source/Reading_Terminal_Market) is a historic [food market](/source/Marketplace) founded in 1893 in the [Reading Terminal](/source/Reading_Terminal) building, a designated National Historic Landmark. The enclosed market is one of the oldest and largest markets in the country, hosting over a hundred merchants offering [Pennsylvania Dutch](/source/Pennsylvania_Dutch) specialties, [artisan cheese](/source/Artisan_cheese) and meat, locally grown groceries, and specialty and ethnic foods.[202]

### Dialect

Main article: [Philadelphia English](/source/Philadelphia_English)

The traditional Philadelphia accent is considered by some [linguists](/source/Linguist) to be the most distinctive accent in North America.[203] The Philadelphia dialect, which is spread throughout the [Delaware Valley](/source/Delaware_Valley) and [South Jersey](/source/South_Jersey), is part of a larger [Mid-Atlantic American English](/source/Mid-Atlantic_American_English) family, a designation that also includes the [Baltimore accent](/source/Baltimore_accent). Additionally, it shares many similarities with the [New York accent](/source/New_York_accent). Owing to over a century of linguistic data collected by researchers at the [University of Pennsylvania](/source/University_of_Pennsylvania) under sociolinguist [William Labov](/source/William_Labov), the Philadelphia dialect has been one of the best-studied forms of [American English](/source/American_English).[204][205][g] The accent is especially found within the Irish American and Italian American working-class neighborhoods.[206] Philadelphia also has its own unique collection of [neologisms](/source/Neologism) and slang terms.[207]

### Music

Main article: [Music of Philadelphia](/source/Music_of_Philadelphia)

The [Curtis Institute of Music](/source/Curtis_Institute_of_Music) at 1726 [Locust Street](/source/Locust_Street) in [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia), one of the world's premier [conservatories](/source/Music_school)

The [Philadelphia Orchestra](/source/Philadelphia_Orchestra) is generally considered one of the [top five orchestras](/source/Big_Five_(orchestras)) in the United States. The orchestra performs at the [Kimmel Center](/source/Kimmel_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts)[208] and has a [summer concert series](/source/Concert#Venues) at the [Mann Center for the Performing Arts](/source/Mann_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts).[209] [Opera Philadelphia](/source/Opera_Philadelphia) performs at the nation's oldest continually operating opera house—the [Academy of Music](/source/Academy_of_Music_(Philadelphia)).[177] The [Philadelphia Boys Choir & Chorale](/source/Philadelphia_Boys_Choir_%26_Chorale) has performed its music all over the world.[210] The [Philly Pops](/source/Philly_Pops) plays orchestral versions of popular [jazz](/source/Jazz), [swing](/source/Swing_music), [Broadway](/source/Broadway_theatre), and [blues](/source/Blues) songs at the Kimmel Center and other venues within the [mid-Atlantic](/source/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)) region.[211] The [Curtis Institute of Music](/source/Curtis_Institute_of_Music) is one of the world's premier [conservatories](/source/Music_school) and among the most selective institutes of higher education in the nation.[212]

Philadelphia has played a prominent role in the [music of the United States](/source/Music_of_the_United_States). The culture of [American popular music](/source/American_popular_music) has been influenced by significant contributions of Philadelphia area musicians and producers, in both the recording and broadcasting industries. In 1952, the teen dance party program called *Bandstand* premiered on local television, hosted by [Bob Horn](/source/Bob_Horn_(broadcaster)). The show was renamed *[American Bandstand](/source/American_Bandstand)* in 1957, when it began national syndication on [ABC](/source/American_Broadcasting_Company), hosted by [Dick Clark](/source/Dick_Clark) and produced in Philadelphia until 1964 when it moved to Los Angeles.[213] Promoters marketed youthful musical artists known as [teen idols](/source/Teen_idol) to appeal to the young audience. Philadelphia-born singers, including [Frankie Avalon](/source/Frankie_Avalon), [James Darren](/source/James_Darren), [Eddie Fisher](/source/Eddie_Fisher), [Fabian Forte](/source/Fabian_Forte), [Bobby Rydell](/source/Bobby_Rydell), and [South Philly](/source/South_Philadelphia)-raised [Chubby Checker](/source/Chubby_Checker), topped the music charts, establishing a clean-cut [rock and roll](/source/Rock_and_roll) image.

[Philly soul](/source/Philadelphia_soul) music of the late 1960s–1970s is a highly produced version of [soul music](/source/Soul_music) which led to later forms of popular music such as [disco](/source/Disco) and [urban contemporary](/source/Urban_contemporary) [rhythm and blues](/source/Rhythm_and_blues).[214] On July 13, 1985, [John F. Kennedy Stadium](/source/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)) was the American venue for the [Live Aid](/source/Live_Aid) concert.[215] The city also hosted the [Live 8](/source/Live_8) concert, which attracted about 700,000 people to the [Benjamin Franklin Parkway](/source/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway) on July 2, 2005.[216]

Notable rock and pop musicians from Philadelphia and its suburbs include [Bill Haley & His Comets](/source/Bill_Haley_%26_His_Comets), [Nazz](/source/Nazz), [Todd Rundgren](/source/Todd_Rundgren), [Hall & Oates](/source/Hall_%26_Oates), [the Hooters](/source/The_Hooters), [Cinderella](/source/Cinderella_(band)), [DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince](/source/DJ_Jazzy_Jeff_%26_the_Fresh_Prince), [Ween](/source/Ween), [Schoolly D](/source/Schoolly_D), [Pink](/source/Pink_(singer)), [the Roots](/source/The_Roots), [Beanie Sigel](/source/Beanie_Sigel), [State Property](/source/State_Property_(band)), [Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes](/source/Lisa_Lopes), [Meek Mill](/source/Meek_Mill), [Lil Uzi Vert](/source/Lil_Uzi_Vert), and others.

## Sports

Main article: [Sports in Philadelphia](/source/Sports_in_Philadelphia)

See also: [Philadelphia 76ers](/source/Philadelphia_76ers), [Philadelphia Flyers](/source/Philadelphia_Flyers), [Philadelphia Eagles](/source/Philadelphia_Eagles), [Philadelphia Phillies](/source/Philadelphia_Phillies), and [Philadelphia Union](/source/Philadelphia_Union)

[Citizens Bank Park](/source/Citizens_Bank_Park) (left), home of the [Phillies](/source/Philadelphia_Phillies) since 2004, and [Lincoln Financial Field](/source/Lincoln_Financial_Field) (right), home of the [Eagles](/source/Philadelphia_Eagles) since 2003

The [Philadelphia Eagles](/source/Philadelphia_Eagles) are awarded the [Vince Lombardi Trophy](/source/Vince_Lombardi_Trophy) after winning [Super Bowl LII](/source/Super_Bowl_LII), on February 4, 2018.

[Xfinity Mobile Arena](/source/Xfinity_Mobile_Arena) in [South Philadelphia](/source/South_Philadelphia), home of the two-time [Stanley Cup](/source/Stanley_Cup) champion [Philadelphia Flyers](/source/Philadelphia_Flyers) of the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League) (NHL) and three-time champion [Philadelphia 76ers](/source/Philadelphia_76ers) of the [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association) (NBA)

Historic [Boathouse Row](/source/Boathouse_Row) at night on the [Schuylkill River](/source/Schuylkill_River), a symbol of the city's rich history in competitive [rowing](/source/Rowing)

Philadelphia has one of the nation's richest histories in professional sports, dating back to the mid-19th century. Its first professional sports team, the [Philadelphia Athletics](/source/Philadelphia_Athletics_(1860%E2%80%931876)), a professional baseball team, was founded in 1860.[217] The Athletics were initially an [amateur league](/source/National_Association_of_Base_Ball_Players) team that [turned professional](/source/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players) in 1871. In 1876, the Athletics joined with seven other teams in founding the [National League](/source/National_League_(baseball)), now the longest continuously operating league in world sports.[218]

Philadelphia is one of 12 U.S. cities to have teams in [all four major league sports](/source/United_States_cities_with_teams_from_four_major_league_sports): the [Philadelphia Phillies](/source/Philadelphia_Phillies) of [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball) (MLB), the [Philadelphia Eagles](/source/Philadelphia_Eagles) of the [National Football League](/source/National_Football_League) (NFL), the [Philadelphia Flyers](/source/Philadelphia_Flyers) of the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League) (NHL), and the [Philadelphia 76ers](/source/Philadelphia_76ers) of the [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association) (NBA).[219] The Phillies, formed in 1883 as the Quakers and renamed in 1884,[220] are the oldest team continuously playing under the same name in the same city in the history of American professional sports.[221]

The Philadelphia metro area is also home to the [Philadelphia Union](/source/Philadelphia_Union) of [Major League Soccer](/source/Major_League_Soccer) (MLS), plays their home games at [Subaru Park](/source/Subaru_Park), a [soccer-specific stadium](/source/Soccer-specific_stadium) in [Chester, Pennsylvania](/source/Chester%2C_Pennsylvania).[222][223][224]

Philadelphia was the second of eight U.S. cities to win titles in all four major leagues, the MLB, NFL, NHL, and NBA. It won a title in soccer in the now-defunct [North American Soccer League](/source/North_American_Soccer_League) in 1973. Following the 76ers' victory over the [Los Angeles Lakers](/source/Los_Angeles_Lakers) in the [1983 NBA Finals](/source/1983_NBA_Finals), however, the city's professional teams and their fans endured 25 years without a championship in any professional sport[225] until the Phillies won the [2008 World Series](/source/2008_World_Series), defeating the [Tampa Bay Rays](/source/Tampa_Bay_Rays).[226][227] This quarter century without a championship for any Philadelphia sports team is sometimes described as the [Curse of Billy Penn](/source/Curse_of_Billy_Penn), a reference to a 1987 decision that permitted [One Liberty Place](/source/Liberty_Place) to become the first building in city history to surpass the height of *[William Penn](/source/William_Penn_(Calder))*, a statue installed in 1894 atop [City Hall](/source/Philadelphia_City_Hall).[228] In 2004, during the city's championship drought, [ESPN](/source/ESPN) placed Philadelphia second on its list of "The Fifteen Most Tortured Sports Cities".[229][230] The city's sports fans are often both praised and sometimes derided. In 2011, for instance, *[GQ](/source/GQ)* magazine named Eagles and Phillies fans the nation's worst professional sports fans, describing them as the "Meanest Fans in America" in summarizing repeated incidents of their drunken behavior and long history of [booing](/source/Booing).[231][232]

After the Phillies won the 2008 World Series, nine years passed without a championship until the Eagles won their first [Super Bowl](/source/Super_Bowl_LII) following the [2017 season](/source/2017_NFL_season), defeating the [New England Patriots](/source/New_England_Patriots) in [Super Bowl LII](/source/Super_Bowl_LII). Seven seasons later, following the [2024 season](/source/2024_NFL_season), the Eagles won their second Super Bowl, defeating the [Kansas City Chiefs](/source/Kansas_City_Chiefs) in [Super Bowl LIX](/source/Super_Bowl_LIX).[233]

Major professional sports teams that originated in Philadelphia, which later moved to other cities, include the [Golden State Warriors](/source/Golden_State_Warriors) basketball team, which played in Philadelphia from 1946 to 1962[234] and the [Oakland Athletics](/source/Oakland_Athletics) baseball team, which was originally the [Philadelphia Athletics](/source/History_of_the_Philadelphia_Athletics) and played in Philadelphia from 1901 to 1954.[235]

Philadelphia is home to professional, semi-professional, and elite amateur teams in multiple other sports, including [cricket](/source/Cricket), [rugby league](/source/Rugby_league), and [rugby union](/source/Rugby_union). Major running events in the city include the [Penn Relays](/source/Penn_Relays), the [Philadelphia Marathon](/source/Philadelphia_Marathon), and the [Broad Street Run](/source/Broad_Street_Run). The [Collegiate Rugby Championship](/source/Collegiate_Rugby_Championship) is played annually each June at [Talen Energy Stadium](/source/Talen_Energy_Stadium) in Chester.[236]

The city also has a rich history in [rowing](/source/Rowing_(sport)), which has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century.[237] On [Boathouse Row](/source/Boathouse_Row), a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, each [Big Five](/source/Philadelphia_Big_5) member has its own boathouse.[238] Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions, including the annual [Dad Vail Regatta](/source/Dad_Vail_Regatta), the largest [intercollegiate rowing](/source/College_rowing_(United_States)) event in North America with more than 100 participating U.S. and Canadian colleges and universities;[239] the annual [Stotesbury Cup Regatta](/source/Stotesbury_Cup), which is billed as the world's oldest and largest rowing event for high school students;[240][241] and the [Head of the Schuylkill Regatta](/source/Head_of_the_Schuylkill_Regatta).[242] The regattas are held on the [Schuylkill River](/source/Schuylkill_River) and organized by [Schuylkill Navy](/source/Schuylkill_Navy), an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous [Olympic rowers](/source/Rowing_at_the_Summer_Olympics).[243]

The [Philadelphia Spinners](/source/Philadelphia_Spinners) were a professional [ultimate](/source/Ultimate_(sport)) team in [Major League Ultimate](/source/Major_League_Ultimate) (MLU) until 2016. The Spinners were one of the original eight teams of the [American Ultimate Disc League](/source/American_Ultimate_Disc_League) (AUDL), which was founded in 2012. They played at [Franklin Field](/source/Franklin_Field) and won the inaugural AUDL championship and the final MLU championship in 2016.[244] The MLU was suspended indefinitely by its investors in December 2016.[245] As of 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), the [Philadelphia Phoenix](/source/Philadelphia_Phoenix_(AUDL)) continue to play in the AUDL.[246]

Philadelphia is home to the [Philadelphia Big 5](/source/Philadelphia_Big_5), a group of five [NCAA Division I](/source/NCAA_Division_I) [college basketball](/source/College_basketball) programs, including [La Salle](/source/La_Salle_University), [Penn](/source/University_of_Pennsylvania), [Saint Joseph's](/source/Saint_Joseph's_University), [Temple](/source/Temple_University), and [Villanova](/source/Villanova_University) universities.[247] The sixth NCAA Division I school in Philadelphia is [Drexel University](/source/Drexel_University). La Salle won the 1954 championship of the [NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament](/source/NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_tournament).[248] Villanova won the [1985](/source/1985_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_tournament),[249] [2016](/source/2016_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_tournament),[250] and [2018](/source/2018_NCAA_Division_I_men's_basketball_tournament)[251] NCAA Division I men's basketball tournaments. Philadelphia will be one of the eleven US host cities for the [2026 FIFA World Cup](/source/2026_FIFA_World_Cup).[252]

Team League Sport Venue Capacity Founded Championships Philadelphia Phillies MLB Baseball Citizens Bank Park 46,528 1883 1980, 2008 Philadelphia Eagles NFL American football Lincoln Financial Field 69,176 1933 1948, 1949, 1960, 2017, 2024 Philadelphia 76ers NBA Basketball Xfinity Mobile Arena 21,600 1963 1966–67, 1982–83 Philadelphia Flyers NHL Ice hockey Xfinity Mobile Arena 19,786 1967 1973–74, 1974–75 Philadelphia Union MLS Soccer Subaru Park 18,500 2010 none Philadelphia Wings NLL Lacrosse Xfinity Mobile Arena 19,786 2018 none Philadelphia WNBA team WNBA Basketball Xfinity Mobile Arena 21,600 2030

## Law and government

See also: [Philadelphia City Hall](/source/Philadelphia_City_Hall)

[Old City Hall](/source/Old_City_Hall_(Philadelphia)) at 5th and [Chestnut Street](/source/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)), Philadelphia's town hall from 1800 to 1854

Flag of Philadelphia in front of the [Philadelphia Museum of Art](/source/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art)

Philadelphia County is a [legal nullity](/source/Legal_nullity). All county functions were assumed by the city in 1952.[253] The city has been coterminous with the county since 1854.[62]

Philadelphia's 1952 [Home Rule](/source/Home_Rule) [Charter](/source/Municipal_charter) was written by the City Charter Commission, which was created by the [Pennsylvania General Assembly](/source/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly) in an act of April 1949, and a city ordinance of June 1949. The existing [city council](/source/City_council) received a proposed draft in February 1951, and the electors approved it in an election held in April 1951.[254] The first elections under the new Home Rule Charter were held in November 1951, and the newly elected officials took office in January 1952.[253]

The city uses the [strong-mayor](/source/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government#Strong-mayor_form) version of the mayor–council form of government, which is led by one mayor in whom [executive authority](/source/Executive_(government)) is vested. The mayor has the authority to appoint and dismiss members of all boards and commissions without the approval of the city council. Elected [at-large](/source/At-large), the mayor is limited to two consecutive four-year terms, but can run for the position again after an intervening term.[254]

### Courts

See also: [District Attorney of Philadelphia](/source/District_Attorney_of_Philadelphia), [United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit](/source/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit), and [United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania](/source/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania)

[Philadelphia County](/source/Philadelphia_County%2C_Pennsylvania) is coterminous with the [First Judicial District of Pennsylvania](/source/First_Judicial_District_of_Pennsylvania). The Philadelphia County [Court of Common Pleas](/source/Pennsylvania_courts_of_common_pleas) is the [trial court](/source/Trial_court) of [general jurisdiction](/source/General_jurisdiction) for the city, hearing [felony](/source/Felony)-level criminal cases and civil suits above the minimum jurisdictional limit of $10,000. The court has [appellate jurisdiction](/source/Appellate_jurisdiction) over rulings from the [Municipal](/source/Philadelphia_Municipal_Court) and Traffic Courts, and some administrative agencies and boards. The trial division has 70 commissioned judges elected by the voters, along with about one thousand other employees.[255] The court has a family division with 25 judges[256] and an orphans' court with three judges.[257]

As of 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), the city's [District Attorney](/source/District_Attorney_of_Philadelphia) is [Larry Krasner](/source/Larry_Krasner), a Democrat.[258] The last Republican to hold the office is [Ronald D. Castille](/source/Ronald_D._Castille), who left in 1991 and later served as the Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court from 2008 to 2014.[259]

The [Philadelphia Municipal Court](/source/Philadelphia_Municipal_Court) handles traffic cases, misdemeanor and felony criminal cases with maximum incarceration of five years, and civil cases involving $12,000 or less ($15,000 in real estate and school tax cases), and all landlord-tenant disputes. The municipal court has 27 judges elected by the voters.[260]

Pennsylvania's three [appellate courts](/source/Appellate_court) also have sittings in Philadelphia. The [Supreme Court of Pennsylvania](/source/Supreme_Court_of_Pennsylvania), the court of last resort in the state, regularly hears arguments in [Philadelphia City Hall](/source/Philadelphia_City_Hall).[261] The [Superior Court of Pennsylvania](/source/Superior_Court_of_Pennsylvania) and the [Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania](/source/Commonwealth_Court_of_Pennsylvania) also sit in Philadelphia several times a year.[262][263] Judges for these courts are elected at large.[264] The state Supreme Court and Superior Court have deputy [prothonotary](/source/Prothonotary) offices in Philadelphia.[265][266]

Philadelphia is home to the federal [United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania](/source/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Pennsylvania) and the [Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit](/source/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit), both of which are housed in the [James A. Byrne United States Courthouse](/source/James_A._Byrne_United_States_Courthouse).[267][268]

### Politics

See also: [List of mayors of Philadelphia](/source/List_of_mayors_of_Philadelphia); [Philadelphia City Council](/source/Philadelphia_City_Council); and [Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania § Politics](/source/Philadelphia_County%2C_Pennsylvania#Politics)

[Musical Fund Hall](/source/Musical_Fund_Hall) at 808 [Locust Street](/source/Locust_Street) hosted the first nominating [Republican National Convention](/source/Republican_National_Convention) in [1856](/source/1856_Republican_National_Convention)

[Cherelle Parker](/source/Cherelle_Parker), ([D](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States))), the 100th and current [Mayor of Philadelphia](/source/Mayor_of_Philadelphia)

The current mayor is [Cherelle Parker](/source/Cherelle_Parker) who won the election in November 2023.[269] Parker's predecessor, [Jim Kenney](/source/Jim_Kenney), served two terms from 2016 to January 2024.[270] Parker is a member of the [Democratic Party](/source/United_States_Democratic_Party). For over seven decades, since 1952, every [Philadelphia mayor](/source/List_of_mayors_of_Philadelphia#List_of_Mayors) has been a Democrat.

[Philadelphia City Council](/source/Philadelphia_City_Council) is the legislative branch which consists of ten council members representing individual districts and seven members elected [at-large](/source/At-large), all of whom are elected to four-year terms.[271] Democrats are currently the majority and hold 14 seats including nine of the ten districts and five at-large seats. Republicans hold one seat: the [Northeast-based](/source/Northeast_Philadelphia) Tenth District. The [Working Families Party](/source/Working_Families_Party) holds two at-large seats making them the council's minority party. The current council president is [Kenyatta Johnson](/source/Kenyatta_Johnson).[272]

#### Wards and divisions

Philadelphia's political structure consists of a system of wards and divisions. There are 66 wards with 11 to 51 divisions each for a total of 1703 divisions. Each division elects two committee people who are supposed to live within the division boundaries, and committee people select a leader for their ward.[273] Democrats and Republicans elect their own committee people every four years. The committee person's role is to serve as a point of contact between voters and party officials and help get out the vote.[274] Most wards are closed which means the ward leader makes sole endorsement decisions; open wards allow committee people to weigh in on these decisions.[275] There are groups and individuals who are working to elect ward leaders who promote an open ward system.[276][277]

#### Political party affiliations

Chart of voter registration

1. [Democratic](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States)) (75.2%)

1. [Republican](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) (11.3%)

1. [Independent](/source/Independent_(United_States)) (11.0%)

1. [Other Parties](/source/Third_party_(United_States)) (2.50%)

Philadelphia County voter registration statistics as of March 4, 2024[278] Political Party Total Voters Percentage Democratic 775,851 75.00% Republican 117,639 11.37% No Party Affiliation 114,990 11.11% Minor parties 25,924 2.50% Total 1,034,404 100.00%

Philadelphia had historically been a bastion of the [Republican Party](/source/Republican_Party_(United_States)) from the [American Civil War](/source/American_Civil_War) until the mid-1930s.[279][280] In [1856](/source/1856_Republican_National_Convention), the first [Republican National Convention](/source/Republican_National_Convention) was held at [Musical Fund Hall](/source/Musical_Fund_Hall) at 808 [Locust Street](/source/Locust_Street) in Philadelphia.[281]

Democratic registrations increased after the [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression); however, the city was not carried by Democrat [Franklin D. Roosevelt](/source/Franklin_D._Roosevelt) in his [landslide victory of 1932](/source/1932_United_States_presidential_election), as Pennsylvania was one of only six states won by Republican [Herbert Hoover](/source/Herbert_Hoover). Voter turnout surged from 600,000 in 1932 to nearly 900,000 in [1936](/source/1936_United_States_presidential_election) and Roosevelt carried Philadelphia with over 60% of the vote. Philadelphia has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 1936. In [2008](/source/2008_United_States_presidential_election), Democrat [Barack Obama](/source/Barack_Obama) drew 83% of the city's vote. Obama's win was even larger in [2012](/source/2012_United_States_presidential_election), capturing 85% of the vote. In [2016](/source/2016_United_States_presidential_election), Democrat [Hillary Clinton](/source/Hillary_Clinton) won 82% of the vote.[282]

As a result of the previously declining population in the city and state,[283] Philadelphia has only three [congressional districts](/source/Congressional_district) of the 18 districts in Pennsylvania, based on the [2010 census](/source/2010_United_States_Census) apportionment:[284] [the 2nd district](/source/Pennsylvania's_2nd_congressional_district), represented by [Brendan Boyle](/source/Brendan_Boyle); [the 3rd](/source/Pennsylvania's_3rd_congressional_district), represented by [Dwight Evans](/source/Dwight_Evans_(politician)); and [the 5th](/source/Pennsylvania's_5th_congressional_district), represented by [Mary Gay Scanlon](/source/Mary_Gay_Scanlon).[285] All three representatives are Democrats, though Republicans still have some support in the city, primarily in the [Northeast](/source/Northeast_Philadelphia).[286] [Sam Katz](/source/Sam_Katz_(Philadelphia)) ran competitive mayoral races as the Republican nominee in [1999](/source/Philadelphia_mayoral_election%2C_1999) and [2003](/source/Philadelphia_mayoral_election%2C_2003), losing to Democrat [John Street](/source/John_F._Street) both times.[287][288]

Pennsylvania's longest-serving [Senator](/source/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania), [Arlen Specter](/source/Arlen_Specter),[289] was an [alumnus](/source/Alumnus) of the [University of Pennsylvania](/source/University_of_Pennsylvania) who opened his first law practice in Philadelphia.[290] Specter served as a Republican from 1981 and as a Democrat from 2009, losing that party's primary in [2010](/source/United_States_Senate_Democratic_primary_election_in_Pennsylvania%2C_2010) and leaving office in January 2011.[291] He was assistant counsel on the [Warren Commission](/source/Warren_Commission) in 1964 and the city's district attorney from 1966 to 1974.[290]

Philadelphia has hosted various [national conventions](/source/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention), including in [1848 (Whig)](/source/1848_Whig_National_Convention), [1856 (Republican)](/source/1856_Republican_National_Convention), [1872 (Republican)](/source/1872_Republican_National_Convention), [1900 (Republican)](/source/1900_Republican_National_Convention), [1936 (Democratic)](/source/1936_Democratic_National_Convention), [1940 (Republican)](/source/1940_Republican_National_Convention), [1948 (Republican)](/source/1948_Republican_National_Convention), [1948 (Progressive)](/source/1948_Progressive_National_Convention), [2000 (Republican)](/source/2000_Republican_National_Convention), and [2016 (Democratic)](/source/2016_Democratic_National_Convention).[292] Philadelphia has been home to one vice president, [George M. Dallas](/source/George_M._Dallas),[293] and one general of the American Civil War, [George B. McClellan](/source/George_B._McClellan), who won his party's nomination for president but lost in the general election to [Abraham Lincoln](/source/Abraham_Lincoln) in 1864.[294] In May 2019, former U.S. Vice President [Joe Biden](/source/Joe_Biden) chose Philadelphia to be his [2020 U.S. presidential campaign](/source/2020_U.S._presidential_campaign) headquarters.[295]

### Environmental policy

"Green Cities, Clean Water" is an environmental policy initiative based in Philadelphia that has shown promising results in mitigating the effects of climate change.[296] The researchers on the policy have stated that despite such promising plans of [green infrastructure](/source/Green_infrastructure) building, "the city is forecasted to grow warmer, wetter, and more urbanized over the century, runoff and local temperatures will increase on average throughout the city".[296] Even though landcover predictive models on the effects of the policy initiative have indicated that green infrastructure could be useful at decreasing the amount of runoff in the city over time, the city government would have to expand its current plans and "consider the cobenefit of [climate change adaptation](/source/Climate_change_adaptation) when planning new projects" in limiting the scope of city-wide temperature increase.[296]

### Public safety

Further information: [Crime in Philadelphia](/source/Crime_in_Philadelphia) and [Philadelphia crime family](/source/Philadelphia_crime_family)

#### Police and law enforcement

Main article: [Philadelphia Police Department](/source/Philadelphia_Police_Department)

The [Philadelphia Police Department](/source/Philadelphia_Police_Department) administration building, known as the Roundhouse, in [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia) east of [Chinatown](/source/Chinatown%2C_Philadelphia)

A Philadelphia police cruiser on [Benjamin Franklin Parkway](/source/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway)

In a 2015 report by Pew Charitable Trusts, the [police districts](/source/Philadelphia_Police_Department#Districts) with the highest rates of violent crime were [Frankford](/source/Frankford%2C_Philadelphia) (15th district) and [Kensington](/source/Kensington%2C_Philadelphia) (24th district) in the [Near Northeast](/source/Near_Northeast_Philadelphia), and districts to the [North](/source/North_Philadelphia) (22nd, 25th, and 35th districts), [West](/source/West_Philadelphia) (19th district) and [Southwest](/source/Southwest_Philadelphia) (12th district) of [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia). Each of those seven districts recorded more than a thousand violent crimes in 2014. The lowest rates of violent crime occurred in Center City, [South Philadelphia](/source/South_Philadelphia), the [Far Northeast](/source/Far_Northeast_Philadelphia), and [Roxborough](/source/Roxborough%2C_Philadelphia) districts, the latter of which includes [Manayunk](/source/Manayunk%2C_Philadelphia).[161]

Philadelphia had 500, 503 according to some sources, murders in 1990, a rate of 31.5 per 100,000. An average of about 400 murders occurred each year for most of the 1990s. The murder count dropped in 2002 to 288, then rose to 406 by 2006, before dropping slightly to 392 in 2007.[297][298] A few years later, Philadelphia began to see a rapid decline in homicides and violent crime. In 2013, the city had 246 murders, which is a decrease of nearly 40% since 2006.[299]

In 2014, 248 homicides were committed. The homicide rate rose to 280 in 2015, then fell slightly to 277 in 2016, before rising again to 317 in 2017.[300] Homicides increased dramatically in the late 2010s/early 2020s, reaching 499 homicides in 2020[297] and surpassing the 1990 "record" in 2021, with 501st murder on November 27 and 510 by the end of the month.[301] Phillie ended the year with 562 murders, an all-time record. It dropped in 2022 to 514, and significantly further again in 2023, to 410. [302] In 2006, Philadelphia's homicide rate of 27.7 per 100,000 people was the highest of the country's 10 most populous cities.[303] In 2012, Philadelphia had the fourth-highest homicide rate among the country's most populous cities. The rate dropped to 16 homicides per 100,000 residents by 2014 placing Philadelphia as the sixth-highest city in the country.[161]

The number of shootings in the city has declined significantly since the early years of the 21st century. Shooting incidents peaked at 1,857 in 2006 before declining nearly 44 percent to 1,047 shootings in 2014.[161] Major crimes have decreased gradually since a peak in 2006 when 85,498 major crimes were reported. The number of reported major crimes fell 11 percent in three years to 68,815 occurrences in 2014. [Violent crimes](/source/Violent_crime), which include homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery, decreased 14 percent in three years to 15,771 occurrences in 2014.[161]

In 2014, Philadelphia enacted an ordinance decriminalizing the possession of less than 30 grams of [marijuana](/source/Marijuana) or eight grams of [hashish](/source/Hashish); the ordinance gave police officers the discretion to treat possession of these amounts as a civil infraction punishable by a $25 ticket, rather than a crime.[304][305] At the time, Philadelphia was at the largest city in the nation to decriminalize the possession of marijuana.[305] From 2013 to 2018, marijuana arrests in the city dropped by more than 85%.[304] The purchase or sale of marijuana remains a criminal offense in Philadelphia.[305]

#### Firefighting

Main article: [Philadelphia Fire Department](/source/Philadelphia_Fire_Department)

The Philadelphia Fire Department provides [fire protection](/source/Fire_protection) and [emergency medical services](/source/Emergency_medical_services) (EMS). The department's official mission is to protect public safety by quick and professional response to emergencies and the promotion of sound emergency prevention measures. This mandate encompasses all traditional [firefighting](/source/Firefighting_in_the_United_States) functions, including fire suppression, with 60 engine companies and 30 ladder companies[306] as well as specialty and support units deployed throughout the city; specialized firefighting units for [Philadelphia International Airport](/source/Philadelphia_International_Airport) and the [Port of Philadelphia](/source/Port_of_Philadelphia); investigations conducted by the [fire marshal](/source/Fire_marshal)'s office to determine the origins of fires and develop preventive strategies; [prevention](/source/Fire_prevention) programs to educate the public; and support services including research and planning, management of the fire communications center within the city's [911](/source/9-1-1) system, and operation of the Philadelphia Fire Academy.

## Education

Main article: [Education in Philadelphia](/source/Education_in_Philadelphia)

See also: [Free Library of Philadelphia](/source/Free_Library_of_Philadelphia)

### Primary and secondary education

See also: [School District of Philadelphia](/source/School_District_of_Philadelphia)

[William Penn Charter School](/source/William_Penn_Charter_School), established in 1689, the nation's oldest [Quaker](/source/Quakers) school

Education in Philadelphia is provided by many private and public institutions. The [School District of Philadelphia](/source/School_District_of_Philadelphia) is the local school district, operating [public schools](/source/Public_school_(government_funded)), in all of the city.[307] The Philadelphia School District is the eighth-largest [school district](/source/School_district) in the nation[308] with 142,266 students in 218 traditional public schools and 86 [charter schools](/source/Charter_schools) as of 2014[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit).[309]

The city's K-12 enrollment in district–run schools dropped from 156,211 students in 2010 to 130,104 students in 2015. During the same time period, the enrollment in charter schools increased from 33,995 students in 2010 to 62,358 students in 2015.[161] This consistent drop in enrollment led the city to close 24 of its public schools in 2013.[310] During the 2014 school year, the city spent an average of $12,570 per pupil, below the average among comparable urban school districts.[161]

Graduation rates among district-run schools, meanwhile, steadily increased in the ten years from 2005. In 2005, Philadelphia had a district graduation rate of 52%. This number increased to 65% in 2014, still below the national and state averages. Scores on the state's standardized test, the [Pennsylvania System of School Assessment](/source/Pennsylvania_System_of_School_Assessment) (PSSA) trended upward from 2005 to 2011 but subsequently decreased. In 2005, the district-run schools scored an average of 37.4% on math and 35.5% on reading. The city's schools reached their peak scores in 2011 with 59.0% on math and 52.3% on reading. In 2014, the scores dropped significantly to 45.2% on math and 42.0% on reading.[161]

Of the city's public high schools, including charter schools, only four performed above the national average on the [SAT](/source/SAT) (1497 out of 2400[311]) in 2014: [Masterman](/source/Julia_R._Masterman_School), [Central](/source/Central_High_School_(Philadelphia)), [Girard Academic Music Program](/source/Girard_Academic_Music_Program), and [MaST Community Charter School](/source/MaST_Community_Charter_School). All other district-run schools were below average.[161]

### Higher education

See also: [List of colleges and universities in Philadelphia](/source/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Philadelphia)

The [University of Pennsylvania](/source/University_of_Pennsylvania) is an [Ivy League](/source/Ivy_League) university founded in 1749 by [Benjamin Franklin](/source/Benjamin_Franklin).

[Temple University](/source/Temple_University) is the city's largest university by enrollment.

Medical and research facilities of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and the [Children's Hospital of Philadelphia](/source/Children's_Hospital_of_Philadelphia). Philadelphia has the third-largest student concentration on the [East Coast](/source/East_Coast_of_the_United_States), with more than 120,000 college and university students enrolled within the city and nearly 300,000 in the metropolitan area.[312] More than 80 colleges, universities, trade, and specialty schools are in the Philadelphia region. One of the founding members of the [Association of American Universities](/source/Association_of_American_Universities) is in the city, the [University of Pennsylvania](/source/University_of_Pennsylvania), an [Ivy League](/source/Ivy_League) institution with claims to be the [first university in the United States](/source/First_university_in_the_United_States).[313]

The city's largest university by student enrollment is [Temple University](/source/Temple_University), followed by [Drexel University](/source/Drexel_University).[314] The city's nationally ranked research universities comprise the University of Pennsylvania, Temple University, Drexel University, and [Thomas Jefferson University](/source/Thomas_Jefferson_University). Philadelphia is also home to five schools of medicine: [Drexel University College of Medicine](/source/Drexel_University_College_of_Medicine), [Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania](/source/Perelman_School_of_Medicine_at_the_University_of_Pennsylvania), [Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine](/source/Philadelphia_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine), [Temple University School of Medicine](/source/Temple_University_School_of_Medicine), and Thomas Jefferson University's [Sidney Kimmel Medical College](/source/Thomas_Jefferson_University). Hospitals, universities, and higher education research institutions in Philadelphia's four congressional districts received more than $252 million in [National Institutes of Health](/source/National_Institutes_of_Health) grants in 2015.[315]

Other institutions of higher learning within the city's borders include:

- [Chestnut Hill College](/source/Chestnut_Hill_College)

- [Community College of Philadelphia](/source/Community_College_of_Philadelphia)

- [Curtis Institute of Music](/source/Curtis_Institute_of_Music)

- [Holy Family University](/source/Holy_Family_University)

- [La Salle University](/source/La_Salle_University)

- [Moore College of Art and Design](/source/Moore_College_of_Art_and_Design)

- [Peirce College](/source/Peirce_College)

- [Saint Joseph's University](/source/Saint_Joseph's_University)

- [The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College](/source/The_Restaurant_School_at_Walnut_Hill_College)

## Media

See also: [Media in Philadelphia](/source/Media_in_Philadelphia)

### Newspapers

Philadelphia's two major [daily newspapers](/source/Newspaper) are *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/source/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer)*, first published in 1829—the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the country—and the *[Philadelphia Daily News](/source/Philadelphia_Daily_News)*, first published in 1925.[316] The *Daily News* has been published as an edition of the *Inquirer* since 2009.[317] Recent owners of the *Inquirer* and *Daily News* have included [Knight Ridder](/source/Knight_Ridder), [The McClatchy Company](/source/The_McClatchy_Company), and [Philadelphia Media Holdings](/source/Philadelphia_Media_Holdings), with the latter organization declaring bankruptcy in 2010.[318] After two years of financial struggle, the newspapers were sold to [Interstate General Media](/source/Interstate_General_Media) in 2012.[318] The two newspapers had a combined daily circulation of 306,831 and a Sunday circulation of 477,313 in 2013[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), the 18th-largest circulation in the country, and their collective website, Philly.com,[319] was ranked 13th in popularity among online U.S. newspapers by [Alexa Internet](/source/Alexa_Internet) the same year.[320]

Smaller publications include the *[Philadelphia Tribune](/source/Philadelphia_Tribune)* published five days each week for the [African-American](/source/African_Americans) community;[321] *[Philadelphia](/source/Philadelphia_(magazine))* magazine, a monthly regional magazine;[322] *[Philadelphia Style](/source/Philadelphia_Style)*, a glossy [luxury lifestyle](/source/Luxury_goods) publication; [323] *[Philadelphia Weekly](/source/Philadelphia_Weekly)*, a weekly alternative newspaper;[324] *[Philadelphia Gay News](/source/Philadelphia_Gay_News)*, a weekly newspaper for the [LGBT](/source/LGBT) community;[325] *[The Jewish Exponent](/source/The_Jewish_Exponent)*, a weekly newspaper for the Jewish community;[326] *[Al Día](/source/Al_D%C3%ADa_(Philadelphia))*, a weekly newspaper for the [Latino](/source/Latinos) community;[327] and *[Philadelphia Metro](/source/Philadelphia_Metro)*, a free daily newspaper.[328]

Student-run newspapers include the [University of Pennsylvania](/source/University_of_Pennsylvania)'s *[The Daily Pennsylvanian](/source/The_Daily_Pennsylvanian)*,[329] [Temple University](/source/Temple_University)'s *[The Temple News](/source/The_Temple_News)*,[330] and [Drexel University](/source/Drexel_University)'s *[The Triangle](/source/The_Triangle_(newspaper))*.[331]

### Radio

The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to [St. Joseph's College](/source/Saint_Joseph's_University). The first [commercial](/source/Commercial_broadcasting) [AM](/source/AM_broadcasting) radio stations began broadcasting in 1922: first [WIP](/source/WTEL_(AM)), then owned by [Gimbels](/source/Gimbels) department store, followed by [WFIL](/source/WFIL), then owned by [Strawbridge & Clothier](/source/Strawbridge's) department store, and [WOO](/source/WOO_(Philadelphia)), a defunct station owned by [Wanamaker's](/source/Wanamaker's) department store, as well as [WCAU](/source/WPHT) and [WDAS](/source/WDAS_(AM)).[332]

As of 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), the [FCC](/source/Federal_Communications_Commission) lists 28 [FM](/source/FM_broadcasting) and 11 [AM](/source/AM_broadcasting) stations for Philadelphia.[333][334] As of December 2017, the ten highest-rated stations in Philadelphia were [adult contemporary](/source/Adult_contemporary_music) [WBEB-FM](/source/WBEB) (101.1), [sports talk](/source/Sports_radio) [WIP-FM](/source/WIP-FM) (94.1), [classic rock](/source/Classic_rock) [WMGK-FM](/source/WMGK) (102.9), [urban adult contemporary](/source/Urban_adult_contemporary) [WDAS-FM](/source/WDAS-FM) (105.3), [classic hits](/source/Classic_hits) [WOGL-FM](/source/WOGL) (98.1), [album-oriented rock](/source/Album-oriented_rock) [WMMR-FM](/source/WMMR) (93.3), [country music](/source/Country_music) [WXTU-FM](/source/WXTU) (92.5), [all-news](/source/All-news_radio) [KYW-AM](/source/KYW_(AM)) (1060), [talk radio](/source/Talk_radio) [WHYY-FM](/source/WHYY-FM) (90.9), and urban adult contemporary [WRNB-FM](/source/WRNB) (100.3).[335][336] Philadelphia is served by three non-commercial [public radio](/source/Public_broadcasting) stations: WHYY-FM ([NPR](/source/NPR)),[337] [WRTI-FM](/source/WRTI) (classical and jazz),[338] and [WXPN-FM](/source/WXPN) (adult alternative music).[339]

v t e Radio stations in the Philadelphia metropolitan area AM 560 610 640 690 740 800 860 900 950 990 10601 1180 12101 1310 1340 1370 1420 1440 1460 1480 1490 1520 1540 1570 1590 1640 1680 FM 88.1 WPEB WTHA WZZD 88.3 88.5 88.7 88.9 WBYO WBZC 89.1 89.3 WRDV WRTJ 89.5 89.7 90.1 90.9 91.5 WDBK WSRN-FM 91.7 WBMR WCUR WKDU WLBS 92.5 93.3 93.7 94.1 94.5 94.9 95.7 96.5 97.5 98.1 98.9 99.5 99.9 100.3 101.1 101.5 102.1 102.9 103.9 104.5 105.3 106.1 106.9 107.9 LPFM 92.9 WGGT-LP WOOM-LP WRGU-LP WRLG-LP WZML-LP 98.5 WJYN-LP WNUW-LP WQEW-LP 106.5 Translators 92.9 94.9 95.1 95.3 96.1 97.1 W246AR W246AQ 98.5 99.9 100.7 102.5 103.3 103.5 103.9 104.1 105.7 W289AZ W289CZ 107.3 NOAA 162.425 162.475 Digital 1210 88.5-1 88.5-2 89.3-1 89.3-2 89.5-1 89.5-2 90.1-1 90.1-2 90.9-1 92.5-1 92.5-2 93.3-1 93.3-2 93.7-1 93.7-2 93.7-3 94.1-1 94.1-2 94.1-3 95.7-1 95.7-2 96.5-1 96.5-2 97.5-1 97.5-2 97.5-3 98.1-1 98.1-2 98.1-3 98.9-1 98.9-2 99.5-1 99.5-2 100.3-1 100.3-2 100.3-3 101.1-1 101.1-2 101.5-1 101.5-2 101.5-3 102.1-1 102.1-2 102.1-3 102.9-1 102.9-2 102.9-3 104.5-1 104.5-2 105.3-1 105.3-2 106.1-1 106.1-2 106.9-1 106.9-2 106.9-3 107.9-1 107.9-2 Call signs KIH28 KYW1 W225DJ W235CE W236CL W237EH W241CH W246AR W246AQ W253CA W260CZ W264BH W273DO W277DL W278AK W280CP W281CL W289AZ W289CZ W297AD WBCB WBEB HD2 WBEN-FM HD2 WBMR WBYO WBZC WCHE WCHR WCOJ WCUR WDAS WDAS-FM HD2 WDBK WEMG WFIL WFYL WGGT-LP WGLS-FM WHAT WHHS WHYY WIFI WIOQ HD2 HD3 WIP-FM HD2 HD3 WISP WJFP WJYN-LP WKDN WKDU WKVP HD2 HD3 WKXW HD2 HD3 WLBS WMGK HD2 HD3 WMMR HD2 WNG704 WNPV WNTP WNUW-LP WNWR WOGL HD2 HD3 WOOM-LP WPAZ WPEB WPEN HD2 HD3 WPHE WPHI-FM WPHT1 WPNX700 WPPM-LP WPPZ-FM HD2 WPST WPWA WQEW-LP WQHS WRDV WRFF HD2 WRGU-LP WRLG-LP WRNB HD2 HD3 WRSD WRTI HD2 WRTJ HD2 WSRN-FM WSTW HD2 HD3 WTDY-FM HD2 WTEL WTHA WTMR WTTM WUMR HD2 WURD WUSL HD2 WVCW HD2 WWDB WWJZ WWLU WXPN HD2 WXTU HD2 WXVU WYPA HD2 "WYSP" WZML-LP WZXE WZZD Online WEXP WQHS WYBF Defunct WAAU WDNR (89.5 FM) WEXP (1600 AM) WJJZ (1460 AM) WNAP (1110 AM) WNJC (1360 AM) WOO WRAQ WQHS WYBF (89.1 FM) WZZE (97.3 FM) Radio stations in the Philadelphia metropolitan area Philadelphia Vineland-Millville-Bridgeton Wilmington Other nearby regions Allentown-Bethlehem Atlantic City-Cape May Dover Lancaster Reading Trenton See also List of radio stations in Pennsylvania Mass media in the Philadelphia Area Radio stations TV stations Newspapers Notes 1. Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage.

### Television

In the 1930s, W3XE, an experimental station owned by [Philco](/source/Philco), was the Delaware Valley's first television station. In 1939, the station became the nation's first NBC affiliate, and later became KYW-TV. In 1952, WFIL, later renamed WPVI, premiered the television show *Bandstand*, which later became the nationally broadcast *[American Bandstand](/source/American_Bandstand)* hosted by [Dick Clark](/source/Dick_Clark).[340] In the 1960s, WCAU, WFIL-TV, and WHYY-TV were founded.[332]

Each of the nation's commercial networks has an [owned-and operated station](/source/Owned-and-operated_television_stations_in_the_United_States) in Philadelphia: [WDPN-TV](/source/WDPN-TV) 2 ([MeTV](/source/MeTV) and its sister networks), [KYW-TV](/source/KYW-TV) 3 ([CBS](/source/CBS)), [WPVI-TV](/source/WPVI-TV) 6 ([ABC](/source/American_Broadcasting_Company)), [WCAU](/source/WCAU) 10 ([NBC](/source/NBC)), [WPHL-TV](/source/WPHL-TV) 17 ([The CW](/source/The_CW) with [MyNetworkTV](/source/MyNetworkTV) on a second subchannel), [WFPA-CD](/source/WFPA-CD) 28 ([UniMás](/source/UniM%C3%A1s)), [WTXF-TV](/source/WTXF-TV) 29 ([Fox](/source/Fox_Broadcasting_Company)), [WPSG](/source/WPSG) 57 (a CBS-owned independent station), [WPPX-TV](/source/WPPX-TV) 61 ([Ion](/source/Ion_Television)), [WWSI](/source/WWSI) 62 ([Telemundo](/source/Telemundo)), and [WUVP-DT](/source/WUVP-DT) 65 ([Univision](/source/Univision)). The region is served also by [public broadcasting](/source/Public_broadcasting) stations [WPPT-TV](/source/WPPT_(TV)) in Philadelphia, [WHYY-TV](/source/WHYY-TV) (licensed to [Wilmington, Delaware](/source/Wilmington%2C_Delaware) with facilities in Philadelphia and a repeater station in [Seaford, Delaware](/source/Seaford%2C_Delaware)), [WLVT-TV](/source/WLVT-TV) in the [Lehigh Valley](/source/Lehigh_Valley), and [NJ PBS](/source/NJ_PBS) station WNJS, licensed across the Delaware to [Camden, New Jersey](/source/Camden%2C_New_Jersey) .[341]

Philadelphia is also the headquarters city for [Comcast](/source/Comcast), the owner of NBC and Telemundo, along with WCAU and WWSI and the area's [regional sports network](/source/Regional_sports_network) [NBC Sports Philadelphia](/source/NBC_Sports_Philadelphia), with those stations and NBCSP based out of the city's tallest building, the [Comcast Technology Center](/source/Comcast_Technology_Center), and more Comcast operations in the [Comcast Center](/source/Comcast_Center). Additionally, sister company [Comcast Spectacor](/source/Comcast_Spectacor) owns the [Xfinity Mobile Arena](/source/Xfinity_Mobile_Arena), [Stateside Live!](/source/Stateside_Live!) and the [Philadelphia Flyers](/source/Philadelphia_Flyers), and will own the [replacement arena](/source/New_South_Philadelphia_Arena) currently scheduled for a 2031 completion.

As of 2023, the Philadelphia [media market](/source/Media_market) is the [fifth-largest](/source/List_of_television_stations_in_North_America_by_media_market) in North America with over 7.8 million viewers[342]

v t e Broadcast television in the Philadelphia metropolitan area and Lehigh Valley Full power WDPN-TV 2 MeTV KYW-TV 3 CBS WPVI-TV 6 ABC WCAU 10 NBC WHYY-TV 12 PBS WPHL-TV 17 .1 The CW .2 Antenna TV/MyNetworkTV WNJS 23 PBS WTXF-TV 29 Fox WPPT 35 PBS WMCN-TV 44 Shop LC WTVE 51 OnTV4U WPSG 57 Ind. WPPX-TV 61 Ion Television WWSI 62 Telemundo WUVP-DT 65 Univision Low-power WEFG-LD 7 WPSJ-CD 8 .1 Timeless TV .2 LATV WPHA-CD 24 WFPA-CD 28 UniMás WZPA-LD 33 WQAV-CD 34 W25FG-D 36 WDUM-LD 41 WELL-LD 45 Daystar Outlying areas WACP 4 TCT, Atlantic City, NJ WSJT-LD 15 Atlantic City, NJ WPHY-CD 25 Trenton, NJ WLVT-TV 39 PBS, Allentown WMGM-TV 40 .1 True Crime Network .3 Univision, Atlantic City, NJ WGTW-TV 48 TBN, Millville, NJ WNJT 52 PBS, Trenton, NJ WBPH-TV 60 Religious Ind., Bethlehem WFMZ-TV 69 Ind., Allentown Defunct WVUE 12 Wilmington, DE WEEU-TV 33 Reading WUHY-TV 35 WFPG-TV 46 Atlantic City, NJ WKBS-TV 48 Burlington, NJ WLEV-TV 51 Bethlehem WGLV 57 Easton WHUM-TV 61 Reading WFMZ-TV 67 Allentown New Jersey Network PBS Nearby areas Baltimore Harrisburg–Lancaster–York New York City Salisbury Scranton–Wilkes-Barre

## Infrastructure

### Transportation

Main article: [Transportation in Philadelphia](/source/Transportation_in_Philadelphia)

See also: [30th Street Station](/source/30th_Street_Station), [List of SEPTA Metro stations](/source/List_of_SEPTA_Metro_stations), and [Philadelphia International Airport](/source/Philadelphia_International_Airport)

Philadelphia's [30th Street Station](/source/30th_Street_Station) serves both [SEPTA](/source/SEPTA) regional and [Amtrak](/source/Amtrak) national trains and is Amtrak's third-busiest train station in the nation.

The [Art Deco](/source/Art_Deco)-style [grand concourse](/source/Concourse) at 30th Street Station, one of the nation's busiest passenger train stations, built between 1927 and 1933

A [Market–Frankford Line](/source/Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line) train departing [52nd Street station](/source/52nd_Street_station_(Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line))

Philadelphia is served by [SEPTA](/source/SEPTA), which operates buses, trains, [rapid transit](/source/Rapid_transit) (as both subways and [elevated trains](/source/Elevated_railway)), [trolleys](/source/Tram), and [trackless trolleys](/source/Trolleybus) (electric buses) throughout Philadelphia, the four Pennsylvania suburban counties of [Bucks](/source/Bucks_County%2C_Pennsylvania), [Chester](/source/Chester_County%2C_Pennsylvania), [Delaware](/source/Delaware_County%2C_Pennsylvania), and [Montgomery](/source/Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania), in addition to service to [Mercer County, New Jersey](/source/Mercer_County%2C_New_Jersey) ([Trenton](/source/Trenton%2C_New_Jersey)) and [New Castle County, Delaware](/source/New_Castle_County%2C_Delaware) ([Wilmington](/source/Wilmington%2C_Delaware) and [Newark, Delaware](/source/Newark%2C_Delaware)).[343] The city's subway system consists of two routes: the subway section of the [Market–Frankford Line](/source/Market%E2%80%93Frankford_Line) running east–west under [Market Street](/source/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)) which opened in 1905 to the west and 1908 to the east of City Hall,[344] and the [Broad Street Line](/source/Broad_Street_Line) running north–south beneath [Broad Street](/source/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)) which opened in stages from 1928 to 1938.[345]

Beginning in the 1980s, large sections of the [SEPTA Regional Rail](/source/SEPTA_Regional_Rail) service to the far suburbs of Philadelphia were discontinued due to a lack of funding for equipment and infrastructure maintenance.[346][347][348]

Philadelphia's [30th Street Station](/source/30th_Street_Station) is a major railroad station on Amtrak's [Northeast Corridor](/source/Northeast_Corridor) with 4.4 million passengers in 2017 making it the [third-busiest](/source/List_of_busiest_Amtrak_stations) station in the country after [New York City's Pennsylvania Station](/source/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)) and [Washington's Union Station](/source/Washington_Union_Station).[349] 30th Street Station offers access to Amtrak,[350] SEPTA,[351] and [NJ Transit](/source/NJ_Transit) lines.[352] Over 12 million SEPTA and NJ Transit rail commuters use the station each year, and more than 100,000 people on an average weekday.[349]

The [PATCO Speedline](/source/PATCO_Speedline) provides rapid transit service to [Camden](/source/Camden%2C_New_Jersey), [Collingswood](/source/Collingswood%2C_New_Jersey), [Westmont](/source/Westmont%2C_New_Jersey), [Haddonfield](/source/Haddonfield%2C_New_Jersey), [Woodcrest (Cherry Hill)](/source/Cherry_Hill%2C_New_Jersey), [Ashland (Voorhees)](/source/Voorhees%2C_New_Jersey), and [Lindenwold](/source/Lindenwold%2C_New_Jersey), New Jersey, from stations on [Locust Street](/source/Locust_Street) between 16th and 15th, 13th and 12th, and 10th and 9th streets, on Market Street at 8th Street, and at 7th and Race at [Franklin Square](/source/Franklin_Square_(Philadelphia)).[353]

#### Airports

See also: [Philadelphia International Airport](/source/Philadelphia_International_Airport)

An aerial view of [Philadelphia International Airport](/source/Philadelphia_International_Airport), the busiest airport in [Pennsylvania](/source/Pennsylvania) and 21st-busiest in the nation with over 13.6 million passengers in 2023

Philadelphia is served by two airports. [Philadelphia International Airport](/source/Philadelphia_International_Airport) (PHL), the larger of the two, is 7 mi (11 km) south-southwest of [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia) on the boundary with [Delaware County](/source/Delaware_County%2C_Pennsylvania), and provides scheduled domestic and international air service.[354] As of 2023, Philadelphia International Airport is the [21st-busiest airport in the nation](/source/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_the_United_States) with over 13.6 million passengers. It is also among the world's busiest airports [measured by traffic movements](/source/World's_busiest_airports_by_traffic_movements), including takeoffs and landings.[355] Over 30 million passengers pass through the airport annually on 25 airlines, including all major domestic carriers. The airport has nearly 500 daily departures to over 120 destinations worldwide.[354] [SEPTA](/source/SEPTA)'s [Airport Line](/source/Airport_Line_(SEPTA)) provides direct service between Center City railroad stations and Philadelphia International Airport.[356]

Philadelphia's second major airport, [Northeast Philadelphia Airport](/source/Northeast_Philadelphia_Airport) (PNE), is a [general aviation](/source/General_aviation) [relief airport](/source/Relief_airport) in [Northeast Philadelphia](/source/Northeast_Philadelphia), which provides general and corporate aviation.[357]

#### Roads

The 9,650-foot (2,940 m) long [Benjamin Franklin Bridge](/source/Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge) spans the [Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River), connecting Philadelphia and [South Jersey](/source/South_Jersey).

The Schuylkill Expressway ([I-76](/source/Interstate_76_(Ohio%E2%80%93New_Jersey))) eastbound at [I-676](/source/Interstate_676) and [US 30](/source/U.S._Route_30), also known as the Vine Street Expressway, in [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia)

[William Penn](/source/William_Penn) planned Philadelphia with [numbered streets](/source/Numbered_street#Philadelphia) traversing north and south, and streets named for trees, including [Chestnut](/source/Chestnut_Street_(Philadelphia)), [Walnut](/source/Walnut_Street_(Philadelphia)), and Mulberry (since renamed [Arch](/source/Arch_Street_(Philadelphia))) Streets, traversing east and west. The two main streets were named [Broad Street](/source/Broad_Street_(Philadelphia)), the north–south [artery](/source/Arterial_road), later designated [Pennsylvania Route 611](/source/Pennsylvania_Route_611), and High Street, the east–west artery, which was later renamed [Market Street](/source/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)), converging at Centre Square which later became the site of [City Hall](/source/Philadelphia_City_Hall).[358]

[Interstate 95](/source/Interstate_95_in_Pennsylvania), also known as the Delaware Expressway, traverses the southern and eastern edges of the city along the [Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River) as the main north–south [controlled-access highway](/source/Controlled-access_highway), and connects Philadelphia with [Newark, New Jersey](/source/Newark%2C_New_Jersey) and New York City to the north and [Baltimore](/source/Baltimore) and Washington, D.C. to the south. The city is served by [Interstate 76](/source/Interstate_76_(Ohio%E2%80%93New_Jersey)), also known as the Schuylkill Expressway, which runs along the [Schuylkill River](/source/Schuylkill_River), intersecting the [Pennsylvania Turnpike](/source/Pennsylvania_Turnpike) at [King of Prussia](/source/King_of_Prussia%2C_Pennsylvania) and providing access to [Harrisburg](/source/Harrisburg%2C_Pennsylvania) and points west. [Interstate 676](/source/Interstate_676), also known as Vine Street Expressway, links I-95 and I-76 through Center City, running below street level between the eastbound and westbound lanes of [Vine Street](/source/Vine_Street_(Philadelphia)). Entrance and exit ramps for the [Benjamin Franklin Bridge](/source/Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge) are near the eastern end of the expressway just west of the I-95 interchange.[359]

[Roosevelt Boulevard and Expressway](/source/Roosevelt_Boulevard_(Philadelphia)), also known as [U.S. 1](/source/U.S._Route_1_in_Pennsylvania), connects [Northeast Philadelphia](/source/Northeast_Philadelphia) with Center City via I-76 through [Fairmount Park](/source/Fairmount_Park). Woodhaven Road, also known as [Route 63](/source/Pennsylvania_Route_63), and Cottman Avenue, also known as [Route 73](/source/Pennsylvania_Route_73), serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between I-95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard. Fort Washington Expressway, also known as [Route 309](/source/Pennsylvania_Route_309), extends north from the city's northern border, serving [Montgomery](/source/Montgomery_County%2C_Pennsylvania) and [Bucks](/source/Bucks_County%2C_Pennsylvania) Counties. [U.S. Route 30](/source/U.S._Route_30_in_Pennsylvania), also known as [Lancaster Avenue](/source/Philadelphia_and_Lancaster_Turnpike), extends west from [West Philadelphia](/source/West_Philadelphia) to [Lancaster](/source/Lancaster%2C_Pennsylvania).[359]

[Interstate 476](/source/Interstate_476), locally called the Blue Route,[360] traverses [Delaware County](/source/Delaware_County%2C_Pennsylvania), bypassing the city to the west and serving the city's western suburbs, providing a direct route to [Allentown](/source/Allentown%2C_Pennsylvania), the [Poconos](/source/Pocono_Mountains), and points north. [Interstate 276](/source/Interstate_276), the [Pennsylvania Turnpike](/source/Pennsylvania_Turnpike)'s [Delaware River Extension](/source/Delaware_River_Extension), is a bypass and commuter route north of the city, which links to the [New Jersey Turnpike](/source/New_Jersey_Turnpike) and New York City.[359]

[Delaware River Port Authority](/source/Delaware_River_Port_Authority) operates four bridges in the Philadelphia area, each of which crosses the Delaware River to [South Jersey](/source/South_Jersey): [Walt Whitman Bridge](/source/Walt_Whitman_Bridge) (I-76), the [Benjamin Franklin Bridge](/source/Benjamin_Franklin_Bridge) (I-676 and U.S. 30), [Betsy Ross Bridge](/source/Betsy_Ross_Bridge) ([New Jersey Route 90](/source/New_Jersey_Route_90)), and [Commodore Barry Bridge](/source/Commodore_Barry_Bridge) ([U.S. 322](/source/U.S._Route_322) in Delaware County, south of the city.[361] The [Burlington County Bridge Commission](/source/Burlington_County_Bridge_Commission) maintains two additional bridges that cross the Delaware River. [Tacony–Palmyra Bridge](/source/Tacony%E2%80%93Palmyra_Bridge) connects [PA Route 73](/source/Pennsylvania_Route_73) in the [Tacony](/source/Tacony%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania) section of Northeast Philadelphia with [New Jersey Route 73](/source/New_Jersey_Route_73) in [Palmyra](/source/Palmyra%2C_New_Jersey) in [Burlington County](/source/Burlington_County%2C_New_Jersey). [Burlington–Bristol Bridge](/source/Burlington%E2%80%93Bristol_Bridge) connects [NJ Route 413](/source/New_Jersey_Route_413)/[U.S. Route 130](/source/U.S._Route_130) in [Burlington, New Jersey](/source/Burlington%2C_New_Jersey) with [PA Route 413](/source/Pennsylvania_Route_413)/[U.S. 13](/source/U.S._Route_13_in_Pennsylvania) in [Bristol Township](/source/Bristol_Township%2C_Pennsylvania), north of Philadelphia.[362]

#### Bus service

Further information: [Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal](/source/Philadelphia_Greyhound_Terminal)

The [Greyhound terminal](/source/Philadelphia_Greyhound_Terminal) is at 1001 Filbert Street (at 10th Street) in Center City, southeast of the [Pennsylvania Convention Center](/source/Pennsylvania_Convention_Center) and south of [Chinatown](/source/Chinatown%2C_Philadelphia).[363] Several other bus operators provide service at the Greyhound terminal including [Fullington Trailways](/source/Trailways_Transportation_System),[364] [Martz Trailways](/source/Martz_Group),[365] [Peter Pan Bus Lines](/source/Peter_Pan_Bus_Lines),[366] and [NJ Transit buses](/source/NJ_Transit_Bus_Operations).[367]

Other intercity bus services include [Megabus](/source/Megabus_(North_America)) with stops at [30th Street Station](/source/30th_Street_Station) and the visitor center for [Independence Hall](/source/Independence_Hall),[368] [BoltBus](/source/BoltBus) (operated by Greyhound) at 30th Street Station,[369] [OurBus](/source/OurBus) at various stops in the city.

#### Rail

Further information: [History of rail transport in Philadelphia](/source/History_of_rail_transport_in_Philadelphia)

[Suburban Station](/source/Suburban_Station) with [art deco](/source/Art_Deco) architecture at 16th Street and JFK Boulevard

Since the early days of [rail transportation in the United States](/source/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States), Philadelphia has served as a hub for several major rail companies, particularly the [Pennsylvania Railroad](/source/Pennsylvania_Railroad) and the [Reading Railroad](/source/Reading_Company). The Pennsylvania Railroad first operated [Broad Street Station](/source/Broad_Street_Station_(Philadelphia)), then [30th Street Station](/source/30th_Street_Station) and [Suburban Station](/source/Suburban_Station), and the Reading Railroad operated [Reading Terminal](/source/Reading_Terminal), now part of the [Pennsylvania Convention Center](/source/Pennsylvania_Convention_Center). The two companies also operated competing commuter rail systems in the area. The two systems now operate as a single system under the control of [SEPTA](/source/SEPTA), the regional transit authority. Additionally, the [PATCO Speedline](/source/PATCO_Speedline) subway system and [NJ Transit](/source/NJ_Transit)'s [Atlantic City Line](/source/Atlantic_City_Line) operate successor services to [South Jersey](/source/South_Jersey).[370]

In 1911, Philadelphia had nearly 4,000 electric [trolleys](/source/Tram) running on 86 lines.[371] In 2005, SEPTA reintroduced trolley service to the [Girard Avenue Line](/source/SEPTA_Route_15), Route 15.[372] SEPTA operates six subway-surface trolleys that run on street-level tracks in [West Philadelphia](/source/West_Philadelphia) and subway tunnels in [Center City](/source/Center_City%2C_Philadelphia), along with two surface trolleys in adjacent suburbs.[373]

Philadelphia is a regional hub of the [federally-owned](/source/State-owned_enterprise) [Amtrak](/source/Amtrak) system, with 30th Street Station being a primary stop on the Washington-Boston [Northeast Corridor](/source/Northeast_Corridor) and the [Keystone Corridor](/source/Keystone_Corridor) to [Harrisburg](/source/Harrisburg%2C_Pennsylvania) and [Pittsburgh](/source/Pittsburgh). 30th Street also serves as a major station for services via the Pennsylvania Railroad's former [Pennsylvania Main Line](/source/Main_Line_(Pennsylvania_Railroad)) to Chicago. As of 2018[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia&action=edit), 30th Street is Amtrak's third-busiest station in the country, after New York City and Washington.[169]

### Utilities

#### Water purity and availability

Further information: [Philadelphia Water Department](/source/Philadelphia_Water_Department)

[Fairmount Water Works](/source/Fairmount_Water_Works), Philadelphia's second municipal waterworks, in December 1984

In 1815, Philadelphia began sourcing its water via the [Fairmount Water Works](/source/Fairmount_Water_Works) on the [Schuylkill River](/source/Schuylkill_River), the nation's first major urban water supply system. In 1909, the Water Works was decommissioned as the city transitioned to modern [sand filtration](/source/Sand_filter) methods.[374] [Philadelphia Water Department](/source/Philadelphia_Water_Department) (PWD) provides [drinking water](/source/Drinking_water), [wastewater](/source/Wastewater) collection, and [stormwater](/source/Stormwater) services for Philadelphia, as well as surrounding counties. PWD draws about 57 percent of its drinking water from the [Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River) and the balance from the Schuylkill River.[375] The city has two filtration plants on the Schuylkill River and one on the Delaware River. The three plants can treat up to 546 million gallons of water per day, while the total storage capacity of the combined plant and distribution system exceeds one billion gallons. The wastewater system consists of three water pollution control plants, 21 pumping stations, and about 3,657 miles (5,885 km) of sewers.[375]

#### Electricity

Further information: [PECO Energy Company](/source/PECO_Energy_Company)

[Exelon](/source/Exelon) subsidiary [PECO Energy Company](/source/PECO_Energy_Company), founded as the Brush Electric Light Company of Philadelphia in 1881 and renamed Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) in 1902, provides electricity to about 1.6 million customers and more than 500,000 natural gas customers in the southeastern Pennsylvania area including the city of Philadelphia and most of its suburbs.[376] PECO is the largest electric and natural gas utility in the state with 472 power substations and nearly 23,000 miles (37,000 km) of electric transmission and distribution lines and 12,000 miles (19,000 km) of natural gas transmission, distribution, and service lines.[377]

#### Natural gas

Further information: [Philadelphia Gas Works](/source/Philadelphia_Gas_Works)

[Philadelphia Gas Works](/source/Philadelphia_Gas_Works) (PGW), overseen by the [Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission](/source/Pennsylvania_Public_Utility_Commission), is the nation's largest municipally owned natural gas utility. PGW serves over 500,000 homes and businesses in the Philadelphia area.[378] Founded in 1836, the company came under city ownership in 1987 and has been providing the majority of gas distributed within city limits. In 2014, the [City Council](/source/Philadelphia_City_Council) refused to conduct hearings on a $1.86 billion sale of PGW, part of a two-year effort that was proposed by the mayor. The refusal led to the prospective buyer terminating its offer.[379][380]

#### Telecommunications

See also: [Area codes 215, 267, and 445](/source/Area_codes_215%2C_267%2C_and_445)

Southeastern Pennsylvania was assigned the [215](/source/Area_code_215) [area code](/source/Area_code) in 1947 when the [North American Numbering Plan](/source/North_American_Numbering_Plan) of the [Bell System](/source/Bell_System) went into effect. The geographic area covered by the code was split nearly in half in 1994 when [area code 610](/source/Area_codes_610%2C_484%2C_and_835) was created, with the city and its northern suburbs retaining 215. [Overlay area code](/source/Area_code_overlay) 267 was added to the 215 service area in 1997, and 484 was added to the 610 area in 1999. A plan in 2001 to introduce a third overlay code to both service areas, [area code 445](/source/Area_code_445) to 215 and [area code 835](/source/Area_codes_610%2C_484%2C_and_835) to 610, was delayed and later rescinded.[381] Area code 445 was implemented as an overlay for area codes 215 and 267 starting on February 3, 2018.[382]

## Notable people

Main article: [List of people from Philadelphia](/source/List_of_people_from_Philadelphia)

## Sister cities

A [Chinatown](/source/Chinatown%2C_Philadelphia) [paifang](/source/Paifang) at 10th and [Arch](/source/Arch_Street_(Philadelphia)) streets, a symbol of Philadelphia's [sister city](/source/Sister_city) relationship with [Tianjin](/source/Tianjin)

City Country Date Florence[383] Italy 1964 Tel Aviv[384] Israel 1966 Toruń[385] Poland 1976 Tianjin[386] China 1979 Incheon[387] South Korea 1984 Douala[388] Cameroon 1986 Nizhny Novgorod[389] Russia 1992 Frankfurt[390] Germany 2015

Philadelphia also has three partnership cities or regions:[391]

City Country Date Kobe[392] Japan 1986 Abruzzo[393] Italy 1997 Aix-en-Provence[394] France 1999

Philadelphia has eight official [sister cities](/source/Sister_city) as designated by the Citizen Diplomacy International (CDI) of Philadelphia:[391] Philadelphia has dedicated landmarks to its sister cities. The Sister Cities Park, a site of 0.5 acres (0.20 ha) at 18th and [Benjamin Franklin Parkway](/source/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway) in [Logan Square](/source/Logan_Circle_(Philadelphia)), was dedicated in June 1976. The park was built to commemorate Philadelphia's first two sister city relationships, with [Tel Aviv](/source/Tel_Aviv) and [Florence](/source/Florence). Toruń Triangle, honoring the sister city relationship with [Toruń](/source/Toru%C5%84), Poland, was constructed in 1976, west of the [United Way](/source/United_Way_of_America) building at 18th Street and [Benjamin Franklin Parkway](/source/Benjamin_Franklin_Parkway). Sister Cities Park was redesigned and reopened in 2012, featuring an interactive fountain honoring Philadelphia's sister and partnership cities, a café and visitor center, children's play area, outdoor garden, boat pond, and a pavilion built to [environmentally friendly](/source/Environmentally_friendly) standards.[395][396]

The Chinatown Gate, erected in 1984 and crafted by artisans from [Tianjin](/source/Tianjin), stands astride 10th Street, on the north side of its intersection with [Arch Street](/source/Arch_Street_(Philadelphia)), as a symbol of the sister city relationship. The CDI of Philadelphia has participated in the [U.S. Department of State](/source/United_States_Department_of_State)'s "Partners for Peace" project with [Mosul](/source/Mosul), Iraq,[397] and in accepting visiting delegations from dozens of other countries.[398] In September 2025, [John Moolenaar](/source/John_Moolenaar), chair of the [United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party](/source/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Strategic_Competition_between_the_United_States_and_the_Chinese_Communist_Party), requested that Philadelphia review its sister city agreement with Tianjin.[399]

## See also

- [List of Pennsylvania state historical markers in Philadelphia County](/source/List_of_Pennsylvania_state_historical_markers_in_Philadelphia_County)

- [Metropolitan areas in the Americas](/source/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_Americas)

- [National Register of Historic Places listings in Philadelphia](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Philadelphia)

- [USS *Philadelphia*](/source/USS_Philadelphia)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Description of the Lenape peoples (Delaware nations) historic territories inside the [divides](/source/Divides) of the frequently mountainous [landforms](/source/Landforms) flanking the [Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River)'s [drainage basin](/source/Drainage_basin). These terrains encompass from South to North and then counter-clockwise: - the shores from the east-shore mouth of the river and the sea coast to Western Long Island (all of both colonial [New Amsterdam](/source/New_Amsterdam) and [New Sweden](/source/New_Sweden)), and - portions of Western Connecticut up to the latitude of the Massachusetts corner of today's boundaries—making the eastern bounds of their influence, thence their region extended: - westerly past the region around [Albany, New York](/source/Albany%2C_New_York) to the [Susquehanna River](/source/Susquehanna_River) side of the [Catskills](/source/Catskills), then - southerly through the eastern [Poconos](/source/Pocono_Mountains) outside the rival [Susquehannock](/source/Susquehannock) lands past [Eastern Pennsylvania](/source/Province_of_Pennsylvania) then southerly past the site of [Colonial Philadelphia](/source/History_of_Philadelphia) past the west bank mouth of the Delaware and extending south from that point along a stretch of sea coast in northern colonial [Delaware](/source/Delaware). The [Susquehanna](/source/Susquehanna_River)-[Delaware River](/source/Delaware_River) system's [watershed](/source/Drainage_basin) divided the frequently contested hunting grounds between the rival [Susquehannock](/source/Susquehannock) people and Lenape peoples, and the Catskills and Berkshires played a similar boundary role in the northern regions of their original colonial era range.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-108)** See [North American blizzard of 2009#Snowfall](/source/North_American_blizzard_of_2009#Snowfall) (December 19–20, 2009), [February 5–6, 2010 North American blizzard#Snowfall](/source/February_5%E2%80%936%2C_2010_North_American_blizzard#Snowfall) (February 5–6, 2010), and [February 9–10, 2010 North American blizzard#Impact](/source/February_9%E2%80%9310%2C_2010_North_American_blizzard#Impact) (February 9–10, 2010). The February 2010 storms contributed to a single month record accumulation of 51.5 in (131 cm). If no snow fell outside of February that season, 2009–10 would still rank as 5th-snowiest. See the Franklin Institute for a visual representation of seasonal snowfall.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-115)** Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-119)** Official temperature and precipitation measurements for Philadelphia were taken at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown from January 1872 to 19 June 1940, and at Philadelphia Int'l from 20 June 1940 to the present.[113] Snowfall and snow depth records date to 1 January 1884 and 1 October 1948, respectively.[114] In 2006, snowfall measurements were moved to [National Park, New Jersey](/source/National_Park%2C_New_Jersey) directly across the Delaware River from the airport.[115]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-fifteen_132-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-fifteen_132-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-fifteen_132-2) From 15% sample

1. **[^](#cite_ref-192)** Formerly known as the Office of Arts, Culture, and the Creative Economy[186]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-212)** E.g., in the opening chapter of *The Handbook of Language Variation and Change* (ed. Chambers et al., Blackwell, 2002), J. K. Chambers writes that "variationist sociolinguistics had its effective beginnings only in 1963, the year in which William Labov presented the first sociolinguistic research report"; the dedication page of the *Handbook* says that Labov's "ideas imbue every page".

## References

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** McDevitt, John (May 5, 2015). ["Plaque Dedication Marks 120th Anniversary of Creation of Philadelphia's Flag"](http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2015/05/05/plaque-dedication-marks-120th-anniversary-of-creation-of-philadelphias-flag/). CBS Broadcasting Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180119035613/http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2015/05/05/plaque-dedication-marks-120th-anniversary-of-creation-of-philadelphias-flag/) from the original on January 19, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-W._W._Norton_&_Company-1982_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-W._W._Norton_&_Company-1982_3-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-W._W._Norton_&_Company-1982_3-2) Weigley, RF; et al., eds. (1982). [*Philadelphia: A 300-Year History*](https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/4). New York and London: [W. W. Norton & Company](/source/W._W._Norton_%26_Company). pp. [4–5](https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/4). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-393-01610-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [8532897](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8532897).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["MSA GDP"](https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70&step=1#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNSwzMSwyNiwyNywzMF0sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MzMiXSxbIk1ham9yX0FyZWEiLCI0Il0sWyJTdGF0ZSIsWyIxMDAwMCIsIjI0MDAwIiwiMzQwMDAiLCI0MjAwMCJdXSxbIkFyZWEiLFsiMTAwMDMiLCIyNDAxNSIsIjM0MDA1IiwiMzQwMDciLCIzNDAxNSIsIjM0MDMzIiwiNDIwMTciLCI0MjAyOSIsIjQyMDQ1IiwiNDIwOTEiLCI0MjEwMSJdXSxbIlN0YXRpc3RpYyIsWyIzIl1dLFsiVW5pdF9vZl9tZWFzdXJlIiwiTGV2ZWxzIl0sWyJZZWFyIixbIjIwMjQiXV0sWyJZZWFyQmVnaW4iLCItMSJdLFsiWWVhcl9FbmQiLCItMSJdXX0=). *apps.bea.gov*.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** ["About Wharton"](http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about-wharton/). The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150701074158/http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about-wharton/) from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved April 30, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Independence Hall"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/78). *UNESCO World Heritage Centre*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200319144322/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/78/) from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["\Philadelphia's new branding as World Heritage City"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142355/https://www.ovpm.org/en/regional_secretariats/news/philadelphias_new_branding_world_heritage_city). *Organization of World Heritage Cities*. Archived from [the original](https://www.ovpm.org/en/regional_secretariats/news/philadelphias_new_branding_world_heritage_city) on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Josephy_188_45-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Josephy_188_45-1) Josephy 188–189

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-48)** Brookes, Karin; Gattuso, John; Harry, Lou; Jardim, Edward; Kraybill, Donald; Lewis, Susan; Nelson, Dave; Turkington, Carol (2005), Ross, Zoë (ed.), [*Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings*](https://archive.org/details/insightguidephil00zoer/page/21) (Second (Updated) ed.), APA Publications, pp. [21–22](https://archive.org/details/insightguidephil00zoer/page/21), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-58573-026-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58573-026-2)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-49)** *Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings*. p. 21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-50)** Avery, Ron (1999). [*A Concise History of Philadelphia*](https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000aver/page/19). Philadelphia: Otis Books. p. [19](https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000aver/page/19). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-9658825-1-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658825-1-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** Weigley, RF; et al., eds. (1982). [*Philadelphia: A 300-Year History*](https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/7). New York and London: [W. W. Norton & Company](/source/W._W._Norton_%26_Company). pp. 7, 14–16. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-393-01610-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [8532897](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8532897).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** John Hazelton, *The Historical Value of Trumbull's: Declaration of Independence*, [Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography](/source/Pennsylvania_Magazine_of_History_and_Biography), volume 31 (Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1907), 38.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** Lew, Alan A. (2004). ["Chapter 4 – The Mid-Atlantic and Megalopolis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002258/http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch4.html). *Geography: USA*. Northern Arizona University. Archived from [the original](http://www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/gsp220/text/chapters/ch4.html) on February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-55)** [Rappleye, Charles](/source/Charles_Rappleye) (2010). [*Robert Morris: Financier of the American Revolution*](https://archive.org/details/robertm_rap_2010_00_1148/page/13). New York City: Simon and Schuster. p. [13](https://archive.org/details/robertm_rap_2010_00_1148/page/13). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4165-7091-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7091-2).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** Nash, p. 19

1. **[^](#cite_ref-58)** *Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings*, pages 30–33

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-60)** Arnebeck, Bob (January 30, 2008). ["A Short History of Yellow Fever in the US"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091028142521/http://geocities.com/bobarnebeck/history.html). *Benjamin Rush, Yellow Fever and the Birth of Modern Medicine*. Archived from [the original](http://geocities.com/bobarnebeck/history.html) on October 28, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-61)** Weigley, RF; et al., eds. (1982). [*Philadelphia: A 300-Year History*](https://archive.org/details/philadelphia300y00weig/page/214). New York and London: [W. W. Norton & Company](/source/W._W._Norton_%26_Company). pp. 214, 218, 428–429. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-393-01610-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01610-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [8532897](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8532897).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-62)** ["A Brief History of Philadelphia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130104085513/http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphia.html). *Philadelphia History*. ushistory.org. Archived from [the original](http://www.ushistory.org/philadelphia/philadelphia.html) on January 4, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2006.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Consolidation_Act_of_1854_63-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Consolidation_Act_of_1854_63-1) ["Consolidation Act of 1854"](http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/consolidation-act-of-1854/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20141110124235/http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/consolidation-act-of-1854/) from the original on November 10, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-64)** *Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings*, pages 38–39

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** ["Notes on the historical development of population in West Philadelphia"](http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/wphila/stats/census_lloyd.html). *University of Pennsylvania*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100614195259/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/wphila/stats/census_lloyd.html) from the original on June 14, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** ["Detroit and the Great Migration, 1916–1929 by Elizabeth Anne Martin"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080615144911/http://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php). Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. July 5, 2007. Archived from [the original](https://bentley.umich.edu/research/publications/migration/ch1.php) on June 15, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-67)** *Philadelphia: A 300-Year History*, pages 535, 537

1. **[^](#cite_ref-68)** Foner, Philip S. (July 13, 2023). "The General Strike in Philadelphia—1910". [*The AFL in the Progressive Era 1910 - 1915. International Publishers Co*](https://web.archive.org/web/20230713051302/https://books.google.com/books?id=vIn-bO2Oe1cC&pg=PA143). History of the labor movement in the United States. Vol. 5. Ch 6. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7178-0562-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7178-0562-X). Archived from [the original](https://books.google.com/books?id=vIn-bO2Oe1cC&pg=PA143) on July 13, 2023. Retrieved June 29, 2011 – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** *Philadelphia: A 300-Year History*, pages 563 – 564

1. **[^](#cite_ref-70)** *Philadelphia: A 300-Year History*, pages 578 – 581

1. **[^](#cite_ref-71)** ["Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html) on August 12, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-72)** ["Continuing Economic Decline: A Foreboding Future for Philadelphia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150910172147/http://www.picapa.org/docs/OW/19961015_A_Foreboding_Future_for_Philadelphia.pdf) (PDF). *White Paper*. October 15, 1996. Archived from [the original](http://www.picapa.org/docs/OW/19961015_A_Foreboding_Future_for_Philadelphia.pdf) (PDF) on September 10, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-73)** ["Philadelphia's Changing Middle Class: After Decades of Decline, Prospects for Growth"](http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2014/02/24/philadelphias-changing-middle-class-after-decades-of-decline-prospects-for-growth). *www.pewtrusts.org*. February 24, 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024050/http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2014/02/24/philadelphias-changing-middle-class-after-decades-of-decline-prospects-for-growth) from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-74)** Demby, Gene (May 13, 2015). ["I'm From Philly. 30 Years Later, I'm Still Trying To Make Sense Of The MOVE Bombing"](https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/406243272/im-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing). *NPR*. National Public Radio, Inc. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211111094018/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2015/05/13/406243272/im-from-philly-30-years-later-im-still-trying-to-make-sense-of-the-move-bombing) from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-75)** *Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings*, pages 44–45

1. **[^](#cite_ref-76)** *A Concise History of Philadelphia*, page 78

1. **[^](#cite_ref-77)** Purcell, Dylan; Simmons, Karie (March 14, 2013). ["Census: Phila. keeps on growing"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130319073844/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/197903331.html). *philly.com*. Archived from [the original](http://www.philly.com/philly/news/197903331.html) on March 19, 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_78-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_78-1) ["QuickFacts Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania"](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/philadelphiacountypennsylvania). [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190101141044/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/philadelphiacountypennsylvania) from the original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-79)** Mulligan, Ryan (September 8, 2022). ["New Yorkers keep moving to Philadelphia, and local Realtors say the influx has 'raised the bar'"](https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2022/09/08/influx-of-new-york-transplants-to-philadelphia.amp.html). bizjournals.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224152/https://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/news/2022/09/08/influx-of-new-york-transplants-to-philadelphia.amp.html) from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** Katz, Matt (July 20, 2018). ["Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224152/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html) from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-81)** ["2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files"](https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt). [United States Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170824204429/https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt) from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-82)** ["The National Map"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120329155652/http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/). *nationalmap.gov*. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from [the original](https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/advanced-viewer/) on March 29, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-83)** ["Discovering Chestnut Hill: Discover Summit Street, a microcosm of 19th Century American architecture – Chestnut Hill Local Philadelphia PA"](https://www.chestnuthilllocal.com/2016/08/17/discovering-chestnut-hill-discover-summit-street-a-microcosm-of-19th-century-american-architecture/). *chestnuthilllocal.com*. Chestnut Hill Community Association. August 17, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160818181213/https://www.chestnuthilllocal.com/2016/08/17/discovering-chestnut-hill-discover-summit-street-a-microcosm-of-19th-century-american-architecture/) from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved October 22, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-84)** Railsback, Bruce. ["GEOL 1122: Earth's History of Global Change:The Fall Line"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200219174225/http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122EUSMISR.html). *University of Georgia Department of Geology*. Archived from [the original](http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122EUSMISR.html) on February 19, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-85)** "[Philadelphia Neighborhoods and Place Names, A–K](http://www.phila.gov/phils/Docs/otherinfo/pname1.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20101001200519/http://www.phila.gov/phils/docs/otherinfo/pname1.htm) October 1, 2010, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)". *Philadelphia Information Locator System*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Daly,_Molly-2011_86-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Daly,_Molly-2011_86-1) Daly, Molly (February 4, 2011). ["A Guide To Philadelphia's 'Squares'"](http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/02/04/a-guide-to-philadelphias-squares/). CBS Philly. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110213014158/http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/02/04/a-guide-to-philadelphias-squares/) from the original on February 13, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-87)** Laura Turner Igoe, "[Trees](https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210208184841/https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/trees-2/) February 8, 2021, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)", *The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia*; accessed 2021.01.29.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-88)** ["Philadelphia City Hall"](https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/pj_display.cfm/20977) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171111041648/https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/pj_display.cfm/20977) November 11, 2017, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *Philadelphia Architects and Buildings*. The Athenaeum of Philadelphia. Retrieved November 27, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-89)** ["Franklin Square History"](http://historicphiladelphia.org/franklin-square/history/). Historic Philadelphia. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150527015930/http://historicphiladelphia.org/franklin-square/history/) from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-90)** Panaritis, Maria (April 22, 2015). ["(Greater) Center City's population second only to Midtown Manhattan's"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160313153228/http://articles.philly.com/2015-04-22/news/61383432_1_south-philadelphia-annual-report-center-city-district). *The Philadelphia Inquirer*. Archived from [the original](http://articles.philly.com/2015-04-22/news/61383432_1_south-philadelphia-annual-report-center-city-district) on March 13, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-91)** *Insight Guides: Philadelphia and Surroundings*. p. 58.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-92)** ["About Philadelphia2035"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150503011928/http://phila2035.org/home-page/about/). Archived from [the original](http://phila2035.org/home-page/about/) on May 3, 2015. Retrieved April 29, 2015.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-94)** ["Philadelphia Housing Authority"](http://www.pha.phila.gov/pha-news/pha-fast-facts.aspx). Pha.phila.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140106183506/http://pha.phila.gov/pha-news/pha-fast-facts.aspx) from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-95)** ["Philadelphia Parking Authority: History"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120126033326/http://philapark.org/about-ppa/history/). Philapark.org. Archived from [the original](http://philapark.org/about-ppa/history/) on January 26, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Philadelphia_96-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Philadelphia_96-1) *Philadelphia: A 300-Year History*. pp. 11, 41, 174–175, 251–253.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-97)** ["Philadelphia Historical Commission"](http://www.phila.gov/historical/). Phila.gov. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090303191207/http://www.phila.gov/historical/) from the original on March 3, 2009. Retrieved April 11, 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-98)** ["Philadelphia's Newest Skyscraper: The Comcast Innovation and Technology Center"](http://www.visitphilly.com/articles/philadelphia/the-comcast-innovation-and-technology-center/). Visit Philadelphia. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150317221032/http://www.visitphilly.com/articles/philadelphia/the-comcast-innovation-and-technology-center/) from the original on March 17, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-99)** Aitken, Joanne (June 3–19, 2004). ["Breaking Ground"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160113222258/http://citypaper.net/articles/2004-06-03/cityspace.shtml). *Philadelphia City Paper*. Archived from [the original](http://www.citypaper.net/articles/2004-06-03/cityspace.shtml) on January 13, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-100)** Hughes, Mark Alan (June 1, 2000). ["Dirt Into Dollars; Converting Vacant Land Into Valuable Development"](http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2000/06/summer-metropolitanpolicy-hughes). *The Brookings Institution*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131225175538/http://www.brookings.edu/research/articles/2000/06/summer-metropolitanpolicy-hughes) from the original on December 25, 2013. Retrieved December 24, 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-101)** Historical marker on Elfreth's Alley

1. **[^](#cite_ref-102)** ["The City of Philadelphia, Emerald Ash Borer Management Plan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20161219001451/http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20027240.pdf) (PDF). *dcnr.state.pa.us*. The City of Philadelphia. 2012. p. 2. Archived from [the original](http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_20027240.pdf) (PDF) on December 19, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2017. The City contains approximately 6,781 acres of watershed parks including East/West Fairmount Parks (2052 ac.), Wissahickon Valley Park (2042 ac.)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-103)** ["National Register of Historic Places – Fairmount Park – #72001151"](https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72001151). *focus.nps.gov*. National Park Service. February 7, 1972. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161230223434/https://focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/72001151) from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2017. Locations: Philadelphia; Both banks of Schuylkill River and Wissahickon Creek, from Spring Garden St. to Northwestern Ave.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-104)** ["Climate Summary for Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"](http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=80427&cityname=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+United+States+of+America&units=). *Weatherbase*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140628232633/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=80427&cityname=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+United+States+of+America&units=) from the original on June 28, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration-2_107-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration-2_107-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration-2_107-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration-2_107-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration-2_107-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration-2_107-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration-2_107-6) ["Philadelphia (KPHL) Climate Archive"](https://www.weather.gov/phi/climate_archive_PHL). *National Weather Service*. [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration](/source/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration). Retrieved February 26, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-109)** Lipman, Don (January 7, 2013). ["One wild storm: A look back at the 'Blizzard of '96'"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/one-wild-storm-a-look-back-at-the-blizzard-of-96/2013/01/07/89a1242c-5875-11e2-9fa9-5fbdc9530eb9_blog.html). *Washington Post*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171219085852/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/post/one-wild-storm-a-look-back-at-the-blizzard-of-96/2013/01/07/89a1242c-5875-11e2-9fa9-5fbdc9530eb9_blog.html) from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved December 19, 2017.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Philadelphia_Record_Highs_and_Lows_112-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Philadelphia_Record_Highs_and_Lows_112-1) ["Philadelphia Record Highs and Lows"](http://www.stormfax.com/phlminmax2.html). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070322192111/http://www.stormfax.com/phlminmax2.html) from the original on March 22, 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2007.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-114)** Donegan, Brian (July 28, 2021). ["You think it gets humid in Philadelphia? 'Corn sweat' is causing 90-degree dew points in Iowa"](https://www.fox29.com/weather/you-think-it-gets-humid-in-philadelphia-corn-sweat-is-causing-90-degree-dew-points-in-iowa). *FOX 29*. Retrieved November 6, 2025.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-134)** Katz, Matt (July 20, 2018). ["Leaving New York to Find the American Dream in Philadelphia"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180807001508/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/20/nyregion/philadelphia-new-york-migration-immigrants.html) from the original on August 7, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-136)** ["The State of Immigrants in Philadelphia, 2019"](https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2019/04/the-state-of-immigrants-in-philadelphia-2019). April 11, 2019. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20211001200528/https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/fact-sheets/2019/04/the-state-of-immigrants-in-philadelphia-2019) from the original on October 1, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2021.

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1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-pewtrusts.org-2015_166-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-pewtrusts.org-2015_166-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-pewtrusts.org-2015_166-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-pewtrusts.org-2015_166-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-pewtrusts.org-2015_166-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-pewtrusts.org-2015_166-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-pewtrusts.org-2015_166-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-pewtrusts.org-2015_166-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-pewtrusts.org-2015_166-8) ["Philadelphia 2015: The State of the City"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170606054538/http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Assets/2015/04/2015-State-of-the-City-Report_Web.pdf) (PDF). *pewtrusts.org*. The Pew Charitable Trusts. March 2015. Archived from [the original](http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Assets/2015/04/2015-State-of-the-City-Report_Web.pdf) (PDF) on June 6, 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2015.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-238)** Adam Winer (March 17, 2011). ["The Worst Sports Fans in America"](https://www.gq.com/gallery/worst-sports-fans-in-america) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180306082919/https://www.gq.com/gallery/worst-sports-fans-in-america) March 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *gq.com*. Retrieved March 5, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-239)** ["Eagles, Phillies top GQ list of 'Worst Fans in America'"](http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/dneagles/Eagles-Phillies-top-GQ-list-of-Worst-Fans-in-America.html). March 17, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190410141719/https://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/dneagles/Eagles-Phillies-top-GQ-list-of-Worst-Fans-in-America.html) from the original on April 10, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-240)** Bergman, Jeremy (February 4, 2018). ["Eagles QB Nick Foles wins Super Bowl LII MVP"](https://www.nfl.com/news/eagles-quarterback-nick-foles-wins-super-bowl-lii-mvp-0ap3000000914463). National Football League. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180205084920/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000914463/article/eagles-qb-nick-foles-wins-super-bowl-lii-mvp) from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2018.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-242)** Burgoyne, Tom (2004). [*Movin' on Up: Baseball and Phialdephia Then, Now, and Always*](https://books.google.com/books?id=yba-wMVloosC&q=Phillies+Athletics+city+series&pg=PA128). B B& A Publishers. p. 128. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-9754419-3-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9754419-3-0). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231027140845/https://books.google.com/books?id=yba-wMVloosC&q=Phillies+Athletics+city+series&pg=PA128#v=snippet&q=Phillies%20Athletics%20city%20series&f=false) from the original on October 27, 2023. Retrieved November 18, 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-243)** ["Penn Mutual Collegiate Rugby Championship"](https://www.usasevenscrc.com/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170926080111/https://www.usasevenscrc.com/) September 26, 2017, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *usasevenscrc.com*. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-245)** ["Boathouse Row"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150626133136/http://www.aviewoncities.com/philadelphia/boathouserow.htm). A View on Cities. Archived from [the original](http://www.aviewoncities.com/philadelphia/boathouserow.htm) on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-246)** ["About the Dad Vail Regatta"](http://www.dadvail.org/?About). Dad Vail Regatta Organizing Committee. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150626153109/http://www.dadvail.org/?About) from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-247)** Staff (May. 13, 2007). ["Stotesbury expecting record field"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929122407/http://www.philly.com/inquirer/sports/high_school/20070513_Stotesbury_expecting_record_field.html) (archive). *philly.com*. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-248)** ["About The Stotesbury Cup Regatta"](http://stotesburycupregatta.com/about/). January 7, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150626162638/http://stotesburycupregatta.com/about/) from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-249)** ["Head of the Schuylkill Regatta History and Growth"](http://hosr.org/about/). Head of the Schuylkill Regatta. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180306090856/http://hosr.org/about/) from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-250)** ["Boathouse Row Clubs"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150626152303/http://www.boathouserow.org/index.php/clubs/boathouse-row-clubs). Schuylkill Navy & Boathouse Row. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 26, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-251)** Charlie Eisenhood (December 8, 2016). ["A Philly Talent Skirmish Highlights Waning Battle Between AUDL, MLU"](https://ultiworld.com/2016/12/08/philly-talent-skirmish-highlights-waning-battle-audl-mlu/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180306090336/https://ultiworld.com/2016/12/08/philly-talent-skirmish-highlights-waning-battle-audl-mlu/) March 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *ultiworld.com*. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-252)** Charlie Eisenhood (December 21, 2016). ["Major League Ultimate Suspends Operations: The league's investors pulled funding"](https://ultiworld.com/2016/12/21/breaking-major-league-ultimate-suspends-operations/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180306090313/https://ultiworld.com/2016/12/21/breaking-major-league-ultimate-suspends-operations/) March 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *ultiworld.com*. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-253)** ["Philadelphia Phoenix history"](http://theaudl.com/phoenix/history) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180306090353/http://theaudl.com/phoenix/history) March 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *theaudl.com*. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-254)** ["History: A Family of Philadelphia Rivals"](http://www.philadelphiabig5.org/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180408172224/http://www.philadelphiabig5.org/) April 8, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *philadelphiabig5.org*. [Philadelphia Big 5](/source/Philadelphia_Big_5). Retrieved April 9, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-255)** ["1954 NCAA Champions (1984) - Hall of Athletes"](https://goexplorers.com/honors/hall-of-athletes/1954-ncaa-champions/27). *La Salle University Athletics*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241201102159/https://goexplorers.com/honors/hall-of-athletes/1954-ncaa-champions/27) from the original on December 1, 2024. Retrieved November 28, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-256)** Red, Christian (March 28, 2015). ["30 years ago Villanova shocked Georgetown to win NCAA title"](http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/heaven-hell-story-behind-villanova-upset-georgetown-article-1.2165574). *New York Daily News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220205053133/https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/college/heaven-hell-story-behind-villanova-upset-georgetown-article-1.2165574) from the original on February 5, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-257)** DeCourcy, Mike (April 5, 2016). ["Villanova beating UNC was the greatest NCAA championship game ever, period"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180306102226/http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-basketball/news/villanova-vs-north-carolina-unc-greatest-national-championship-game-ever/1tur69z83podb11ys3dk0z34xg). *The Sporting News*. Archived from [the original](http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-basketball/news/villanova-vs-north-carolina-unc-greatest-national-championship-game-ever/1tur69z83podb11ys3dk0z34xg) on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-258)** Schonbrun, Zach (April 2, 2018). ["Juggernaut Villanova Crushes Michigan for N.C.A.A. Championship"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/sports/ncaa-championship-villanova-michigan.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180408064309/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/02/sports/ncaa-championship-villanova-michigan.html) from the original on April 8, 2018. Retrieved April 9, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-259)** ["FIFA announces hosts cities for FIFA World Cup 2026™"](https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221228153555/https://www.fifa.com/fifaplus/en/articles/fifa-to-announce-host-cities-for-fifa-world-cup-2026) from the original on December 28, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2022.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Agency_History-2000_260-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Agency_History-2000_260-1) ["City Charter Commission"](http://www.phila.gov/phils/Docs/Inventor/graphics/agencies/A142.htm). *Agency History*. City of Philadelphia, Department of Records. November 8, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090629015203/http://www.phila.gov/phils/Docs/Inventor/graphics/agencies/A142.htm) from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Charter_Commission-1967_261-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Charter_Commission-1967_261-1) Charter Commission (1967) [1951]. ["Philadelphia Home Rule Charter, Annotated"](https://web.archive.org/web/20100525001736/http://www.seventy.org/Files/Philadelphia_Home_Rule_Charter.pdf) (PDF). City of Philadelphia. Archived from [the original](http://www.seventy.org/Files/Philadelphia_Home_Rule_Charter.pdf) (PDF) on May 25, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-262)** ["Trial Division"](http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/trial/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180131051555/http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/trial/) January 31, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *courts.phila.gov*. First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-263)** ["Family Division"](http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/family/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180225093508/http://courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/family/) February 25, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *courts.phila.gov*. First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-264)** ["Orphans' Court"](http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/orphans/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180131180843/http://www.courts.phila.gov/common-pleas/orphans/) January 31, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *courts.phila.gov*. First Judicial District of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-265)** Chris Brennan & Aubrey Whelan (November 7, 2017). ["Larry Krasner wins race for Philly DA"](http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/city/larry-krasner-wins-race-for-philly-da-20171107.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180202022648/http://www.philly.com/philly/news/politics/city/larry-krasner-wins-race-for-philly-da-20171107.html) February 2, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *philly.com*. *The Philadelphia Inquirer*. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-266)** Peter Hall (January 10, 2015). ["Retiring Chief Justice Castille says he kept faith in fellow jurists"](http://www.mcall.com/news/nationworld/pennsylvania/mc-pa-supreme-court-castille-20150110-story.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005104/http://www.mcall.com/news/nationworld/pennsylvania/mc-pa-supreme-court-castille-20150110-story.html) February 7, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *mcall.com*. *The Morning Call*. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-267)** ["MunicipalCourt"](http://www.courts.phila.gov/municipal/). *The Philadelphia Courts, First Judicial District of Pennsylvania*. February 11, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100427033913/http://courts.phila.gov/municipal/) from the original on April 27, 2010. Retrieved February 11, 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-268)** ["Courts>Supreme Court>Calendar"](http://www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/calendar) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180206092038/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/calendar) February 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *pacourts.us*. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-269)** ["Courts>Superior Court>Calendar"](http://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court/calendar) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190233/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court/calendar) February 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *pacourts.us*. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-270)** ["Courts>Commonwealth Court>Calendar"](http://www.pacourts.us/courts/commonwealth-court/calendar) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180206070055/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/commonwealth-court/calendar) February 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *pacourts.us*. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-271)** ["How Judges Are Elected"](http://www.pacourts.us/learn/how-judges-are-elected) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180206090751/http://www.pacourts.us/learn/how-judges-are-elected) February 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *pacourts.us*. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-272)** ["Supreme Court Prothonotary's Addresses"](http://www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/prothonotarys-addresses) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180206094413/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/supreme-court/prothonotarys-addresses) February 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *pacourts.us*. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-273)** ["Superior Court Prothonotary's Addresses"](http://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court/prothonotarys-addresses) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180206190258/http://www.pacourts.us/courts/superior-court/prothonotarys-addresses) February 6, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *pacourts.us*. The Unified Judicial System of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-274)** ["Court Info » Court Locations – Philadelphia"](http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-locations/philadelphia) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180131043206/http://www.paed.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-locations/philadelphia) January 31, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *uscourts.gov*. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-275)** ["About the Court » Court Location – Philadelphia"](http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-location) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180115120827/http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/court-info/court-location) January 15, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *uscourts.gov*. United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Retrieved February 6, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-276)** Pedigo, Jack (November 8, 2023). ["Democrat Cherelle Parker elected first female mayor of Philadelphia"](https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/cherelle-parker-become-first-female-philadelphia-mayor-election-win-rcna122107). *NBC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240101051442/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/elections/cherelle-parker-become-first-female-philadelphia-mayor-election-win-rcna122107) from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-277)** ["Michael Nutter easily wins a second term in City Hall"](https://www.economist.com/united-states/2011/11/12/michael-more). *[The Economist](/source/The_Economist)*. November 12, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111111180025/http://www.economist.com/node/21538192) from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-278)** ["The Philadelphia Code | Philadelphia Home Rule Charter | Article II Legislative Branch The Council – Its Election, Organization, Powers and Duties | Chapter 1 The Council | § 2–100. Number, Terms and Salaries of Councilmen"](https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/philadelphia/latest/philadelphia_pa/0-0-0-263579). *codelibrary.amlegal.com*. American Legal Publishing. 2025. Retrieved February 24, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-279)** ["Council Members"](http://phlcouncil.com/council-members/). *[Philadelphia City Council](/source/Philadelphia_City_Council)*. November 17, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164446/http://phlcouncil.com/council-members/) from the original on March 1, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-280)** ["City Wards and Divisions"](https://seventy.org/political-maps-of-philadelphia/city-wards-and-divisions). *[Committee of Seventy](/source/Committee_of_Seventy)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240510005729/https://seventy.org/political-maps-of-philadelphia/city-wards-and-divisions) from the original on May 10, 2024. Retrieved April 13, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-281)** ["How to Run for Committee Person"](https://seventy.org/uploads/attachments/ckyufrip62b7d5onp7as62k90-how-to-run-for-committee-person-handbook-last-updated-01-24-22.pdf) (PDF). *[Committee of Seventy](/source/Committee_of_Seventy)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240106074745/https://seventy.org/uploads/attachments/ckyufrip62b7d5onp7as62k90-how-to-run-for-committee-person-handbook-last-updated-01-24-22.pdf) (PDF) from the original on January 6, 2024. Retrieved April 13, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-282)** Geeting, Jon (August 18, 2018). ["Open Wards for All"](https://thephiladelphiacitizen.org/open-wards-for-all/). *The Philadelphia Citizen*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-283)** Reyes, Juliana Feliciano; Williams, Chris A. (March 27, 2022). ["Getting out the vote is their job"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer-little-known-r/191582420/). *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/source/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer)*. pp. [A1](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer-getting-out-th/191582630/), [A4](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-philadelphia-inquirer-little-known-r/191582420/) – via newspapers.com.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-284)** Bojar, Karen (2016). [*Green Shoots of Democracy*](https://books.google.com/books?id=CW8iDQAAQBAJ). She Writes Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781631521416](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781631521416).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-285)** Pennsylvania Department of State (December 18, 2023). ["Voter registration statistics by county"](https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/VotingElectionStatistics/Documents/currentvotestats.xls) (XLS). *dos.pa.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200411021457/https://www.dos.pa.gov/VotingElections/OtherServicesEvents/VotingElectionStatistics/Documents/currentvotestats.xls) from the original on April 11, 2020. Retrieved December 20, 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-286)** Keels, Thomas H. (2016). ["Contractor Bosses (1880s to 1930s)"](http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/contractor-bosses-1880s-to-1930s/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180301164551/http://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/archive/contractor-bosses-1880s-to-1930s/) March 1, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *philadelphiaencyclopedia.org*. The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved March 1, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-287)** ["Long before 2016 craziness, there was Philadelphia 1935"](http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/20160925_Long_before_2016_craziness__there_was_Philadelphia_1935.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225056/http://www.philly.com/philly/opinion/20160925_Long_before_2016_craziness__there_was_Philadelphia_1935.html) March 1, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *philly.com*. *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/source/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer)*. September 25, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-288)** ["The Birth Of The Republican Party"](https://www.republicanviews.org/the-birth-of-the-republican-party/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180301224836/https://www.republicanviews.org/the-birth-of-the-republican-party/) March 1, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *republicanviews.org*. Republican Views. August 29, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-289)** ["2016 Presidential General Election Results - Pennsylvania"](https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=42&year=2016&f=1&off=0).

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-354)** ["The Delaware Valley Rail Passenger"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160507113917/http://dvarp.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/dvrp9206.txt). *dvarp.org*. [Delaware Valley Association of Rail Passengers](/source/Delaware_Valley_Association_of_Rail_Passengers). June 8, 1992. Archived from [the original](http://dvarp.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/dvrp9206.txt) on May 7, 2016. Retrieved May 1, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-355)** ["Abandoned Rails: The Newtown Branch"](http://www.abandonedrails.com/Newtown_Branch). *www.abandonedrails.com*. Retrieved May 1, 2016.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-amtrak.com-2017_356-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-amtrak.com-2017_356-1) ["Commonwealth of Pennsylvania FY2017 Fact Sheet"](https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/PENNSYLVANIA17.pdf) (PDF). *amtrak.com*. Amtrak/National Railroad Passenger Corporation. November 2017. Retrieved January 28, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-357)** ["Amtrak: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 30th Street Station"](https://www.amtrak.com/stations/phl). *amtrak.com*. Amtrak/National Railroad Passenger Corporation. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-358)** ["Connecting Transit Services"](http://www.septa.org/connect/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180131043719/http://septa.org/connect/) January 31, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *septa.org*. SEPTA. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-359)** ["NJ Transit: Philadelphia 30th Street"](http://www.njtransit.com/rg/rg_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=TrainStationLookupFrom&selStation=1) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180126071032/http://www.njtransit.com/rg/rg_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=TrainStationLookupFrom&selStation=1) January 26, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *njtransit.com*. NJ Transit. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-360)** ["PATCO Maps & Stations"](http://www.ridepatco.org/stations/routemap.html). *ridepatco.org*. Port Authority Transit Corporation. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Philadelphia_International_Airport_361-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Philadelphia_International_Airport_361-1) ["Philadelphia International Airport: About Us"](http://www.phl.org/Pages/AboutPHL/AboutPHLDefault.aspx) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195256/http://www.phl.org/Pages/AboutPHL/AboutPHLDefault.aspx) January 29, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *phl.org*. Philadelphia International Airport. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-362)** ["Aircraft Movements: Landing and take-off of an aircraft"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180302164544/http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Aircraft-Movements/12-months). *aci.aero*. Airports Council International. Archived from [the original](http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/Aircraft-Movements/12-months) on March 2, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-363)** ["SEPTA Airport Line Regional Rail Schedule"](http://www.septa.org/schedules/rail/w/AIR_0.html). *septa.org*. SEPTA. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-364)** ["Northeast Philadelphia Airport"](http://www.phl.org/Pages/Business/PNE/PNE_default.aspx) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180129195257/http://www.phl.org/Pages/Business/PNE/PNE_default.aspx) January 29, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *phl.org*. Philadelphia International Airport. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-365)** ["William Penn Plans the City"](https://web.archive.org/web/19970430105836/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/PENN/pnplan.html). *virginia.edu*. The University of Virginia. Archived from [the original](http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/penn/pnplan.html) on April 30, 1997. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-OpenStreetMap_366-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-OpenStreetMap_366-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-OpenStreetMap_366-2) ["OpenStreetMap"](https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=40.009376&mlon=-75.133346&zoom=12#map=11/40.0297/-75.1527). *openstreetmap.org*. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-367)** ["History of the Blue Route"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070219184651/http://www.476blueroute.com/history.htm). *I-476 Improvement Project*. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Archived from [the original](http://www.476blueroute.com/history.htm) on February 19, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-368)** ["Delaware River Port Authority: Our Bridges"](http://www.drpa.org/). *drpa.org*. Delaware River Port Authority. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-369)** ["Burlington County Bridge Commission: About Our Bridges"](http://www.bcbridges.org/). *bcbridges.org*. Burlington County Bridge Commission. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-370)** ["Philadelphia Bus Station"](http://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/us/pennsylvania/philadelphia/bus-station-171127) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180130145523/http://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/us/pennsylvania/philadelphia/bus-station-171127) January 30, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *greyhound.com*. Greyhound. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-371)** ["Trailways: Visit Philadelphia, PA"](https://www.trailways.com/destinations/philadelphia-pa/). *trailways.com*. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-372)** ["Martz Group: Locations (enter Philadelphia, PA)"](https://martztrailways.com/locations/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180130212733/https://martztrailways.com/locations/) January 30, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *martztrailways.com*. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-373)** ["Peter Pan: Philadelphia, PA Station"](https://peterpanbus.com/locations/pennsylvania/philadelphia/). *peterpanbus.com*. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-374)** ["NJ Transit: South Jersey to Philly (Market Street, Greyhound Bus Terminal and on weekdays at 30th Street Station)"](http://www.njtransit.com/var/var_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=PhillyWhereToGoTo) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20161018154458/http://www.njtransit.com/var/var_servlet.srv?hdnPageAction=PhillyWhereToGoTo) October 18, 2016, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *njtransit.com*. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-375)** ["Megabus Stops: Philadelphia, PA"](https://us.megabus.com/stops) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191209062505/https://us.megabus.com/stops) December 9, 2019, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *megabus.com*. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-376)** ["BoltBus Buy Tickets"](https://www.boltbus.com/default.aspx) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090816195601/https://www.boltbus.com/default.aspx) August 16, 2009, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). *boltbus.com*. Retrieved January 29, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-377)** ["Atlantic City with service to ..."](https://web.archive.org/web/20071126230014/http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/rail/r0090.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/rail/r0090.pdf) (PDF) on November 26, 2007. Retrieved November 26, 2007. (218 KB)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-378)** ["Trolley Lines"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080802010025/http://www.septa.org/inside/history/trolley.html). *septa.org*. SEPTA. Retrieved January 30, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-379)** "Philadelphia's PCCs Return to Service." *Railway Age.* Vol. 205, No. 10, p. 30. October 1, 2005.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-380)** ["Trolley Schedules"](http://www.septa.org/schedules/trolley/index.html). *septa.org*. SEPTA. Retrieved January 30, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-381)** ["Fairmount Water Works: Our Story"](http://web.archive.org/web/20131207164534/http://fairmountworks.com/our-story/). Fairmount Water Works. Archived from [the original](http://fairmountworks.com/our-story/) on December 7, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-City_of_Philadelphia_382-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-City_of_Philadelphia_382-1) ["About Philadelphia Water"](http://www.phila.gov/water/aboutus/Pages/AboutPhiladelphiaWater.aspx). City of Philadelphia. Retrieved April 24, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-383)** ["PECO: Company Information"](https://www.peco.com/AboutUs/Pages/CompanyInformation.aspx). PECO Energy Company. Retrieved January 29, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-384)** ["PECO_Investing_in_our_Community_Booklet"](https://www.peco.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PECO_Investing_in_our_Community_Booklet.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180130204845/https://www.peco.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PECO_Investing_in_our_Community_Booklet.pdf) January 30, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). page 2. *peco.com*. PECO Energy Company. Retrieved January 30, 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-385)** ["PGW: About Us"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150418135502/http://www.pgworks.com/residential/about-us/about-pgw). Philadelphia Gas Works. Archived from [the original](http://www.pgworks.com/residential/about-us/about-pgw) on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-386)** Maykuth, Andrew (October 28, 2014). ["$1.86B sale of Philadelphia Gas Works is dead"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150512113604/http://articles.philly.com/2014-10-28/news/55525996_1_concentric-energy-advisors-city-council-uil-holdings-corp). *The Philadelphia Inquirer*. Archived from [the original](http://articles.philly.com/2014-10-28/news/55525996_1_concentric-energy-advisors-city-council-uil-holdings-corp) on May 12, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-387)** Hepp, Chris (December 8, 2014). ["PGW deal latest casualty in Philly's Nutter-and-Clarke soap opera"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150516023824/http://articles.philly.com/2014-12-08/news/56806983_1_uil-philadelphia-gas-works-community-meeting). *The Philadelphia Inquirer*. Archived from [the original](http://articles.philly.com/2014-12-08/news/56806983_1_uil-philadelphia-gas-works-community-meeting) on May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-388)** ["PA 445 Implementation for 215/267 NPA Rescinded – 445 NPA Code Reclaimed"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070211153116/http://www.nanpa.com/pdf/PL_332_v1.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.nanpa.com/pdf/PL_332_v1.pdf) (PDF) on February 11, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2007. (64.5 KB)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-389)** ["445: Philadelphia, suburbs getting new area code (Pennsylvania)"](http://6abc.com/home/445-philadelphia-suburbs-getting-new-area-code/3011823/). January 31, 2018. (1.1 [MiB](/source/Mebibyte))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-390)** ["Florence, Italy"](http://cdiphila.org/florence__italy). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Retrieved February 2, 2015.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_deprecated_archival_service))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-391)** ["Tel Aviv, Israel"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/tel_aviv___yafo__israel). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-392)** ["Torun, Poland"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051846/http://cdiphila.org/torun__poland). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-393)** ["Tianjin, China"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/tianjin__china). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-394)** ["Incheon, Korea"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/incheon__korea). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-395)** ["Douala, Cameroon"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/douala__cameroon). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-396)** ["Nizhny Novgorod, Russia"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/nizhny_novgorod__russia). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-397)** ["Frankfurt am Main, Germany"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151016081925/http://cdiphila.org/frankfurt_am_main__germany). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-cdiphila.org_398-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-cdiphila.org_398-1) ["Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia Sister Cities Program"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180815055807/http://cdiphila.org/sister_cities_program). *cdiphila.org*. Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-399)** ["Kobe, Japan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/kobe__japan). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-400)** ["Abruzzo, Italy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/abruzzo__italy). International Visitors Council of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-401)** ["Aix-en-Provence, France"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150904051845/http://cdiphila.org/aix_en_provence__france). Citizen Diplomacy International Philadelphia. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-402)** ["Sister Cities Park"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194541/http://www.ivc.org/sister_cities_park). *ivc.org*. International Visitors Council of Philadelphia. Archived from [the original](http://www.ivc.org/sister_cities_park) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-403)** ["Sister Cities Park History"](http://centercityphila.org/parks/sister-cities-park/sister-cities-park-history). *centercityphila.org*. Center City District|Central Philadelphia Development Corporation|Center City District Foundation. Retrieved December 16, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-404)** [IVC of Philadelphia Partners with Mosul, Iraq in Groundbreaking Program](http://www.ivc.org/mosul/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110511192358/http://www.ivc.org/mosul/) May 11, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Retrieved January 26, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-405)** [Inbound delegations visiting Philadelphia](http://www.ivc.org/inbound_delegations) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110511192401/http://www.ivc.org/inbound_delegations) May 11, 2011, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) Retrieved January 26, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-406)** ["Letter to Mayor Cherelle Parker Urging Cancellation of CCP Flag-Raising Ceremony and Termination of Tianjin Sister-City Tie"](http://selectcommitteeontheccp.house.gov/media/letters/letter-to-mayor-cherelle-parker-urging-cancellation-of-ccp-flag-raising-ceremony-and-termination-of-tianjin-sister-city-tie). *[United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party](/source/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Strategic_Competition_between_the_United_States_and_the_Chinese_Communist_Party)*. September 25, 2025. Retrieved September 28, 2025.

## Further reading

Main article: [Bibliography of Philadelphia](/source/Bibliography_of_Philadelphia)

- Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. *Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820–1980* (Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. [online](https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1); see index at p. 410 for list.

## External links

**Philadelphia**  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philadelphia) from Wiktionary
- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia) from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philadelphia) from Wikiquote
- [Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia) from Wikisource
- [Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philadelphia) from Wikibooks
- [Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Philadelphia) from Wikiversity
- [Travel information](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Philadelphia) from Wikivoyage

- [Official website](https://www.phila.gov/) of the City of Philadelphia government

- *[Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia](https://philadelphiaencyclopedia.org/)* – historical encyclopedia

- [Historic Philadelphia](https://www.phillyhistory.org/PhotoArchive/), over two million photographs dating back to the late 1800s

- [Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory Network](https://www.philageohistory.org/rdic-images), historical maps and atlases

- Daly, John; Weinberg, Allen (October 1966). [*Genealogy of Philadelphia County Subdivisions, 1687–1960*](https://archive.org/details/genealogy-of-philadelphia-county-political-subdivisions-1687-1960) (Second ed.). Philadelphia Dept. of Records.

- [philly.com](https://www.philly.com/), *[The Philadelphia Inquirer](/source/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer)* and *[Daily News](/source/Philadelphia_Daily_News)*

- [Official website](https://www.discoverphl.com/) of Discover Philadelphia

- [Official website](https://www.paconvention.com/) of Pennsylvania Convention Center

- ["10 Towns that Changed America"](https://video.wttw.com/video/2365709534/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180223111233/http://video.wttw.com/video/2365709534/) February 23, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), a [WTTW](/source/WTTW) segment on Philadelphia (at 7:23–12:00 in 56-minute video)

Places adjacent to Philadelphia Philadelphia Main Line Cheltenham Bensalem Upper Darby Philadelphia Camden, New Jersey Tinicum Township (Delco) West Deptford Township, New Jersey Cherry Hill, New Jersey

v t e City of Philadelphia Topics History Timeline Architecture Bibliography Companies Cuisine Culture Demographics Dialect Economy Education Media Metropolitan area Music Notable people Riots Sites of interest Historic Landmarks Skyscrapers Transportation Government City Hall Mayor City Council District Attorney Airports Philadelphia International Airport Northeast Philadelphia Airport Fire Department Free Library Police Department School district Neighborhoods Center City North Philadelphia Lower North Upper North Olney-Oak Lane Northeast Philadelphia River Wards Northwest Philadelphia South Philadelphia Southwest Philadelphia West Philadelphia Museums Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University African American Museum in Philadelphia American Philosophical Society American Swedish Historical Museum Athenaeum of Philadelphia Barnes Foundation Bartram's Garden Belmont Mansion Betsy Ross House Calder Gardens Civil War Museum Cliveden Eastern State Penitentiary Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site Elfreth's Alley Fabric Workshop and Museum Fairmount Water Works Fort Mifflin Franklin Institute Germantown White House Glen Foerd on the Delaware Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library Grumblethorpe Hill–Physick–Keith House Historic Strawberry Mansion Historical Society of Frankford Historical Society of Pennsylvania Independence National Historical Park Independence Hall Independence Seaport Museum Insectarium Institute of Contemporary Art John Johnson House John Ruan House La Salle University Art Museum Lemon Hill Marian Anderson Residence Museum Masonic Temple, Library, and Museum Museum of the American Revolution Mütter Museum National Constitution Center National Liberty Museum National Museum of American Jewish History Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Philadelphia History Museum Philadelphia Museum of Art Philadelphia's Magic Gardens Please Touch Museum Powel House RittenhouseTown Rodin Museum Rosenbach Museum and Library Ryerss Museum and Library Science History Institute Shofuso Japanese House and Garden Stenton Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial Penn Museum Wagner Free Institute of Science Woodmere Art Museum Wyck House Sports 76ers Eagles Flyers Phillies Union WNBA team Squares Centre Franklin Logan Rittenhouse Washington Related Carpenters' Hall Independence Hall Congress Hall Liberty Bell Syng inkstand SS United States 2016 Democratic National Convention Philadelphia Mint United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Category Portal

v t e Philadelphia cultural sites Philadelphia areas Fairmount Park Chestnut Street Center City List of registered historical buildings Society Hill Rittenhouse Square National Park Service Sites in Pennsylvania Independence National Park Independence Hall Congress Hall Carpenters' Hall Franklin Court and Benjamin Franklin Museum Independence Hall Independence Visitor Center Liberty Bell Center Merchants' Exchange Building Mikveh Israel Cemetery Old City Hall, meeting place of the Supreme Court President's House Other sites: Bishop White House Christ Church City Tavern Declaration (Jacob Graff) House Dolley Todd House First Bank of the United States Free Quaker Meeting House Second Bank of the United States Thomas Bond House Washington Square and the Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier Welcome Park Exhibits: Syng inkstand Historic sites Elfreth's Alley Fort Mifflin Museums Museum of the American Revolution National Constitution Center Franklin Institute Museum of Art Academy of the Fine Arts Institute of Contemporary Art Athenaeum Barnes Foundation Rodin Museum Academy of Natural Sciences Smaller spaces: Museum for Art in Wood Major buildings City Hall Performance spaces Academy of Music Robin Hood Dell Categories Museums

v t e The 100 most populous cities of the United States New York, New York Los Angeles, California Chicago, Illinois Houston, Texas Phoenix, Arizona Philadelphia, Pennsylvania San Antonio, Texas San Diego, California Dallas, Texas Fort Worth, Texas Jacksonville, Florida Austin, Texas San Jose, California Charlotte, North Carolina Columbus, Ohio Indianapolis, Indiana San Francisco, California Seattle, Washington Denver, Colorado Nashville, Tennessee Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Washington, D.C. El Paso, Texas Las Vegas, Nevada Boston, Massachusetts Detroit, Michigan Louisville, Kentucky Portland, Oregon Memphis, Tennessee Baltimore, Maryland Milwaukee, Wisconsin Albuquerque, New Mexico Fresno, California Tucson, Arizona Sacramento, California Atlanta, Georgia Kansas City, Missouri Mesa, Arizona Raleigh, North Carolina Colorado Springs, Colorado Miami, Florida Omaha, Nebraska Virginia Beach, Virginia Long Beach, California Oakland, California Minneapolis, Minnesota Bakersfield, California Tulsa, Oklahoma Tampa, Florida Aurora, Colorado Arlington, Texas Wichita, Kansas Cleveland, Ohio New Orleans, Louisiana Henderson, Nevada Honolulu, Hawaii Anaheim, California Orlando, Florida Lexington, Kentucky Stockton, California Newark, New Jersey Riverside, California Irvine, California Corpus Christi, Texas Santa Ana, California Cincinnati, Ohio Greensboro, North Carolina Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Saint Paul, Minnesota Durham, North Carolina Jersey City, New Jersey Lincoln, Nebraska North Las Vegas, Nevada Plano, Texas Gilbert, Arizona Anchorage, Alaska Madison, Wisconsin Reno, Nevada Chandler, Arizona St. Louis, Missouri Chula Vista, California Fort Wayne, Indiana Buffalo, New York Lubbock, Texas Laredo, Texas Port St. Lucie, Florida St. Petersburg, Florida Toledo, Ohio Glendale, Arizona Winston-Salem, North Carolina Irving, Texas Chesapeake, Virginia Garland, Texas Scottsdale, Arizona Boise, Idaho Richmond, Virginia Frisco, Texas Cape Coral, Florida McKinney, Texas Huntsville, Alabama Cities ranked by United States Census Bureau population estimates for July 1, 2025.

Articles related to Philadelphia and Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania v t e Communities of Philadelphia Former municipalities are below. Sections and Neighborhoods Center City Avenue of the Arts Broad Street Chinatown Fitler Square Franklin Square Jewelers' Row Logan Square Old City Penn's Landing Rittenhouse Square Society Hill South Street Washington Square West South Bella Vista Central South Philadelphia Devil's Pocket Dickinson Square West East Passyunk Crossing Fabric Row FDR Park Girard Estate Grays Ferry Greenwich Hawthorne Italian Market Little Saigon Lower Moyamensing Marconi Plaza Moyamensing Newbold Packer Park Passyunk Square Pennsport Point Breeze Queen Village Southwark Southwest Center City Sports Complex West Passyunk Wharton Whitman Wilson Park Southwest Angora Bartram Village Clearview Eastwick Elmwood Park Hog Island Kingsessing Mount Moriah Paschall Southwest Schuylkill West Avenue of Technology Belmont Village Carroll Park Cathedral Park Centennial District Cedar Park Cobbs Creek Dunlap Garden Court Haddington Haverford North Mantua Mill Creek Overbrook Overbrook Farms Overbrook Park Parkside Powelton Village Saunders Park Spruce Hill Squirrel Hill 30th Street Station University City Walnut Hill Woodland Terrace Wynnefield Wynnefield Heights North Lower North Badlands Belfield Brewerytown Callowhill Cecil B. Moore El Centro de Oro / Fairhill Fairmount Francisville Hartranft Ivy Hill Ludlow N3RD Street North Central Northern Liberties North Philadelphia East North Philadelphia West Poplar Sharswood South Lehigh Spring Garden Stanton Strawberry Mansion Yorktown Upper North Allegheny West Badlands Franklinville Glenwood Hunting Park Nicetown–Tioga Olde Kensington Swampoodle West Kensington Olney-Oak Lane East Oak Lane Feltonville Fern Rock Koreatown Logan Ogontz Olney West Oak Lane Northwest Lower Northwest Andorra East Falls Manayunk Parkland Roxborough Wissahickon Upper Northwest Beggarstown Cedarbrook Chestnut Hill Germantown Morton Mount Airy Wister Northeast Near Northeast Burholme Castor Gardens Crescentville Fox Chase Frankford Holme Circle Holmesburg Juniata Lawndale Lexington Park Mayfair Oxford Circle Rhawnhurst Ryers Tacony Wissinoming Far Northeast Academy Gardens Ashton-Woodenbridge Bustleton Byberry Crestmont Farms Millbrook Modena Park Morrell Park Normandy Parkwood Pennypack Somerton Torresdale Upper Holmesburg Winchester Park River Wards Bridesburg Fishtown Harrowgate Kensington Olde Richmond Port Richmond Former Municipalities Cities Philadelphia (Center City) Boroughs Aramingo Bridesburg Frankford Germantown Manayunk West Philadelphia Whitehall Districts Belmont Kensington Moyamensing Northern Liberties Penn Richmond Southwark Spring Garden Townships Blockley Bristol Byberry Delaware Germantown Kingsessing Lower Dublin Moreland Northern Liberties Oxford Passyunk Penn Roxborough Footnotes As a consolidated city-county Philadelphia is its own county seat. v t e Philadelphia metropolitan area Counties Atlantic (NJ) Berks (PA) Bucks (PA) Burlington (NJ) Camden (NJ) Cape May (NJ) Cecil (MD) Chester (PA) Cumberland (NJ) Delaware (PA) Gloucester (NJ) Kent (DE) Mercer (NJ) Montgomery (PA) New Castle (DE) Philadelphia (PA) Salem (NJ) Major cities Philadelphia Cities and towns 50k–99k Abington Bensalem Bristol Camden Cherry Hill Gloucester Township Hamilton Lower Merion Pennsauken Reading Trenton Upper Darby Vineland Wilmington Cities and towns 30k–50k Atlantic City Cheltenham Chester Deptford Dover Egg Harbor Evesham Ewing Falls Galloway Haverford Lawrence Lower Makefield Middletown Millville Monroe Mount Laurel Newark Norristown Northampton Radnor Ridley Warminster Washington Willingboro Winslow See also Northeast megalopolis v t e Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Harrisburg (capital) Topics Outline Constitution Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Notable Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Abortion Agriculture Climate change Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling LGBTQ rights Logging Politics Sports Metro areas Altoona Erie Harrisburg–Carlisle Harrisburg–York–Lebanon Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton–Wilkes-Barre State College Washington–Baltimore Williamsport York–Hanover Largest cities Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Chester Easton Erie Harrisburg Hazleton Lancaster Lebanon New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton Wilkes-Barre Williamsport York Largest municipalities Abington Township Bensalem Township Bethel Park Bristol Township Cheltenham Township Cranberry Township Darby Falls Township Hampden Township Haverford Township Hempfield Township Lower Macungie Township Lower Makefield Township Lower Merion Township Lower Paxton Township Manheim Township McCandless Middletown Township Millcreek Township Monroeville Mt. Lebanon Norristown Northampton Township North Huntingdon Township Penn Hills Radnor Township Ridley Township Ross Township Shaler Township Spring Township State College Tredyffrin Township Upper Darby Township Upper Merion Township Warminster Township West Chester Whitehall Township York Township Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Endless Mountains Great Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lebanon Valley Lehigh Valley Mahoning Valley Main Line Nittany Valley Northeastern Pennsylvania Northern Tier North Central North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Pennsylvania Wilds Penns Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley South Central Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley Counties Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York Pennsylvania portal v t e Location of the capital of the United States Temporary capitals Philadelphia (1776; 1777; 1778–1783; 1791–1800) Baltimore (1776–77) Lancaster (1777) York (1777–78) Princeton (1783) Annapolis (1783–84) Trenton (1784–85) New York City (1785–1791) Permanent capital Washington, D.C. (since 1800) v t e All-America City Award Hall of Fame (1949–2025) Three-time winners Alexandria, VA (1963, 1984, 1985) Allentown, PA (1962, 1974, 1975) Asheville, NC (1951, 1969, 1997) Bloomington, IN (1958, 1981, 1982) Boston, MA (1949, 1951, 1962) Chelsea, MA (1998, 2014, 2025) Cincinnati, OH (1949, 1950, 1981) Danville, VA (1977, 2020, 2024) Dayton, OH (1951, 1978, 1991) Delray Beach, FL (1993, 2001, 2017) Fort Worth, TX (1964, 1993, 2011) Gastonia, NC (1963, 2000, 2010) Grand Rapids, MI (1949, 1960, 1981) Hickory, NC (1967, 1987, 2007) Independence, MO (1961, 1982, 2001) Kinston, NC (1988, 2009, 2025) Laurinburg, NC (1956, 1967, 2003) Mount Pleasant, SC (2010, 2018, 2023) Norfolk, VA (1959, 2013, 2016) Rochester, New York (1981, 1998, 2020) Seward, AK (1963, 1965, 2005) Shreveport, LA (1953, 1980, 1999) Somerville, MA (1972, 2009, 2015) Spokane, WA (1975, 2004, 2015) Tacoma, WA (1956, 1984, 1998) Tallahassee, FL (1999, 2015, 2025) Four-time winners Anchorage, AK (1956, 1965, 1985, 2002) Baltimore, MD (1952, 1977, 1991, 2012) Columbus, OH (1958, 1987, 1992, 2006) Edinburg, TX (1968, 1995, 2000, 2024) Fayetteville, NC (1985, 2001, 2011, 2023) Fort Wayne, IN (1983, 1998, 2009, 2021) Grand Island, NE (1955, 1967, 1981, 1982) Louisville, KY (1963, 1995, 2012, 2022) Peoria, IL (1953, 1966, 1989, 2013) Philadelphia, PA (1949, 1951, 1957, 1994) Rockville, MD (1954, 1961, 1977, 1979) Seattle, WA (1959, 1966, 2024, 2025) Toledo, OH (1950, 1983, 1984, 1998) Five-time winners Akron, OH (1980, 1981, 1995, 2008, 2025) Cleveland, OH (1949, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1993) Dubuque, IA (2007, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019) El Paso, TX (1969, 2010, 2018, 2020, 2021) Hampton, VA (1972, 2002, 2014, 2023, 2025) New Haven, CT (1958, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2022) Stockton, CA (1999, 2004, 2015, 2017, 2018) Tupelo, MS (1967, 1989, 1999, 2011, 2015) Wichita, KS (1961, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2019) Worcester, MA (1949, 1960, 1965, 1981, 2000) Six-time winners Des Moines, IA (1949, 1977, 1982, 2003, 2010, 2017) Phoenix, AZ (1950, 1958, 1980, 1989, 2009, 2022) Seven-time winners Kansas City, MO (1950, 1951, 1986, 1994, 2006, 2017, 2021) Roanoke, VA (1952, 1982, 1988, 1996, 2012, 2017, 2024) Nine-time winners San Antonio, TX (1949, 1951, 1983, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023) v t e County seats of Pennsylvania Cities Allentown Butler Chester (1682–1851) Easton Erie Franklin Greensburg Harrisburg Lancaster Lebanon Lock Haven Meadville New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Uniontown Warren Washington Wilkes-Barre Williamsport York Boroughs Beaver Bedford Bellefonte Brookville Carlisle Chambersburg Clarion Clearfield Coudersport Danville Doylestown Ebensburg Emporium Gettysburg Hollidaysburg Honesdale Huntingdon Indiana Jim Thorpe Kittanning Laporte Lewisburg Lewistown McConnellsburg Media Mercer Middleburg Mifflintown Milford Montrose New Bloomfield Norristown Ridgway Smethport Somerset Stroudsburg Tionesta Towanda Tunkhannock Waynesburg Wellsboro West Chester Town Bloomsburg v t e Home rule municipalities in Pennsylvania Cities First Class Philadelphia Second Class Pittsburgh Second Class A Scranton Third Class Allentown Altoona Beaver Falls Carbondale Chester Municipality of Clairton Coatesville Easton Farrell Franklin Greensburg Hermitage Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport Nanticoke New Castle Pittston Reading St. Marys Sharon Warren Wilkes-Barre Boroughs Bellevue Municipality of Bethel Park Braddock Bradford Woods Bryn Athyn Cambridge Springs Carlisle Chalfont Edinboro Green Tree Town of Greenville Municipality of Kingston City of Latrobe Mahanoy City Malvern Municipality of Monroeville Municipality of Murrysville Municipality of Norristown Portage State College Tyrone West Chester Whitehall Wilkinsburg Youngsville Townships First Class Cheltenham Haverford Town of McCandless Municipality of Mt. Lebanon O'Hara Municipality of Penn Hills Plymouth Radnor Upper Darby Upper St. Clair Whitehall Wilkes-Barre Second Class Chester Concord Elk Ferguson Grant Hampton Hanover Highland Horsham Kingston Middletown Peters Pine Plymouth Richland Towamencin Tredyffrin Upper Providence West Deer Whitemarsh v t e Northeast megalopolis major urban regions Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics. Mid-Atlantic Core cities Baltimore city Philadelphia city Camden Wilmington Hampton Roads Virginia Beach Norfolk Newport News New York city Newark Jersey City Paterson Elizabeth Richmond city Washington city Arlington Alexandria Other areas Atlantic City Hagerstown city Harrisburg city Lancaster Lehigh Valley Allentown–Bethlehem-Easton Northeastern Pennsylvania Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Poughkeepsie–Newburgh city 1 city 2 Reading Salisbury city Trenton York Combined areas Washington–Baltimore New England Core cities Boston city Cambridge Hartford city Providence city Other areas Barnstable Bridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk city 1 city 2 city 3 Danbury city Manchester Nashua New Bedford New Haven city Norwich–New London Portland city Springfield city Waterbury Worcester Combined areas Boston–Providence Bridgeport–Stamford–New Haven Hartford–Springfield Other megaregions v t e Cheesesteak Toppings Cheese American Cheez Whiz Provolone Onions Fried Contributors Pat Olivieri Harry Olivieri Tony Luke Jr. Joey Vento Restaurants in Philadelphia Pat's King of Steaks Geno's Steaks Jim's Steaks Jim's South Street Tony Luke's Steve's Prince of Steaks John's Roast Pork Dalessandro's Steaks Joe's Steaks Sonny's Famous Steaks Campo's Max's Steaks Restaurants in New Jersey Chick's Deli Donkey's Place Miscellaneous Cuisine of Philadelphia Philly taco Steak sandwich Preceded by none Capital of Pennsylvania 1682–1799 Succeeded by Lancaster

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- [Geography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography)
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